R.RAMAKRISHNAN. EX-SCIENTIST.MERADO. ASNT LEVEL III.
RADIOGRAPHY OF WELDS
THE WELDING DISCONTINUITIES OF AND DEFECTS CAN BE CLASSIFIED IN TO VOLUME DISCONTINUITIES PLANNAR DISCONTINUITIES LINEAR DISCONTINUITIES RADIOGRAPHY IS THE BEST METHOD TO RECORD VOLUME DISCONTINUITIES. ULTRASONIC IS BEST SUITED FOR VOLUME & PLANNAR DISCONTINUITIES.
VOLUME DISCONTINUITIES
1. POROSITY - INDIVIDUAL, CLUSTER,ALIGNED,RANDOM WORM HOLES,HOLLOW BEAD. 2. INCLUSIONS - NON METALLIC&METALIC,SLAG,SLAG LINE(WAGON TRACKS) 3. BURN THROUGH 4. SUCKBACK OR CONCAVITY.
2
3 4
PLANNAR DISCONTINUITIES
LOF BETWEEN PASSES. LAMINATION IN PLATES NOT DETECTED BY RADIOGRAPHY
LINEAR DISCONTINUITIES
1. LOF BETWEEN SIDEWALLS AND WELD 2. INCOMPLETE PENETRATION 3. CRACKS 4. MISMATCH WITH IF. 5. INCOMPLETE FUSION AT ROOT OR CAP.
RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES
SWSI
FILM SCREEN COMBINATION
FILM
IQI
s
IQI IQI
SOURCE INSIDE FILM OUTSIDE SWSI PANAROMIC EXPOSURE
SWSI
S
FILM
IQI
SOURCE INSIDE FILM OUTSIDE
SWSI
FILM
SOURCE OUTSIDE FILM INSIDE
SWSI
S1 S2
15
S1 - F1 S2 - F2 10 - 15 OFFSET TO PENETRATE THE ROOT F1
TWO INDIVIDUAL EXPOSURES ON TWO SEPARATE FILMS
SWSI THROUGH PENETRATION WELD
S2
S1
45
F1 S1 - F1 S2 - F2 TWO INDIVIDUAL EXPOSURES ON TWO SEPARATE FILMS
SWSI LAP JOINT
S2
10- 15
F1
10- 15
F2
S1- F1 S2- F2 TWO INDIVIDUAL EXPOSURES ON TWO SEPARATE FILMS
S1
DWSI S
DWSI FOR LARGE CS JOINTS, CROSS COUNTRY PIPE LINES, SOURCE OUTSIDE, FILM OUTSIDE, IQI ON FILM SIDE
MIN. SFD > OD OF PIPE
FILM WELD IS SEGMENTED TO COVER THE ENTIRE GRITH + OVERLAP.
DWDI
PIPES<3 OD OD/ID RATIO LESS THAN 2
FILM
ELLIPTICAL IMAGE
TWO EXPOSURES AT 90 APART TO COVER COMPLETE VOLUME OF WELD
DWDI SUPERIMPOSED
PIPE OD < 3 OD/ID> 2. No. OF SHOTS REQD. 1.7 X OD/ID ( To the Next Highest integer) Not Covered in Two Exposures At 90 Apart. Double Wall super Imposed Image interpreted for Both sides of Welds SOURCE SIDE FILM SIDE IMAGES OVERLAPED
INCOMPLETE PENETRATION
CRACKS T
HAZ
T S
MISMATCH WITH IF
CAP INCOMPLETE FUSION
ROOT INCOMPLETE FUSION
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