UNIT-I

Introduction to
Python
Topics to be covered:
History, Features,
Modes of Execution,
Setting up path,
working with Python Basic Syntax,
Variable and Data Types, Operators.
Conditional Statements (If, If- else, Nested if-else)
Looping (for, While Nested loops)
Control Statements (Break, Continue, Pass).
Input-Output:
Printing on screen,
Reading data from keyboard,
Opening and closing file
Python is General purpose high-level
programming language.
General purpose  multi purpose-Data science
application,machine learning,web application,Ai
application, Robotics etc.
High-level langugae:understand by machine and
human
Low-level language: machine level language &
Assembly lang
Developed by “Guido Ran Rassam”
In 1989 while working at National Research
Institute(NRI) in Netherlands.
In Feb 28 1991 python available to public.
Highly recommended programming-language.
Main advantage is easy to write like English like
Why “PYTHON” name?
Monty “Python” Flying Circus.
Python Contains:
Functional Programming features from C
OOP features from C++.
Scripting features from Perl & Shell Scripting.
Modular programming features from Modula-
3(Every thing Module).
Syntax are borrowed from C & ABC Language.
PYTHON=Powerful programming + Powerful
Scripting language
Where we can use PYTHON ?
Desktop application
Web application  Django—frame work to develop
web applications
Database application
Network application
Games
Data Analytics
Machine learning
AI
IOT
Features of Python programming language:
1. Readable: Python is a very readable language.
2. Easy to Learn: Learning python is easy as this is a
expressive and high level programming language, which
means it is easy to understand the language and thus easy to
learn.
3. Cross platform: Python is available and can run on various
operating systems such as Mac, Windows, Linux, Unix etc. This
makes it a cross platform and portable language.
4. Open Source: Python is a open source programming
language.
5. Large standard library: Python comes with a large
standard library that has some handy codes and functions
which we can use while writing code in Python.
6. Free: Python is free to download and use. This means you
can download it for free and use it in your application. See:
Open Source Python License. Python is an example of a FLOSS
(Free/Libre Open Source Software), which means you can
freely distribute copies of this software, read its source code
and modify it.
7. Supports exception handling: what is an
exception?
An exception is an event that can occur during
program exception and can disrupt the normal
flow of program.
Python supports exception handling which means
we can write less error prone code and can test
various scenarios that can cause an exception
later on.
8. Advanced features: Supports generators and
list comprehensions.
9. Automatic memory management: Python
supports automatic memory management which
means the memory is cleared and freed
automatically.
You do not have to bother clearing the memory.
What Can You Do with Python?
You may be wondering what all are the applications of
Python. There are so many applications of Python, here are
some of the them.
1. Web development – Web framework like Django and
Flask are based on Python.
They help you write server side code which helps you
manage database, write backend programming logic,
mapping urls etc.
2. Machine learning – There are many machine learning
applications written in Python. Machine learning is a way
to write a logic so that a machine can learn and solve a
particular problem on its own.
 For example, products recommendation in websites like
Amazon, Flipkart, eBay etc. is a machine learning
algorithm that recognizes user’s interest.
Face recognition and Voice recognition in your phone is
another example of machine learning.
3. Data Analysis – Data analysis and data
visualisation in form of charts can also be
developed using Python.
4. Scripting – Scripting is writing small programs
to automate simple tasks such as sending
automated response emails etc. Such type of
applications can also be written in Python
programming language.
5. Game development – You can develop games
using Python.
6. You can develop Embedded applications in
Python.
7. Desktop applications – You can develop
desktop application in Python using library like
TKinter or QT.
Modes of Execution:
1) Interactive Mode
For working in the interactive mode, we will start
Python on our computer.
We type Python expression / statement /
command after the prompt (>>>) and Python
immediately responds with the output of it.
2) Script Mode
Invoking the interpreter with a script parameter begins
execution of the script and continues until the script is
finished.
When the script is finished, the interpreter is no longer
active.
Let us write a simple Python program in a script.
Python files have extension .py.
To create and run a Python script, we will use following
steps in IDLE, if the script mode is not made available
by default with IDLE environment.
1. File>New File (for creating a new script file) or Press
ctrl+N.
2. Write the Python code as function i.e. script.
3. Save it (^S).
4. Execute it in interactive mode- by using RUN option
(^F5).
Setting up path
Working with Python Basic Syntax:
Python Line Structure
A Python program comprises logical lines. A NEWLINE
token follows each of those. The interpreter ignores blank
lines.
The following line causes an error.
print("Hi
How are you?")
Python Multiline Statements
This one is an important Python Syntax
We saw that Python does not mandate semicolons. A new
line means a new statement.
But sometimes, you may want to split a statement over
two or more lines. It may be to aid readability. You can do
so in the following ways.
a. Use a backward slash
print("Hi\
how are you?")
b. Put the string in triple quotes
Python Comments:
 Python Syntax ‘Comments’ let you store tags at the right places
in the code. You can use them to explain complex sections of
code.
 The interpreter ignores comments. Declare a comment using an
octothorpe (#).
#This is a comment
 Python does not support general multiline comments like Java
or C++.
Python Docstrings:
 Python documentation strings (or docstrings) provide a
convenient way of associating documentation with Python
modules, functions, classes, and methods.
 Like a comment, this Python Syntax is used to explain code.
 But unlike comments, they are more specific. Also, they are
retained at runtime.
 This way, the programmer can inspect them at runtime.
 Delimit a docstring using three double quotes. You may put it as
a function’s first line to describe it.
Python Indentation
Since Python doesn’t use curly braces to delimit
blocks of code, this Python Syntax is mandatory.
You can indent code under a function, loop, or
class.

You can indent using a number of tabs or spaces,

or a combination of those.
#This causes a
 But remember, indent statements under one
syntax error:
block of code with the same amount of “unindent
tabs and
does not
spaces. match any
outer
indentation
level”
Python Multiple Statements in One Line
 You can also fit in more than one statement on one line. Do
this by separating them with a semicolon.

Python Quotations:
 Python supports the single quote and the double quote for
string literals. But if you begin a string with a single quote,
you must end it with a single quote. The same goes for double
quotes.
Python Blank Lines:
If you leave a line with just whitespace, the
interpreter will ignore it.
Python Identifiers:
An identifier is a name of a program element, and
it is user-defined. This Python Syntax uniquely
identifies the element.
There are some rules to follow while choosing an
identifier:
An identifier may only begin with A-Z, a-z, or an
underscore(_).
This may be followed by letters, digits, and
underscores- zero or more.
Python is case-sensitive. Name and name are two
different identifiers.
The following is a list of keywords.

Apart from these rules, there are a few naming conventions

that you should follow while using this Python syntax:
Use uppercase initials for class names, lowercase for all
others.
Name a private identifier with a leading underscore
( _username)
Name a strongly private identifier with two leading
underscores ( __password)
Special identifiers by Python end with two leading
underscores.
Python Variables:

 In Python, you don’t define the type of the variable. It is

assumed on the basis of the value it holds.
x=10
print(x)
x='Hello'
print(x)
A variable is a memory location where a
programmer can store a value. Example : roll_no,
amount, name etc.
Value is either string, numeric etc. Example :
"Sara", 120, 25.36
Variables are created when first assigned.
Variables must be assigned before being
referenced.
The value stored in a variable can be accessed or
updated later.
No declaration required
The type (string, int, float etc.) of the variable is
determined by Python
The interpreter allocates memory on the basis of
the data type of a variable.
Python Variable Name Rules:
Must begin with a letter (a - z, A - B) or underscore (_)
Other characters can be letters, numbers or _
Case Sensitive
Can be any (reasonable) length
There are some reserved words which you cannot use
as a variable name because Python uses them for
other things.
Syntax:
<variable> = <expr>
Example Program
num1=10
num2=20
sum=num1+num2
print(sum)
Multiple Assignment:
The basic assignment statement works for a
single variable and a single expression.
You can also assign a single value to more than
one variables simultaneously.
Syntax:
var1=var2=var3...varn= = <expr>
Example:
x=y=z=1
Here is an another assignment statement where
the variables assign many values at the same
time.
Syntax:
<var>, <var>, ..., <var> = <expr>, <expr>, ...,
<expr> Example:
x, y, z = 1, 2, "abcd“
In the above example x, y and zYou
simultaneously get
can reuse variable
the new values 1, 2 and "abcd". names by simply
assigning a new value
to them :
Swap variables
Python swap values in a single line and this
applies to all objects in python.
Syntax:
var1, var2 = var2, var1
Deleting variables:
You can also delete python variables using the
keyword ‘del’.
Triple quotes:
To define multi line string literals then use triple
quotes.
’’’ hi hello
Hw ru’’’
Or
””” hie
heloo
Hru”””
‘hello iam from “SNIST” ‘
“hello iam from” snist’”
Both in one statement then use triple quotes
””” Hello iam from “SNIST “ ‘IT-C’ “””
To define Docstring
Variable Scope:
The scope of a variable in python is that part of
the code where it is visible.
Types of Python Variable Scope:

Local Scope
In the above code, we define a variable ‘d’ in a
function ‘func’.
So, ‘d’ is local to ‘func’. Hence, we can read/write
it in func, but not outside it.
 When we try to do so, it raises a NameError.
Enclosing Scope:
In this code, ‘b’ has local scope in Python function
‘blue’, and ‘a’ has nonlocal scope in ‘blue’. Of course, a
python variable scope that isn’t global or local is
nonlocal. This is also called enclosing scope.

Built-in Scope
The built-in scope has all the names that are loaded into
python variable scope when we start the interpreter. For
example, we never need to import any module to access
functions like print() and id().
Global Scope
Variables that are defined inside a function body
have a local scope, and those defined outside
have a global scope.
This means that local variables can be accessed
only inside the function in which they are
declared, whereas global variables can be
accessed throughout the program body by all
functions.
Global Keyword in Python
Nonlocal Keyword
Like the ‘global’ keyword, you want to make a
change to a nonlocal variable, you must use the
‘nonlocal’ keyword.

As you can see, this did not change the value of
Data Types:
Data types are used to store data or information
in a variable.
 Python data types are dynamic, because we
don’t need to mention type of the variable.
But in other languages we should mention the
type of data.
Python Numbers:
There are four numeric Python data types.
1. int– int stands for integer.
This Python Data Type holds signed integers.
We can use the type() function to find which
class it belongs to.
2. float– This Python Data Type holds floating point
real values.
complex- This Python Data Types holds a complex number.
 A complex number looks like this: a+bj Here, a and b are
the real parts of the number, and j is imaginary.
Strings
A string is a sequence of characters. Python does not have
a char data type, unlike C++ or Java.
You can delimit a string using single quotes or double
quotes.
Displaying part of a string– You can display a character
from a string using its index in the string. Remember,
indexing starts with 0.
>>> name=‘SNIST'
>>> name[0] o/p ”S’
You can also display a burst of characters in a string using
the slicing operator [ ].
>>> name[2:4] o/p ‘IS’
This prints the characters from 2 to 3.
Slice Operator:
Syntax: s[begin:end]
Begin to end-1
Default value for begin is “0”.
If end is not specified it takes end has last index
Slices operator never raises any Index error.
Application:
+ operator:
* operator:
String reputation operator
‘*’ is applicable for string but one argument shuld
be int
Booleans:
Boolean data types are of 2 types in Python.
They are True and False. These can be used to
assign or compare the boolean values.
In Python, logical expressions return the boolean
values.
 In Python, True is equalled to 1 and False is
equals to 0.
Python turns the boolean values into integers
explicitly during the arithmetic operations.
All fundamental data types are immutable.
Once we create an object we cannot change
If we try to perform any changes with that a new
object will be created
Collection Related Data types:
Fundamental data types can hold only One value
Group of values as a single entity then we use
Collection Related Data types.
List
Tuple
Set
Frozenset
Dict
Range
Bytes
Bytearray
Lists
A list is a collection of values.
List is an ordered sequence of items.
It is one of the most used datatype in Python and
is very flexible.
All the items in a list do not need to be of the
same type.
Declaring a list is pretty straight forward. Items
separated by commas are enclosed within
brackets [ ].
Example:
>>> days=['Monday','Tuesday',3,4,5,6,7]
>>> days
Output:
[‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
Order is preserved
Duplicates objects are allowed
[ ]  representation
Accepts heterogeneous or dissimilar
objects
Indexing and slicing are applicable
L[ ]  creation of empty list
 to add an element to list use “append”
To remove use “remove”
1. Slicing a list – You can slice a list the way you’d
slice a string- with the slicing operator.
>>> days[1:3]
[‘Tuesday’, 3]
Indexing for a list begins with 0, like for a string. A
Python doesn’t have arrays.
Length of a list– Python supports an inbuilt function
to calculate the length of a list.
>>> len(days)
7
3. Reassigning elements of a list– A list is
mutable.
This means that you can reassign elements later on.
>>> days[2]='Wednesday'
>>> days
[‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, 4, 5, 6, 7]
4. Multidimensional lists– A list may have more
than one dimension.
>>> a=[[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]
>>> a
[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]
Tuple:
Tuple is an ordered sequence of items same as
list.
The only difference is that tuples are immutable.
Tuples once created cannot be modified.
Tuples are used to write-protect data and are
usually faster than list as it cannot change
dynamically.
It is defined within parentheses () where items
are separated by commas.
We cannot add or remove values.
Read only version of list is tuple
The above example shows type is “int”
When we add a comma after value then it is
consider as “TUPLE”
Single value tuple end should end with “COMMA”
Without “comma” its type is int.
With comma
LIST its type is tuple
TUPLE
1.Mutable 1.Immutable
2.[ ] 2.( )
3.More memory 3.To store tuple
elements python
required very less
memory
4.Performance is less 4.Performance is more
5.application:contenet Ex:Account types
 Example:
>>> subjects=('Physics','Chemistry','Maths')
>>> subjects
(‘Physics’, ‘Chemistry’, ‘Maths’)
 Accessing and Slicing a Tuple– You access a tuple the
same way as you’d access a list. The same goes for slicing it.
>>> subjects[1]
‘Chemistry’
>>> subjects[0:2]
(‘Physics’, ‘Chemistry’)
 A tuple is immutable– However, it is immutable. Once
declared, you can’t change its size or elements.
>>> subjects[2]='Biology'
Traceback (most recent call last):
File “<pyshell#107>”, line 1, in <module>
subjects[2]=’Biology’
TypeError: ‘tuple’ object does not support item
assignment
Set:
A set is an unordered and unindexed collection of
items.
This means when we print the elements of a set
they will appear in the random order and we
cannot access the elements of set based on
indexes because it is unindexed.
In List & Tuple order is important and duplicates
are allowed.
Tuple is immutable and List is Mutable
Duplicates are not allowed
Order is not required
Representation { }
Indexing and slicing are not applicable
Set is Mutable and Growable
 append() add()
In list adding values at In set adding values in
last any position
S={10,20,30} S={10,20,30}
l.append(50) l.add(50)
print(s) print(s)
10,20,30,50 10,20,50,30
By default Curly Braces open and close type is
“Dict” not “set”
Frequently used data type is dict, more priority to
“dict”

List Set
Order is important No order
Duplicate are No duplicates
allowed
Represented by [ ] Represented by { }
Frozenset:
Frozen set same as Set
But Frozen set is immutable.
In frozen set we cannot add or remove values.
Order is not applicable
No duplication
Indexing and slicing are not applicable.
Dict:
If we want to represent a group of objects as “key
value pair” then use “dict”
Order is not important.
Dict is mutable.
Indexing & slicing are not applicable.
Syntax:
d={key:value}
{k1:v1,k2:v2,………..kn:vn}
Duplicate keys are not allowed .
Duplicate values are allowed
If we assign same “Key” if already assigned then
old value is replaced with new values. If we try to
insert duplicate we wont get any error or simply
old is value is replaced with new value.
Range:
Representing a sequence of numbers then use
range.
Indexing and slicing are applicable
Range object is immuatble
Different ways to create Range:
1.range(n):
Ex: r=range(10) #0 to 9
r=range(100) #0 to 99
2.range(begin,end):
Begin to end-1
r=range(1,10) #1 to 9
For x in r:
print(x)
r=range(1,11) #1 to 10 values
3.range(begin,end,increment/decrement):
r=range(1,21,1) # increment by1
r=range(1,21,2) # increment by2
r=range(1,21,-1) # decrement by -1
Byte:
Representing group of byte values
If we want to create byte use in-built byte
function.
Byte values assign only from 0 to 255
Bytes are immutable
Bytearray:
Both are same.
Bytes are immutable
Bytearray is mutable
By using Bytearray function we can create
bytearray
Type Conversion:
Python has five standard Data Types.
Sometimes it is necessary to convert values from
one type to another.
Python defines type conversion functions to
directly convert one data type to another.
Converting to Tuples and Lists:
A list is a mutable ordered sequence of elements
that is contained within square brackets [ ].
A tuple is an immutable ordered sequence of
elements contained within parentheses ( ).
You can use the methods list() and tuple() to
convert the values passed to them into the list
and tuple data type respectively.
ValueError
While converting from string to int you may get
ValueError exception.
This exception occurs if the string you want to
convert does not represent any numbers.
 set()
 bool()
 It converts the value into a boolean.
It converts the
>>> bool(3) value into a
True set.
>>> bool(0)
False >>>
>>> bool(True) set([1,2,2,3])
True
>>> bool(0.1) {1, 2, 3}
True >>>
You can convert a list into a Boolean.
>>> bool([1,2])
set({1,2,2,3})
True {1, 2, 3}
The function returns False for empty constructs.
>>> bool()
False
>>> bool([])
False
>>> bool({})
False
None is a keyword in Python that represents an absence of value.
>>> bool(None)
False
None data type:
None means Nothing or No value associated
If the value is not available, then to handle such
type of cases None is introduced.
It is something like null value in java.

Constants:
Constants are not applicable in Python.
But it is convention to use only uppercase
characters if we don’t want to change value.
It is just convention but we can change the
value.
MAX_VALUE=16
list() tuple()
It converts the value
It converts the value into a list.
into a tuple.
>>> del list
>>> tuple({1,2,2,3})
>>> list("123") (1, 2, 3)
[‘1’, ‘2’, ‘3’] You can try your own
>>> list({1,2,2,3}) combinations. Also
[1, 2, 3] try composite
>>> list({"a":1,"b":2}) functions.
>>>
[‘a’, ‘b’] tuple(list(set([1,2])))
However, the following raises an(1,error.
2)
>>> list({a:1,b:2})
Traceback (most recent call last):
File “<pyshell#173>”, line 1, in <module>;
list({a:1,b:2})
TypeError: unhashable type: ‘set’
Operators:
Operators are used to perform operations on
values and variables.
 Operators can manipulate individual items and
returns a result.
The data items are referred as operands or
arguments.
Operators are either represented by keywords or
special characters.
Python Operator falls into 7 categories:
Arithmetic Operator
Relational Operator
Assignment Operator
Logical Operator
Membership Operator
Python Arithmetic Operator:
These Python arithmetic operators include Python
operators for basic mathematical operations.
Python Relational Operator:
Relational operators are used to compare values.
It either returns True or False according to the
condition.
Python Assignment Operator:
Assignment operators are used in Python to
assign values to variables.
a = 5 is a simple assignment operator that
assigns the value 5 on the right to the variable a
on the left. There are various compound operators
in Python like a += 5 that adds to the variable
and later assigns the same. It is equivalent to a =
a + 5.
Python Logical Operator:
Logical operators are the and, or, not operators.
Python Bitwise Operator:
Bitwise operators act on operands as if they were
string of binary digits. It operates bit by bit, hence
the name.
For example, 2 is 10 in binary and 7 is 111.
In the table below: Let x = 10 (0000 1010 in
binary) and y = 4 (0000 0100 in binary)

It returns the one’s complement of a number’s

binary. It flips the bits. Binary for 2 is 00000010.
Its one’s complement is 11111101. This is binary
Membership Python Operator:
in and not in are the membership operators in
Python.
They are used to test whether a value or variable
is found in a sequence (string, list, tuple, set and
dictionary).
 In a dictionary we can only test for presence of
key, not the value.
Python Identity Operator:
is and is not are the identity operators in Python.
They are used to check if two values (or
variables) are located on the same part of the
memory.
Two variables that are equal does not imply that
they are identical.
 Here, we see that x1 and y1 are integers of
same values, so they are equal as well as
identical. Same is the case with x2 and y2
(strings).
 But x3 and y3 are list. They are equal but not
identical. It is because interpreter locates them
separately in memory although they are equal.
Conditional Statements :
Decision making statements in python, helps in
controlling your program accordingly.
There are the following decision making
statements available in Python:
if statement
if-else statement
nested if statement
Chained Conditionals (elif ladder)
Single Statement Condition
if statement:
The if statement is used to test a particular
condition and if the condition is true, it executes a
block of code known as if-block.
 The condition of if statement can be any valid
logical expression which can be either evaluated
to true or false.
syntax of the if-statement is given below.
if expression:
statement
if-else statement:
The if-else statement provides an else block
combined with the if statement which is executed
in the false case of the condition.
If the condition is true, then the if-block is
executed. Otherwise, the else-block is executed.
syntax of the if-else statement is given below.
if condition:
#block of statements
else:
#another block of statements (else-block)
nested-if:
A nested if is an if statement that is the target of
another if statement.
 Nested if statements means an if statement inside
another if statement.
Yes, Python allows us to nest if statements within if
statements. i.e, we can place an if statement inside
another if statement.
Syntax:
if condition:
if condition:
statements
else:
statements
else:
statements
Chained Conditionals (elif ladder):
The elif statement enables us to check multiple
conditions and execute the specific block of
statements depending upon the true condition
among them.
We can have any number of elif statements in our
program depending upon our need. However,
using elif is optional.
The elif statement works like an if-else-if ladder
statement in C.
It must be succeeded by an if statement.
syntax :
if expression 1:
# block of statements

elif expression 2:
# block of statements

elif expression 3:
# block of statements

else:
# block of statements
Single Statement Condition:
If you only need to write a single statement under
if, you can write it in the same line using single
statement python decision making constructs.
Iterative Statements:
Loops in Python are used to control your program.
Loops are basically used to execute a block of
code several number of times accordingly.
Advantages of loops
There are the following advantages of loops in
Python.
It provides code re-usability.
Using loops, we do not need to write the same
code again and again.
Using loops, we can traverse over the elements of
data structures (array or linked lists).
4 types of Python Loop:
For Loop
While Loop
Python Loop Control Statements
Nested For Loop
For Loop:
Python for loop can iterate over a sequence of
items. T
he structure of a for loop in Python is different
than that in C++ or Java.
That is, for(int i=0;i<n;i++) won’t work here.
In Python, we use the ‘in’ keyword.
Syntax of for Loop
for val in sequence:
Body of for
Here, val is the variable that takes the value of
the item inside the sequence on each iteration.
Loop continues until we reach the last item in the
sequence.
The body of for loop is separated from the rest of
while loop:
The while loop is also known as a pre-tested loop.
In general, a while loop allows a part of the code
to be executed as long as the given condition is
true.
It can be viewed as a repeating if statement.
The while loop is mostly used in the case where
the number of iterations is not known in advance.
syntax is given below:
while expression:
statements
Loop Control Statements:
break statement:
When you put a break statement in the body of a
loop, the loop stops executing, and control shifts
to the first statement outside it.
You can put it in a for or while loop.
continue statement:
The continue statement is used to skip the rest of
the code inside a loop for the current iteration
only.
Loop does not terminate but continues on with
the next iteration.
pass statement:
 Pass is a keyword in python.
 In our programming syntactically if block is required
which won’t do anything then we can define that
empty block with pass keyword.
 It is an empty statement
 It is null statement
 It won’t do anything
Ex: Expecting true
block Expected
If True: Indentation
else:
Print(“Hello”)
If the number is even we are doing
nothing and if it is odd then we are
displaying the number.
Input-Output:
Input:
Reading dynamic input from the keyboard.
In python 2 we have 2 functions are available to read
dynamic input from the keyboard.
1.raw_input()
2.input()
1.raw_input():
This function always reads the data from the
keyboard in the form of String format.
We have to convert that string type to our required
type by using corresponding type casting methods.
Ex:
a=raw_input(“enter a value”) It always print str type only
for any input type
Print(type(a))
2.input():
input() function can be used to read data directly
in our required format.
Here we don’t require to perform type casting.
Ex:
x=input(“enter value”)
type(x)
6int
“SNIST”str
7.8float
Truebool
But in python 3 we have only input() method.
raw_input() method is not available
In Python 3 input() function behavior exactly
same as raw_input() method of Python 2
Raw_input() function of python 2 is renamed as
input() function in Python 3
split( ) function takes
SPACE as separator by
default
eval():
eval function take a string evalutes to
corresponding type.
Output statements:
We can use print() function to display output.
Format 1:
print() without any argument
Just it prints new line character.
Format 2:
Note:
If both arguments are String type then + operator
acts as Concatenation operator.
If one argument is string type and second id any
other type like int then we will get Error.
If both arguments are number type then +
operator acts as arithmetic addition operator.

Format 3:
print() with variable number of arguments:
By default output values are separated by space.
If we want separator we can specify by using
”sep” attribute.

Format 4:
Print() with end attribute.
Default value for
If we want output in the same line with space
end attribute is \
n, which is
nothing but new
line character
Format 5:print(object) statement:
We can pass any object like list,tuple,set,etc as
arguments to print() statement.

Form 6:print(String, variable list):

We can use print() statement with String and any
number of arguments.

output:
Format 7:print(formatted string):
%iint
%dint
%ffloat
%sstring type
print(“fotmatted string”,%(variable list))
Format 8:print() with replacement operator{}
We can format the strings with variable values by
using replacement operator{} and format()
method.

Output: