Canal Structures 1. Head regulator 2. Cross regulator Head Regulator 1.Branch Canal 2.Take off points 3.
Canal Escape 4. Canal Fall Functions 1.Regulate the water from parent /reservoir canal to branch canal 2. To control entry of silt 3.Use as meter 5. Irrigation outlets 6. Silt Ejector Cons. 1. Components depend upon size and location. 2. Consists of gated rectangular opening
Cross Regulator 1.To maintain the necessary depth on u/s. 2.Constructed along main canal 3.Constructed at off take of canal 4. Distance Main 9to 10 km Branch c/c 6 to 10 km
Functions 1.To control flow 2. To feed off taking canal 3.To provide road way
Cons. 1.abutements with grooves and piers are constructed 2. Silt of regulation kept higher than bed level of canal. 3. Gates are fitted in grooves 4. Combined with fall called fall regulator.
Canal escape 1. to escape extra water from the canal into some natural drains 2.located at 5m to 10 mc/c along length of main canal near natural drain
Functions 1.wasting some of its supplied water 2. To feed off taking canal 3.To provide road way
Cons. 1. canal scouring escape- scoring the excess of silt from time to time 2. surplus escape constructed to dispose of excess supplies of parent canal
Silt ejector 1 these are the divices which extract silt from canal water after silted water has travelled a certain distance 2. constructed on the bed of canal 3. excluder is preventive measure 4. constructed from some distance apart from head regulator
Functions 1.to extract silt
Cons. 1. consists of horizontal Diaphragm placed above the canal bed 2. canal bed is depressed below the diaphragm so that the height of silt tunnel below the diaphragm is 0.5 to .8m 3. diaphragm wall separates the top water level from the bottom water obtaining silt 4. the discharge through the tunnel are governed by gate opening of the escape tunnel 5. escape channel is given a steeper slope so that silt is discharged back to the river
Falls: 1. Downstream of the takeoff canal 2. To lower the bed level when the slope of the ground is steeper fall rapid If lowering of the canal bed is Achieved by the providing slopping achieved at one section vertically ramp of same length is called as rapid downwards, the structure is called fall fall or drop
Stepped Instead ramp the steps are provided in continuation
Function: 1. To lower the canal bed level according to the slope of ground 2. To maintain the design bed slope Classification: 1. Vertical a. Simple regulator fall b. Trapezoidal notch fall 2. Glacis type fall Vertical: 3. 4. 5. 6. Ogee Rapid Stepped Notch
The difference between u/s FSL and d/s FSl should not more than 1.2m Suitable for 15 cumecs of discharge Glacis type:
Notches are provided Suitable for greater discharge Ogee fall
First constructed by sir Proby Cautly on the ganga canal It has gradual convex and concave curves to provide smooth transitions and to reduce the disturbance This preserve the energy due to this ogee fall has defects: 1. Considerable drop down effect on u/s resulting in bed erosion 2. Formation of the hydraulic jump is not possible until the sufficient depth scouring is not achieved Rapid fall:
These were provided on western Yamuna coasts Consists of glacis slopping 1 v : 10 to 20H Long glacis assorted the formation of hydraulic jump Construction cost is high due to gentle slope Notch fall: ConstructionFall consist of one or more trapezoidal notch in high crested wall Flat circular lip is provided to disperse the water projects d/s Notches were designed to maintain normal water depth in u/s channel Neither drawdown nor heading up of water It can be used as regulator Purpose of providing canal fallTo avoid heavy banking To maintain the design bed slope Gives consideration in economy Depth, discharge relationship can be maintained Standing wave flume: Construction: An approach with rising floor Conversing section with horizontal floor A throat A diverging section again with rising floor Guage wells For small discharge notches are used Fitted with head regulator Irrigation Outlets: Outlets are the structures constructed to admit the water into water courses and field channels
Functions: To admit water from distributaries or parent canal to minors To draw proportionate quantity of silt to measure The discharge release in the field channel Requirements of good outlet A constant discharge irrespective of variation of levels in the parents canal and the water course Should be simple in construction and maintenance It should be strong, cheap It should draw Proportionate silt loading Classification of silt 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Simple or non-modular or pipe Modular outlet Rigid module Semi rigid Flexible
Simple or non-modular or pipe: Consist of pipe fixed below the bank at a level 15 to 20cm below the FSL Sliding gate is provided Discharge depends upon the water level in the parent canal Modular outlet: Constant discharge at the field channel Rigid module: Designed by Gibbes Punjab irri. Dept. Cosists of pipe having a bellmouth Water directed to the eddy chamber through 1800 Rising spiral pipe in which free circular flow is developed In which product of velocity and raius is constant In eddy chamber baffle plates are fixed with their lower edges slopping at required heights above the silt of outlet
Discharge is kept constant Water discharges into a spout from the eddy chamber and further into the water course
