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Chapter 9.simulation Control

The document discusses instrumentation for closed-loop control systems. It describes common types of sensors and transmitters used to measure process variables. Transmitters typically convert sensor outputs to standardized signals like 4-20 mA that are suitable for controller inputs. Selection of instrumentation depends on factors like the process medium, required accuracy, costs, and space. Measurement lags can occur and should be minimized, especially for temperature sensors and pneumatic transmission lines. Valve characteristics like linear, quick opening, and equal percentage are determined by plug shape and affect flow control.

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Audrey Patrick Kalla
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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88 views24 pages

Chapter 9.simulation Control

The document discusses instrumentation for closed-loop control systems. It describes common types of sensors and transmitters used to measure process variables. Transmitters typically convert sensor outputs to standardized signals like 4-20 mA that are suitable for controller inputs. Selection of instrumentation depends on factors like the process medium, required accuracy, costs, and space. Measurement lags can occur and should be minimized, especially for temperature sensors and pneumatic transmission lines. Valve characteristics like linear, quick opening, and equal percentage are determined by plug shape and affect flow control.

Uploaded by

Audrey Patrick Kalla
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Dynamic Behavior of

Closed-Loop Control
Systems
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Control System Instrumentation
Figure 9.3 A typical process transducer.
Transducers and Transmitters
Figure 9.3 illustrates the general configuration of a measurement
transducer; it typically consists of a sensing element combined
with a driving element (transmitter).
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Since about 1960, electronic instrumentation has come into
widespread use.
Sensors
The book briefly discusses commonly used sensors for the most
important process variables. (See text.)
Transmitters
A transmitter usually converts the sensor output to a signal level
appropriate for input to a controller, such as 4 to 20 mA.
Transmitters are generally designed to be direct acting.
In addition, most commercial transmitters have an adjustable
input range (or span).
For example, a temperature transmitter might be adjusted so that
the input range of a platinum resistance element (the sensor) is
50 to 150 C.
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Instrument Selection Criteria
solid/gas/liquid, corrosive fluid
nature of signal, speed of response
accuracy, measurement range
costs
previous plant practice
available space
maintenance, reliability
materials of construction
invasive/non-invasive
environmental/safety (enclosures, fugitive emissions)
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Transmitter/Controller
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May need additional transducers for G
m
if its output is in
mA or psi. In the above case, G
c
is dimensionless (volts/volts).
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Figure 9.15 Nonideal instrument behavior: (a) hysteresis,
(b) deadband.
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Measurement / Transmission Lags
Temperature sensor


make t as small as possible (location, materials for
thermowell)
Pneumatic transmission lines
usually pure time delay, measure experimentally (no
time delays for electronic lines); less common today
compared to electronic transmissions.
s s
s s M
A U
C m
=
1 + s
1
) s ( T
) s ( T
t
t
=
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from Riggs, J.B., Chemical Process Control
Numbers in table above correspond to C
v
f(l), dp in psi, q in gal/min, and g
s
is

specific gravity:

Three valve characteristics determined by plug shape:

(1) Quick Opening (square root trim)




(2) Linear Trim




(3) Equal Percentage




must take other flow obstructions into account for actual valve
performance
1) s (0 valve the of open fraction s s s = = s f
s f =
50 - 20 f ~ slope
1
~ =

o o
s
f
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See Example 9.2
Suppose valve has linear trim and flow must be
changed. If Ap through exchanger does not change,
valve would behave linearly (true for low flow rates),
since it takes most of Ap . For lower flow rates, Ap
through exchanger will be reduced, changing effective
valve characteristics (valve must close more than
expected nonlinear behavior).

Equal % in this case behaves more like linear valve.

Size Ap
valve
= 25% total Ap , at s=50% (p$)

valves need to operate between 5% and 95%,
valve
P ~ flow
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Pneumatic control valves are to be specified for the
applications listed below. State whether an A-O or A-C
valve should be specified for the following manipulated
variables:

(a) Steam pressure in a reactor heating coil.
(b) Flow rate of reactants into a polymerization reactor.
(c) Flow of effluent from a wastewater treatment
holding tank into a river.
(d) Flow of cooling water to a distillation condenser.
Failure philosophy: Keep process pressure low,
protect environment (equipment and engineers)
A-O F/ C
A-C F/ O

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