CVS ADJUSTMENTS DURING EXERCISE
During exercise - Activity increases
more nutrients and O2 required there are metabolic, respiratory and CVS adjustments. During exercise Parasymp inhibition Sympathetic discharge increased.
INCREASED IN SKELETAL MUSLE BLOOD FLOW.
At rest skeletal muscle blood flow is 3-4
ml/100g/min. During severe exercise it may increases to 20 times i.e. 50ml/100g/min.
MECH AND FACTORS INVOLVED
a) Increased blood pressure
b) Blood flow to tissues increased
b) Increased opening of dormant capillaries
At rest upto 25% of capillaries are patent and
remaining closed. In exercise there is increased opening of dormant cap. In severe exercise all capillaries are patent.
Stimulation of sympathetic vasodilator fibers at the beginning of exercise These are cholinergic fiber secrete
acetylcholine at nerve endings. Blood vessel of skeletal muscle are supplied by 2 type of nerve fibers. Sympathetic Vasoconstrictor fibers they are adrenergic and secrete nor epinephrine Sympathetic Vasodilator fibers secrete acetylcholine at nerve ending.
When a person intends to perform exercise. The
impulses from cerebral cortex go to sympathetic vasodilator fibers and also to the skeletal muscle to initiate contraction. These sympathetic vasodilators are stimulated by special pathway i.e.
Cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
Brainstem
Sp. Cord
There is anticipatory increased in skeletal muscle blood
flow even before the onset of physical activity or just at the onset of activity.
LOCAL METABOLIC FACTORS:
When PO2 dec in tissues vasodilators are released i.e adenosine, CO2, H+ ion, K+ ion, PGs Bradykinin, Histamine, ATP, ADP, pyruvic acid and lactic acid, inc temp, dec Ca++, all these factors are present in physical activity thus blood flow is increased.
EFFECT OR CHANGES ON THE HEART
Due to sympathetic stimulation and parasympathetic
inhibition there is: Tachycardia i.e H.R goes to 180-200/min. Stroke volume incr and C.O.P incr i.e CO incr 4-6 times Venous return inc V.R inc due to thoraco abdominal and skeletal muscle pump Venoconstriction EDV inc ESV dec (b/c of forceful vent. Contraction) Mean systemic filling pressure inc.
3. EFFECTS ON CIRCULATION
Blood volume incr----- due to contraction of capsule of liver and spleen additional amount of blood is expelled into general circulation ------ All the blood vessels in body are constricted except cerebrals, coronary and in the active skeletal muscles.
4. CUTANEOUS BLOOD SUPPLING.
In the beginning of exercise Cutaneous vasoconstriction Exercise progress Increased Heat Production Sweating Cutaneous vasodilatation To facilitate heat loss from body
5.CEREBRAL BLOOD VESSELS:-
They remain dilated and cerebral blood
flow is unchanged. CORONARY BLOOD FLOW There is coronary vasodilatation coronary blood flow increased 4-6 times. SPLANCHNIC BLOOD FLOW There is splanchnic vasoconstriction RENAL BLOOD FLOW There is renal vasoconstriction
9. BLOOD PRESSURE
B.P increases due to a) SEVERITY OF EXCRCISE
Mild Moderate Sever MILD EXERCISE Systolic B.P incr Diastolic B.P incr MODERATE EXERCISE Systolic incr Diastolic incr SEVERE EXERCISE Systolic incr Diastolic dec (Due to accumulation of metabolites in skeletal muscle causing vasodilatation)
B. TYPE OF EXERCISE
Isotonic Isometric
ISOTONIC EXERCISE:
Swimming, running, games, In these exercise there is less incr in B.P. In this many groups of muscle are active blood vessels are dilated peripheral resistance does not incr much tachycardia-----systolic B.P incr but not that much.
ISOMETRIC EXERCISE
Weight lifting Body building In this a few groups of muscle are active. In
these groups there is vasodilatation where as vasoconstriction in remaining ones. There is marked increased in peripheral resistance greater increased in the B.P The weight lifters have high B.P (hypertensive)
MENTAL STATUS OF EXERCISER
When exercise performed under mental
tension more rise in B.P
10 INCREASED FORMATION OF INTERSTITIAL FLUID.
There is marked incr of rate of lymph flow
in body. VO2 Max is higher in sports men and athletes as compared to the sedentary people during exercise VO2 Max-----max cardiac out put x max O2 extraction by tissue.
TISSUES O2 CONSUMPTION INCREASED 20-100 TIMES IN EXERCISE.
CVS CHANGES
Heart rate Stroke volume C.Output
B.P
During exercise Initial P.R 70-175 70-120 6--24L/min
120/80 170/90 Increases
12. HORMONES:
Increased Secretions G.H, ADH, Catecholamine, ACTH, cortisol,
Aldosterone, glycogen. Decreased Secretions Insulin.
During exercise there is hyperglycemia b/c
increased glucose utilization, glucose tends to fall but due to these hormones hyperglycemia tends to occur and also b/c insulin is inhibited. Physical training incr ability to perform prolonged and heavy exercise i.e stamina incr
Heart rate 72/min(non athletes) /40-50/min(Athletes). Stroke volume / 70ml/min (non athletes) /
100ml/min(athlete) There is hypertrophy of skeletal muscle in athletes. In skeletal muscle there is incr content of glycogen, myoglobin, capillaries and mitochondria. The stroke volume incr.
