BorderLayout

The BorderLayout class implements a common

layout style for top-level windows. It has four
narrow, fixed-width components at the edges and one
large area in the center. The four sides are referred to
as north, south, east, and west. The middle area is
called the center. BorderLayout defines the
following constants that specify the regions:
BorderLayout.CENTER BorderLayout.SOUTH
BorderLayout.EAST BorderLayout.WEST
When adding components, you will use these
constants with the following form of add( ),
which is defined by Container:
void add(Component compObj, Object
region);
Here, compObj is the component to be added,
and region specifies where the component will
be added.
Here is an example of a BorderLayout with a
component in each layout area:
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
import java.util.*;
public class BorderLayoutDemo extends Applet {
public void init() {
setLayout(new BorderLayout());
add(new Button("This is across the top."),
BorderLayout.NORTH);
add(new Label("The footer message might go
here."),BorderLayout.SOUTH);
add(new Button("Right"), BorderLayout.EAST);
add(new Button("Left"), BorderLayout.WEST);
String msg = "The reasonable man adapts " +
"himself to the world;\n" +
"the unreasonable one persists in " +
"trying to adapt the world to himself.\n" +
"Therefore all progress depends " +
"on the unreasonable man.\n\n" +
" - George Bernard Shaw\n\n";
add(new TextArea(msg), BorderLayout.CENTER);
}
}
Sample output from the BorderLayoutDemo applet is shown here
 GridLayout
GridLayout lays out components in a two-dimensional
grid. When you instantiate a GridLayout, you define the
number of rows and columns. The constructors
supported by GridLayout are shown here:
GridLayout( )
GridLayout(int numRows, int numColumns )

The first form creates a single-column grid layout. The second

form creates a grid layout with the specified number of rows
and columns. Here is a sample program that creates a 4×4
grid and fills it in with 15 buttons, each labeled with its index:
Following is the output generated by the GridLayoutDemo
applet:
 Interface Description
ActionListener Defines one method to
receive action events.
AdjustmentListener Defines one method to
receive adjustment events.
ComponentListener Defines four methods to
recognize when a component is hidden, moved,
resized, or shown.
ContainerListener Defines two methods to
recognize when a component is added to or
removed from a container.
FocusListener Defines two methods to
recognize when a component gains or loses
keyboard focus.
ItemListener Defines one method to
recognize when the state of an item changes.
KeyListener Defines three methods to
recognize when a key is pressed, released, or typed.

MouseListener Defines five methods to

recognize when the mouse is clicked, enters a
component, exits a component, is pressed, or is
released.

MouseMotionListener Defines two methods to

recognize when the mouse is dragged or moved.

MouseWheelListener Defines one method to

recognize when the mouse wheel is moved.
TextListener Defines one
method to recognize when a text value
changes.
WindowFocusListener Defines two
methods to recognize when a window gains or
loses input focus.
WindowListener Defines seven
methods to recognize when a window is
activated, closed, deactivated, deiconified,
iconified, opened, or quit.
 The MouseListener
Interface
This interface defines five methods. If the mouse is
pressed and released at the same point,
mouseClicked( ) is invoked. When the mouse
enters a component, the mouseEntered( ) method
is called. When it leaves, mouseExited( ) is called.
The mousePressed( ) and mouseReleased( )
methods are invoked when the mouse is pressed
and released, respectively.
The general forms of these methods are shown
here:
void mouseClicked(MouseEvent me)
void mouseEntered(MouseEvent me)
void mouseExited(MouseEvent me)
void mousePressed(MouseEvent me)
void mouseReleased(MouseEvent me)
 The MouseMotionListener
Interface
This interface defines two methods. The
mouseDragged( ) method is called multiple
times as the mouse is dragged. The
mouseMoved( ) method is called multiple
times as the mouse is moved.
Their general forms are shown here:
void mouseDragged(MouseEvent me)
void mouseMoved(MouseEvent me)
// Demonstrate the mouse event handlers.
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.applet.*;
public class MouseEvents extends Applet
implements MouseListener,
MouseMotionListener {
String msg = "";
int mouseX = 0, mouseY = 0; // coordinates of
mouse
public void init() {
addMouseListener(this);
addMouseMotionListener(this);
}
// Handle mouse clicked.
public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent me) {
mouseX = 0;
mouseY = 10;
msg = "Mouse clicked.";
repaint();
}
public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent me) {
mouseX = 0;
mouseY = 10;
msg = "Mouse entered.";
repaint();
}
public void mouseExited(MouseEvent me) {
mouseX = 0;
mouseY = 10;
msg = "Mouse exited.";
repaint();
}
public void mousePressed(MouseEvent me) {
// save coordinates
mouseX = me.getX();
mouseY = me.getY();
msg = "Down";
repaint();
}
public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent me) {
mouseX = me.getX();
mouseY = me.getY();
msg = "Up";
repaint();
}
public void mouseDragged(MouseEvent me) {
mouseX = me.getX();
mouseY = me.getY();
msg = "*";
showStatus("Dragging mouse at " + mouseX + ", "
+ mouseY);
repaint();
}
public void mouseMoved(MouseEvent me) {
// show status
showStatus("Moving mouse at " + me.getX() + ", "
+ me.getY());
}
// Display msg in applet window at current X,Y
location.
public void paint(Graphics g) {
g.drawString(msg, mouseX, mouseY);
}
}
Sample output from this program is shown here:
The MouseEvents class extends Applet and implements both the
MouseListener and MouseMotionListener interfaces. These
two interfaces contain methods that receive and process the various
types of mouse events.

Inside init( ), the applet registers itself as a listener for mouse

events. This is done by using addMouseListener( ) and
addMouseMotionListener( ), which, as mentioned,
are members of Component. They are shown here:
void addMouseListener(MouseListener ml)
void addMouseMotionListener(MouseMotionListener mml)
Here, ml is a reference to the object receiving mouse events, and
mml is a reference to the object receiving mouse motion events.
 Check Boxes
Each time a check box is selected or deselected, an item
event is generated. This is sent to any listeners that
previously registered an interest in receiving item event
notifications from that component.
That interface defines the itemStateChanged( )
method. An ItemEvent object is supplied as the
argument to this method. It contains information about
the event (for example, whether it was a selection or
deselection).
The following program creates four check boxes. The
initial state of the first box is checked. The status of each
check box is displayed. Each time you change the state of
a check box, the status display is updated.
public class CheckboxDemo extends Applet implements
ItemListener {
String msg = "";
Checkbox Win98, winNT, solaris, mac;
public void init() {
Win98 = new Checkbox("Windows 98/XP", true);
winNT = new Checkbox("Windows NT/2000");
solaris = new Checkbox("Solaris");
mac = new Checkbox("MacOS");
add(Win98);
add(winNT);
add(solaris);
add(mac);
Win98.addItemListener(this);
winNT.addItemListener(this);
solaris.addItemListener(this);
mac.addItemListener(this);
}
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ie) {
repaint();
}
// Display current state of the check boxes.
public void paint(Graphics g) {
msg = "Current state: ";
g.drawString(msg, 6, 80);
msg = " Windows 98/XP: " + Win98.getState();
g.drawString(msg, 6, 100);
msg = " Windows NT/2000: " + winNT.getState();
g.drawString(msg, 6, 120);
msg = " Solaris: " + solaris.getState();
g.drawString(msg, 6, 140);
msg = " MacOS: " + mac.getState();
g.drawString(msg, 6, 160);
}
}
Sample output is shown in
Figure
 CheckboxGroup
It is possible to create a set of mutually exclusive
check boxes in which one and only one check box in
the group can be checked at any one time. These
check boxes are often called radio buttons, because
they act like the station selector on a car radio—only
one station can be selected at any one time. To create
a set of mutually exclusive check boxes, you must first
define the group to which they will belong and then
specify that group when you construct the check
boxes. You can determine which check box in a group
is currently selected by calling
getSelectedCheckbox( ).
Here is a program that uses check boxes that are part
of a group.
public class CBGroup extends Applet implements ItemListener {
String msg = "";
Checkbox Win98, winNT, solaris, mac;
CheckboxGroup cbg;
public void init() {
cbg = new CheckboxGroup();
Win98 = new Checkbox("Windows 98/XP", cbg, true);
winNT = new Checkbox("Windows NT/2000", cbg, false);
solaris = new Checkbox("Solaris", cbg, false);
mac = new Checkbox("MacOS", cbg, false);
add(Win98);
add(winNT);
add(solaris);
add(mac);
Win98.addItemListener(this);
winNT.addItemListener(this);
solaris.addItemListener(this);
mac.addItemListener(this);}
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ie)
{
repaint();
}
// Display current state of the check boxes.
public void paint(Graphics g) {
msg = "Current selection: ";
msg += cbg.getSelectedCheckbox().getLabel();
g.drawString(msg, 6, 100);
}
}
Output generated by the CBGroup applet is shown in Figure .Notice
that the
check boxes are now circular in shape.
 Choice
The Choice class is used to create a pop-up
list of items from which the user may choose.
Thus, a Choice control is a form of menu.
When inactive, a Choice component takes up
only enough space to show the currently selected
item. When the user clicks on it, the whole list of
choices pops up, and a new selection can be made.
To add a selection to the list, call add( ). It has
this general form:
void add(String name)
Here, name is the name of the item being added.
Items are added to the list in the order in which
calls to add( ) occur.
To determine which item is currently selected,
you may call either getSelectedItem( ) or
getSelectedIndex( ). These methods are
shown here:
 String getSelectedItem( )
 int getSelectedIndex( )
 The getSelectedItem( ) method returns a
string containing the name of the item.
getSelectedIndex( ) returns the index of the
item. The first item is at index 0. By default,
the first item added to the list is selected.
Each time a choice is selected, an item event is
generated. This is sent to any listeners that
previously registered an interest in receiving item
event notifications from that component.
Here is an example that creates two Choice menus.
One selects the operating system. The other
selects the browser.
public class ChoiceDemo extends Applet
implements ItemListener {
Choice os, browser;
String msg = "";
public void init() {
os = new Choice();
browser = new Choice();
// add items to os list
os.add("Windows 98/XP");
os.add("Windows NT/2000");
os.add("Solaris");
os.add("MacOS");
// add items to browser list
browser.add("Netscape 3.x");
browser.add("Netscape 4.x");
browser.add("Netscape 5.x");
browser.add("Netscape 6.x");
browser.add("Internet Explorer 4.0");
browser.add("Internet Explorer 5.0");
browser.add("Internet Explorer 6.0");
browser.add("Lynx 2.4");
browser.select("Netscape 4.x");
// add choice lists to window
add(os);
add(browser);
// register to receive item events
os.addItemListener(this);
browser.addItemListener(this);
}
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ie) {
repaint();
}
// Display current selections.
public void paint(Graphics g) {
msg = "Current OS: ";
msg += os.getSelectedItem();
g.drawString(msg, 6, 120);
msg = "Current Browser: ";
msg += browser.getSelectedItem();
g.drawString(msg, 6, 140);
}
}
Sample output is shown in Figure
public class GridLayoutDemo extends Applet {
static final int n = 4;
public void init() {
setLayout(new GridLayout(n, n));
setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.BOLD, 24));
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
for(int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
int k = i * n + j;
if(k > 0)
add(new Button("" + k));
}
}
}
}
 Frame
The frame in java works like the main window where
your components (controls) are added to develop a
application. In the Java AWT, top-level windows are
represented by the Frame class.
import java.awt.*;
public class AwtFrame{
  public static void main(String[] args){
    Frame frm = new Frame("Java AWT Frame");
    Label lbl = new Label("Welcome to Frame",Label.
CENTER);
    frm.add(lbl);
    frm.setSize(400,400);
    frm.setVisible(true);
  }
}
 Graphics
Programming
public class Lines extends Applet {
public void paint(Graphics g) {
g.drawLine(0, 0, 100, 100);
g.drawLine(0, 100, 100, 0);
g.drawLine(40, 25, 250, 180);
g.drawLine(75, 90, 400, 400);
g.drawLine(20, 150, 400, 40);
g.drawLine(5, 290, 80, 19);
}
}
 Drawing Rectangles
public class Rectangles extends Applet
{
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
g.drawRect(10, 10, 60, 50);
g.fillRect(100, 10, 60, 50);
}
}
 Drawing Ellipses and Circles

public class Ellipses extends Applet

{
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
g.drawOval(10, 10, 50, 50);
g.fillOval(100, 10, 75, 50);
g.drawOval(190, 10, 90, 30);
g.fillOval(70, 90, 140, 100);
}
}