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Basic Integration Notes KP

Integration is the reverse process of differentiation, represented by the indefinite integral or antiderivative. Key concepts include the integrand, integral sign, and constant of integration, along with standard formulas and properties. The document also covers integration by substitution and the geometrical meaning of integrals, highlighting their role in representing curves and areas under curves.

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1 views1 page

Basic Integration Notes KP

Integration is the reverse process of differentiation, represented by the indefinite integral or antiderivative. Key concepts include the integrand, integral sign, and constant of integration, along with standard formulas and properties. The document also covers integration by substitution and the geometrical meaning of integrals, highlighting their role in representing curves and areas under curves.

Uploaded by

kavi.mg6
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BASIC INTEGRATION NOTES

1. Introduction
Integration is the reverse process of differentiation. If dy/dx = f(x), then y = ∫f(x)dx is called the
indefinite integral or antiderivative of f(x).
2. Basic Terminology
• Integrand – The function to be integrated
• Integral sign (∫) – Represents summation
• Constant of Integration (C) – Represents an arbitrary constant
3. Standard Formulas
∫x■ dx = (x■■¹)/(n+1) + C (n ≠ -1)
∫dx/x = ln|x| + C
∫e■ dx = e■ + C
∫a■ dx = a■/ln(a) + C
∫sinx dx = -cosx + C
∫cosx dx = sinx + C
∫sec²x dx = tanx + C
∫csc²x dx = -cotx + C
∫secx·tanx dx = secx + C
∫cscx·cotx dx = -cscx + C
∫1/(1+x²) dx = tan■¹x + C
∫1/√(1-x²) dx = sin■¹x + C
4. Properties
1. ∫[f(x) ± g(x)] dx = ∫f(x)dx ± ∫g(x)dx
2. ∫k·f(x) dx = k∫f(x)dx
3. ∫0 dx = C
4. d/dx(∫f(x)dx) = f(x)
5. Important Results
∫1/(a² + x²) dx = (1/a)tan■¹(x/a) + C
∫1/√(a² - x²) dx = sin■¹(x/a) + C
∫1/[x√(x² - a²)] dx = (1/a)sec■¹|x/a| + C
∫√(a² - x²) dx = (x/2)√(a² - x²) + (a²/2)sin■¹(x/a) + C
6. Integration by Substitution
If x = g(t), then ∫f(g(x))·g'(x) dx = ∫f(t) dt
Example: ∫2x·cos(x²) dx → Let x²=t ⇒ 2x dx=dt → ∫cos(t) dt = sin(t)+C = sin(x²)+C
7. Geometrical Meaning
Indefinite integral represents a family of curves differing by constant C. Definite integral gives area
under the curve.

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