Introduction to Python Class 9 Notes

What is program
A computer program is a collection of instructions that perform a specific
task when executed by a computer. The purpose of programs is to make
computer programs run faster, safer, and more efficiently. Programs do
everything in a computer: they read and write data, manage memory, and
perform calculations. They are the building blocks of the operating
system, the software that runs our most important functions, and the
programs we write ourselves. One of the most important programs on a
computer is the operating system, which performs basic functions such as
memory management and file management.

Programming languages such as C++, Java, Python, and Ruby are used to
construct programmes. These are human-readable and writable high-level
programming languages.

Why Python for AI?

At the core of every modern artificial intelligence system is Python. It’s the
programming language of choice for data scientists and engineers
building the critical infrastructure that powers today’s most advanced AI
systems. For this reason, many organizations are turning to Python to
build their next generation of AI systems. This guide will help you get
started using Python for AI.

Lisp, Prolog, C++, Java, and Python are some of the programming
languages that can be used to create AI applications.

Python is the most popular of these because of the following

reasons:

1. Simple to understand, read, and maintain

2. Clear syntax and a simple keyword structure
3. Python includes a large library of built-in functions that can be used to
tackle a wide range of problems.
4. Python features an interactive mode that enables interactive testing and
debugging of code snippets.
5. Python runs on a wide range of operating systems and hardware
platforms, with the same user interface across all of them.
6. We can use the Python interpreter to add low-level models. These models
allow programmers to make their tools more efficient by customizing
them.
7. Python includes interfaces to all major open source and commercial
databases, as well as a more structured and robust framework and
support for big systems than shell scripting.
Applications of Python
Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language. It is
different from other languages such as C and Java that are designed to be
compiled to machine code. Python is easy to learn and can be used to
write virtually anything that can be described in code.

There are different type of Python Application –

1. Web and Internet Development

2. Desktop GUI Application
3. Software Development
4. Database Access
5. Business Application
6. Games and 3D Graphics

Installation of Python
Python is a cross-platform programming language, which means it runs on
a variety of platforms including Windows, MacOS or Linux operating
system.

A Python interpreter must be installed on our computer in order to write

and run Python programmes.

Downloading and Setting up Python

Step 1 : Download Python from python.org using link
python.org/downloads

tep 2 : Select appropriate download link as per Operating System

[Windows 32 Bit/64 Bit, Apple iOS]

Step 3 : Click on Executable Installer

Step 4 : Install

Python IDLE installation

After installing Python, you’ll need an IDE to write Python programmes.
IDLE is a Python editor with a graphical user interface. IDLE stands for
Integrated Development Environment. This IDLE is also known as the
Python shell, and it has two modes of operation: interactive mode and
script mode. Interactive Mode allows us to communicate with the
operating system, whereas Script Mode allows us to generate and edit
Python source files.

Interactive Mode

Python IDLE Shell provides a Python prompt, You can write single line
python commands and execute them easily.

Script Mode

In Python, the Script Mode allows you to add numerous lines of code. In
script mode, we type a Python programme into a file and then use the
interpreter to run the code. Working in interactive mode is useful for
beginners and for testing little parts of code because it allows us to test
them right away. However, while writing code with more than a few lines,
we should always save it so that we may alter and reuse it.

Python Statement and Comments

Python Statement

A statement is a piece of code that can be executed by a Python

interpreter. So, in simple words, anything written in Python is a
statement. In The Python programming language, there are various types
of statements, such as assignment statements, conditional statements,
looping statements and so on. These assist the user in obtaining the
desired result.

Multiline Statement

The token NEWLINE character is used at the end of a Python statement.

However, we can use the line continuation character to extend the
statement across many lines (\).

We can utilize these characters when we need to execute long

calculations and can’t fit all of the assertions on a single line.

Type of Multi-line Statement Usage

Using Continuation Character (/) s=1+2+3+\

4+5+6+\
 7+8+9

Using Parentheses () n = (1 * 2 * 3 + 4 – 5)

footballer = [‘MESSI’,

Using Square Brackets [] ‘NEYMAR’,

‘SUAREZ’]

x = {1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 +
Using braces {}
7 + 8 + 9}

Using Semicolons ( ; ) flag = 2; ropes = 3; pole = 4

Python Comments

In Python, comments are lines of code that are skipped by the interpreter
while the programme is being run. Comments improve the readability of
the code and assist programmers in completely comprehending it. In
Python there are two types of comment.

a. Single Line comment

A single-line comment in Python begins with the hash symbol (#) and
continues until the end of the line.

Example

# Single line comment

b. Multiple Line comment

There are a variety of methods for writing multiline comments.

Example

c. Using Multiple hash (#)

# Multiple line comment 1

# Multiple line comment 2

d. Multiline comment using String literals

“ “ “ Multiline comment in

Python statement “ “ “

Or

‘ ‘ ‘ Multiline comment in

Python statement ‘ ‘ ‘

Python Keywords and Identifiers

Keywords – Keywords are reserved words in Python that the Python
interpreter uses to recognise the program’s structure. In Python, keywords
are predefined words with specific meanings. The keyword can’t be used
as a variable name, function name, or identifier. Except for True and
False, all keywords in Python are written in lower case.

Example of Keywords –

False, class, finally, is, return, None, continue, for lambda, try, True, def,
from, nonlocal, while, and, del, global, not, with, as, elif, if, or, yield,
assert, else, import, pass, break, except, in, raise etc.

Identifiers – An identifier is a name given to a variable, function, class,

module, or other object. The identification is made up of a series of digits
and underscores. The identification should begin with a letter or an
Underscore and then be followed by a digit. A-Z or a-z, an UnderScore (_),
and a numeral are the characters (0-9). Special characters (#, @, $,
percent,!) should not be used in identifiers.

1. Identifiers can be a combination of letters in lowercase (a to z) or

uppercase (A to Z) or digits (0 to 9) or an underscore _.
2. An identifier cannot start with a digit
3. Keywords cannot be used as identifiers
4. We cannot use special symbols like !, @, #, $, % etc. in our identifier
5. Identifier can be of any length
6. Python is a case-sensitive language.
Example of Identifier
var1

_var1

_1_var

var_1

Variables, Constants and Data Types

Variables

A variable is a memory location where you store a value in a programming

language. In Python, a variable is formed when a value is assigned to it.
Declaring a variable in Python does not require any further commands.

There are a certain rules and regulations we have to follow while writing a
variable

1. A number cannot be used as the first character in the variable name. Only
a character or an underscore can be used as the first character.
2. Python variables are case sensitive.
3. Only alpha-numeric characters and underscores are allowed.
4. There are no special characters permitted.
Constants

A constant is a kind of variable that has a fixed value. Constants are like
containers that carry information that cannot be modified later.

Declaring and assigning value to a constant

NAME = “Rajesh Kumar”

AGE = 20

Datatype

In Python, each value has a datatype. Data types are basically classes,
and variables are instances (objects) of these classes, because everything
in Python programming is an object.

Python has a number of different data types. The following are some of
the important datatypes.

1. Numbers
 2. Sequences
3. Sets
4. Maps
a. Number Datatype

Numerical Values are stored in the Number data type. There are four
categories of number datatype –

1. Int – Int datatype is used to store the whole number values. Example :
x=500
2. Float – Float datatype is used to store decimal number values. Example :
x=50.5
3. Complex – Complex numbers are used to store imaginary values.
Imaginary values are denoted with ‘j’ at the end of the number. Example :
x=10 + 4j
4. Boolean – Boolean is used to check whether the condition is True or
False. Example : x = 15 > 6 type(x)
b. Sequence Datatype

A sequence is a collection of elements that are ordered and indexed by

positive integers. It’s made up of both mutable and immutable data types.
In Python, there are three types of sequence data types:

1. String – Unicode character values are represented by strings in Python.

Because Python does not have a character data type, a single character is
also treated as a string. Single quotes (‘ ‘) or double quotes (” “) are used
to enclose strings. These single quotes and double quotes merely inform
the computer that the beginning of the string and end of the string. They
can contain any character or symbol, including space. Example : name =
”Rakesh kumar”
2. List – A list is a sequence of any form of value. The term “element” or
“item” refers to a group of values. These elements are indexed in the
same way as an array is. List is enclosed in square brackets. Example :
dob = [19,”January”,1995]
3. Tuples – A tuple is an immutable or unchanging collection. It is arranged in
a logical manner, and the values can be accessed by utilizing the index
values. A tuple can also have duplicate values. Tuples are enclosed in
(). Example : newtuple = (15,20,20,40,60,70)
c. Sets Datatype

A set is a collection of unordered data and does not have any indexes. In
Python, we use curly brackets to declare a set. Set does not have any
duplicate values. To declare a set in python we use the curly brackets.

Example : newset = {10, 20, 30}

d. Mapping

This is an unordered data type. Mappings include dictionaries.

Dictionaries

In Python, Dictionaries are used generally when we have a huge amount

of data. A dictionary is just like any other collection array. A dictionary is a
list of strings or numbers that are not in any particular sequence and can
be changed. The keys are used to access objects in a dictionary. Curly
brackets are used to declare a dictionary. Example : d =
{1:’Ajay’,’key’:2}

Operators
Operators are symbolic representations of computation. They are used
with operands, which can be either values or variables. On different data
types, the same operators can act differently. When operators are used on
operands, they generate an expression.

Operators are categorized as –

● Arithmetic operators
● Assignment operators
● Comparison operators
● Logical operators
● Identity operators
● Membership operators
● Bitwise operators
Arithmetic Operators

Mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and

division are performed using arithmetic operators.

Operator Meaning Expression R

+ Addition 20 + 20 40

– Subtraction 30 – 10 20

* Multiplication 10 * 100 10

/ Division 30 / 10 20

// Integer Division 25 // 10 2
 % Remainder 25 % 10 5

** Raised to power 3 ** 2 9

Assignment Operator

When assigning values to variables, assignment operators are used.

Operator Expression Equivalent to

= x=10 x = 10

+= x += 10 x = x + 10

-= x -= 10 x = x – 10

*= x *= 10 x = x * 10

/= x /= 10 x = x / 10

Comparison Operator

The values are compared using comparison operators or relational

operators. Depending on the criteria, it returns True or False.

Operator Meaning Expression Res

> Greater Than 20 > 10 Tru

20 < 50 Fals

< Less Than 20 < 10 Fals

 10 < 40 Tru

== Equal To 5 == 5 Tru

5 == 6 Fals

!= Not Equal to 67 != 45 Tru

35 != 35 Fals

Logical Operator

Logical operators are used to combine the two or more then two
conditional statements –

Operator Meaning Expression R

And And Operator True and True T

True and False Fa

Or Or Operator True or False T

False or False Fa

Not Not Operator Not False T

Not True Fa

Type Conversion
Type conversion is the process of converting the value of one data type
(integer, text, float, etc.) to another data type. There are two types of type
conversion in Python.

1. Implicit Type Conversion

2. Explicit Type Conversion
Implicit Type Conversion

Python automatically changes one data type to another via implicit type
conversion. There is no need for users to participate in this process.

Example :

x=5

y=2.5

z=x/z

In the above example, x is containing integer value, y is containing float

value and in the variable z will automatically contain float value after
execution.

Explicit Type Conversion

Users transform the data type of an object to the required data type using
Explicit Type Conversion.

To do explicit type conversion, we employ predefined functions such as

int(), float(), str(), and so on.

Because the user casts (changes) the data type of the objects, this form of
conversion is also known as typecasting.

Example : Birth_day = str(Birth_day)

Python Input and Output

Python Output Using print() function

To output data to the standard output device, we use the print() method
(screen).

Data can also be saved to a file. The following is an example.

Example :

a = “Hello World!”

print(a)

Output – Hello World!

Python User input

In python, input() function is used to take input from the users.