Lab

Record

Approved by AICTE & Permanent Affiliation to JNTUK, Kakinada

Accredited by NBA, NAAC, ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Narasaraopet – 522601

DEPARTMENT
OF
CSE (ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE &
MACHINE LEARNING), ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE & MACHINE LEARNING

II YEAR I SEMESTER (PYTHON

PROGRAMMING) LAB MANUAL

1
 INSTITUTE’S VISION, MISSION & VALUES
Vision:
To emerge as a Centre of excellence in technical education with a blend of effective student
centric teaching learning practices as well as research for the transformation of lives and
community.

Mission:
M1: Provide the best class infra-structure to explore the field of engineering and research.
M2: Build a passionate and a determined team of faculty with student centric teaching, imbibing
experiential, innovative skills.
M3: Imbibe lifelong learning skills, entrepreneurial skills and ethical values in students for
addressing societal problems.

Values:
 Student-centric education: Meeting the community’s and student’s needs by developing a
world-class educational environment with cultural values.
 Excellence: Giving special attention towards the standards of integrity and performance to
help the institute in leading academic achievements and professional goals.
 Collaboration: Seeking the latest input and working closely with all the industrial sectors and
Society for the continuous up gradation of the quality of education.
 Diversity: Creating a favourable on-campus environment in which the goals and learning
styles of all students are recognised and nurtured.
 Continuous Development: Encouraging enthusiastic, innovative thinkers and learners to
strive for personal growth in the world of inventions and start-ups.
 Technological Advancement: Keeping pace with evolving technology and professional
trends to prepare all its students to achieve success in the workplace.
 DEPARTMENT OF CSE (AIML)
Vision:
To empower students to become AI and ML professionals, driving industry innovation and
positively impacting society through cutting-edge technologies.
Mission:
M1: To establish a solid foundation in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning and
effectively address real-world challenges.
M2: To develop resilient professionals by encouraging them to create applications for industry
innovation.
M3: To cultivate a research-oriented mind set in students, encouraging them to create
applications that have practical value and make a positive impact on society.

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

PEO1: Graduates possess a strong knowledge of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
principles, enabling them to effectively address real-world challenges.
PEO2: Graduates continuously enhance their skills and adapt to the evolving field of AI and ML,
empowering them to confidently face future challenges.
PEO3: Graduates apply their AI and ML knowledge to develop practical applications that
positively impact society and address societal challenges.

PROGTAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

PSO1: Apply a range of AI and ML techniques to analyse and solve real-world problems
effectively.
PSO2: Design and develop AI systems by integrating appropriate algorithms, models, and
technologies to address specific problem domains.
PSO3: Develop the ethical implications and societal impact of AI and ML technologies.
 PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)
PO1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals,
and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
PO2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyse complex engineering
problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and
engineering sciences.
PO3: Design / development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design
system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public
health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
PO4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.
PO5: Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modelling to complex engineering activities with an
understanding of the limitations.
PO6: The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice.
PO7: Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions
in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable
development.
PO8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of
the engineering practice.
PO9: Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and
design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
PO11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering
and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to
manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
P012: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
The main objectives of the course are to
 Introduce core programming concept of Python programming language.
 Demonstrate about Python data structures like Lists, Tuples, Sets and dictionaries.
 Implements Functions, Modules and Regular Expressions in Python Programming and to crate
practical and contemporary applications using these

COURSE OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course students will be able to
CO 1: Make use of control flow statements and functions to develop python programs. [K3].
CO 2: Develop Python programs using strings, Lists, dictionaries, tuples and sets. [K3].
CO 3: Develop Python programs on object oriented programming and regular expressions. [K3].
CO 4: Develop Python programs using NumPy and Pandas. [K3].

COURSE OUTCOMES MAPPING WITH PROGRAM OUTCOME

CO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO1 3 2 1 2 - - - - - - - -
CO2 3 2 - 2 - - - - - - - -
CO3 2 2 - 2 - - - - - - - -
CO4 2 2 1 2 - - - - - - - -
 INDEX
Week PAGE
NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT
No. No.

1. Write a program to find the largest element among three Numbers.

1 2. Write a Program to display all prime numbers within an interval
3. Write a program to swap two numbers without using a temporary variable.

4. Demonstrate the following Operators in Python with suitable examples.

i) Arithmetic Operators ii) Relational Operators iii) Assignment Operators iv) Logical
Operators v) Bit wise Operators vi) Ternary Operator vii) Membership Operators viii)
2
Identity Operators
5. Write a program to add and multiply complex numbers
6. Write a program to print multiplication table of a given number.
1. Write a program to define a function with multiple return values.
3 2. Write a program to define a function using default arguments.
3. Write a program to find the length of the string without using any library functions.

4. Write a program to check if the substring is present in a given string or not.

5. Write a program to perform the given operations on a list:
4
i. addition ii. Insertion iii. slicing
6. Write a program to perform any 5 built-in functions by taking any list.

1. Write a program to create tuples (name, age, address, college) for at least two
members and concatenate the tuples and print the concatenated tuples.
5.
2. Write a program to count the number of vowels in a string (No control flow
allowed).
3. Write a program to check if a given key exists in a dictionary or not.

6.
4. Write a program to add a new key-value pair to an existing dictionary.
5. Write a program to sum all the items in a given dictionary.
1. Write a program to sort words in a file and put them in another file. The output file
should have only lower-case words, so any upper-case words from source must be
7.
lowered.
2. Python program to print each line of a file in reverse order.

3. Python program to compute the number of characters, words and lines in a file.
8. 4. Write a program to create, display, append, insert and reverse the order of the items
in the array.
 5. Write a program to add, transpose and multiply two matrices.
6. Write a Python program to create a class that represents a shape. Include methods
9.
to calculate its area and perimeter. Implement subclasses for different shapes like
circle, triangle, and square.

1. Python program to check whether a JSON string contains complex object or not.

10. 2. Python Program to demonstrate NumPy arrays creation using array () function.
3. Python program to demonstrate use of ndim, shape, size, dtype.

4. Python program to demonstrate basic slicing, integer and Boolean indexing.

11.
5. Python program to find min, max, sum, cumulative sum of array.
6. Create a dictionary with at least five keys and each key represent value as a list
where this list contains at least ten values and convert this dictionary as a pandas data
frame and explore the data through the data frame as follows:
12. a) Apply head () function to the pandas data frame
b) Perform various data selection operations on Data Frame
7. Select any two columns from the above data frame, and observe the change in one
attribute with respect to other attribute with scatter and plot operations in Matplotlib.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Gowrishankar S, Veena A., Introduction to Python Programming, CRC Press
2. 2. Python Programming, S Sridhar, J Indumathi, V M Hariharan, 2 ndEdition, Pearson, 2024
3. Introduction to Programming Using Python, Y. Daniel Liang, Pearson
ONLINE LEARNING RESOURCES / VIRTUAL LABS:
1. https://www.coursera.org/learn/python-for-applied-data-science-ai
2. https://www.coursera.org/learn/python?specialization=python#syllabus
 Experiment-1

Date:

PROGRAM-1

Write a program to find the largest element among three Numbers.

AIM

The aim of this program is to find the largest element among three given numbers.

ALGORITHM

Step-1: Read three numbers from the user.

Step-2: Compare the first number with the second and third numbers.

Step-3: If the first number is greater than or equal to both the second and third numbers, it is
the largest.

Step-4: If not, compare the second and third numbers to determine the largest among them.

Step-5: Output the largest number.

PROGRAM

num1 = float(input("Enter first number: "))

num2 = float(input("Enter second number: "))

num3 = float(input("Enter third number: "))

if (num1 >= num2) and (num1 >= num3):

largest = num1

elif (num2 >= num1) and (num2 >= num3):

largest = num2

else:

largest = num3

print("The largest number is", largest)

OUTPUT
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. How do you compare three numbers to find the largest one?

Ans.

2. What is the time complexity of your program?

Ans. ___________________________________________________________________________

3. Can you write the logic for finding the largest number using Python’s built-in functions?

Ans. ___________________________________________________________________________

4. How would you modify the program to find the largest number among more than three
numbers?

Ans.

5. What are the different ways to take input from the user in python?

Ans.
 Python Programming

Experiment-2

Date:

PROGRAM-2

Write a Program to display all prime numbers within an interval.

AIM

To display all prime numbers within a given interval.

ALGORITHM

Step-1: Read the lower and upper bounds of the interval from the user.

Step-2: Iterate through each number within the interval.

Step-3: For each number, check if it is prime.

Step-4: To check if a number is prime, iterate from 2 to the square root of the number.

Step-5: If the number is divisible by any number within this range, it is not prime. Otherwise,
it is prime.

Step-6: Output all prime numbers within the interval.

PROGRAM

import math

lower = int(input("Enter the lower bound of the interval: "))

upper = int(input("Enter the upper bound of the interval: "))

print("Prime numbers within the interval [{}, {}]:".format(lower, upper))

6
for num in range(lower, upper + 1):

if num > 1:

is_prime = True

for i in range(2, int(math.sqrt(num)) + 1):

if num % i == 0:

is_prime = False

break

if is_prime:

print(num, end=" ")

OUTPUT
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is a prime number?

Ans.

2. How does your program check if a number is prime?

Ans. ___________________________________________________________________________

3. What is the time complexity of checking if a single number is prime?

Ans. ___________________________________________________________________________

4. Can you optimize your program to improve its efficiency?

Ans.

5. How do you handle the edge cases in your program (e.g., intervals with negative num

Ans.
 Lab
Record

Experiment-3

Date:

PROGRAM-3

Write a program to swap two numbers without using a temporary variable.

AIM

The Aim of this Program to swap two numbers without using a temporary variable.

ALGORITHM

Step-1: Read input for two numbers, num1 and num2.

Step-2: Print the original values of num1 and num2.

Step-3: Swap the values of num1 and num2 without using a temporary variable.

Step-4 : Print the swapped values of num1 and num2.

PROGRAM

num1 = int(input("Enter the first number: "))

num2 = int(input("Enter the second number: "))

print("Before swapping: num1 =", num1, ", num2 =", num2)

num1 = num1 + num2

num2 = num1 - num2

num1 = num1 - num2

print("After swapping: num1 =", num1, ", num2 =", num2)

11
OUTPUT
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. How do you swap two numbers without using a temporary variable?

Ans.

2. What are the different ways to swap two variables in Python?

Ans.

3. Why might you prefer not to use a temporary variable?

Ans.

4. Can you explain the concept of tuple unpacking in Python?

Ans.

5. What are the potential pitfalls of swapping using arithmetic operations?

Ans.
 Python Programming

Experiment-4

Date:

PROGRAM-4

Demonstrate the following Operators in Python with suitable examples .i) Arithmetic Operators
ii) Relational Operators iii) Assignment Operators iv) Logical Operators v) Bit wise Operators
vi) Ternary Operator vii) Membership Operators viii) Identity Operators

i) Arithmetic Operators

AIM

The aim is to perform basic arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division, etc., on two numbers.

ALGORITHM

Step-1: Read two numbers from the user.

Step-2: Perform various arithmetic operations on the numbers.

Step-3: Display the results.

PROGRAM

# Reading input

num1 = int(input("Enter first number: "))

num2 = int(input("Enter second number: "))

# Performing arithmetic operations

16
addition = num1 + num2

subtraction = num1 - num2

multiplication = num1 * num2

division = num1 / num2

modulus = num1 % num2

exponentiation = num1 ** num2

floor_division = num1 // num2

# Printing output

print("Addition:", addition)

print("Subtraction:", subtraction)

print("Multiplication:", multiplication)

print("Division:", division)

print("Modulus:", modulus)

print("Exponentiation:", exponentiation)

print("Floor Division:", floor_division)

OUTPUT
 ii) Relational Operators

AIM

The aim is to compare two values and determine the relationship between them.

ALGORITHM

Step-1: Read two numbers from the user.

Step-2: Use relational operators to compare the numbers.

Step-3: Display the comparison results.

PROGRAM

# Reading input

num1 = int(input("Enter first number: "))

num2 = int(input("Enter second number: "))

# Using relational operators

print("Equal to:", num1 == num2)

print("Not equal to:", num1 != num2)

print("Greater than:", num1 > num2)

print("Less than:", num1 < num2)

print("Greater than or equal to:", num1 >= num2)

print("Less than or equal to:", num1 <= num2)

OUTPUT
 iii) Assignment Operators

AIM

The aim is to assign values to variables with shorthand notation.

ALGORITHM

Step-1: Initialize a variable with a value.

Step-2: Use assignment operators to modify the variable’s value.

Step-3: Display the final value of the variable.

PROGRAM

# Addition Assignment Operator

x=5

x += 3 # Equivalent to x = x + 3

print("Addition Assignment Operator:", x) # Output: 8

# Subtraction Assignment Operator

y = 10

y -= 2 # Equivalent to y = y - 2

print("Subtraction Assignment Operator:", y) # Output: 8

# Multiplication Assignment Operator

z=4

z *= 5 # Equivalent to z = z * 5

print("Multiplication Assignment Operator:", z) # Output: 20

# Division Assignment Operator

w = 16
w /= 4 # Equivalent to w = w / 4

print("Division Assignment Operator:", w) # Output: 4.0

# Modulus Assignment Operator

a = 17

a %= 5 # Equivalent to a = a % 5

print("Modulus Assignment Operator:", a) # Output: 2

# Exponentiation Assignment Operator

b=2

b **= 3 # Equivalent to b = b ** 3

print("Exponentiation Assignment Operator:", b) # Output: 8

# Floor Division Assignment Operator

c = 17

c //= 5 # Equivalent to c = c // 5

print("Floor Division Assignment Operator:", c)

OUTPUT

Addition Assignment Operator: 8

Subtraction Assignment Operator: 8

Multiplication Assignment Operator: 20

Division Assignment Operator: 4.0

Modulus Assignment Operator: 2

Exponentiation Assignment Operator: 8

Floor Division Assignment Operator: 3

 iv) Logical Operators

AIM

To demonstrate the use of logical operators in Python.

ALGORITHM

Step-1: Define two boolean variables.

Step-2: Use and, or, and not logical operators.

Step-3: Print the results.

PROGRAM

# Logical Operators

a = True

b = False

# AND operator

and_result = a and b

# OR operator

or_result = a or b

# NOT operator

not_result = not a

print(f"a and b: {and_result}")

print(f"a or b: {or_result}")

print(f"not a: {not_result}")
OUTPUT

a and b: False

a or b: True

not a: False

V) BitwiseOperators

AIM

To demonstrate the use of bitwise operators in Python.

ALGORITHM

Step-1: Define two integer variables.

Step-2: Use &, |, ^, ~, <<, and >> bitwise operators.

Step-3: Print the result.

PROGRAM

# Bitwise Operators

a = 10 # 1010 in binary

b = 4 # 0100 in binary

# AND operator

and_result = a & b

# OR operator

or_result = a | b

# XOR operator

xor_result = a ^ b

# NOT operator
not_result = ~a

# Left Shift operator

left_shift_result = a << 1

# Right Shift operator

right_shift_result = a >> 1

print(f"a & b: {and_result}")

print(f"a | b: {or_result}")

print(f"a ^ b: {xor_result}")

print(f"~a: {not_result}")

print(f"a << 1: {left_shift_result}")

print(f"a >> 1: {right_shift_result}")

Output:

a & b: 0

a | b: 14

a ^ b: 14

~a: -11

a << 1: 20

a >> 1: 5
 vi)Ternary

Operator AIM

To demonstrate the use of the ternary operator in Python.

ALGORITHM

Step-1: Define a condition and two possible outcomes.

Step-2: Use the ternary operator to assign a value based on the condition.

Step-3: Print the result.

PROGRAM

# Ternary Operator

a = 10

b = 20

# Ternary operation

result = "a is greater" if a > b else "b is greater"

print(result)

Output:

b is greater
vii)Membership Operators

AIM

To demonstrate the use of membership operators in Python.

ALGORITHM

Step-1: Define a list and a string.

Step-2: Use in and not in membership operators.

Step-3: Print the results.

PROGRAM

# Define a list of numbers

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

# Check if a number is in the list

is_in_list = 3 in numbers

# Check if a number is not in the list

is_not_in_list = 6 not in numbers

# Print the results

print("Is 3 in the list?:", is_in_list)

print("Is 6 not in the list?:", is_not_in_list)

Output:

Is 3 in the list?: True

Is 6 not in the list?: True

viii)Identity Operators

AIM

To understand how identity operators (is, is not) work in Python.

ALGORITHM

Step-1: Define two variables with the same value.

Step-2: Use identity operators to check if they refer to the same object.

Step-3: Print the results.

PROGRAM

# Define variables

a = [1, 2, 3]

b=a

c = [1, 2, 3]

# Identity operator 'is'

result_is = a is b

result_is_not = a is not c

# Print results

print("a is b:", result_is)

print("a is not c:", result_is_not)

Output:

a is b: True

a is not c: True
VIVA QUESTION

1. How do relational operators differ from logical operators?

Ans.

2. What is the difference between the ‘==’ and ‘is’ operators?

Ans.

3. Syntax of arithmetic and bitwise operators?

Ans.

4. What is a ternary operator and Assignment operators?

Ans.

5. How do membership operators work and when would you use them?

Ans.
 Python Programming

Experiment-5

Date:

PROGRAM-5

Write a program to add and multiply complex numbers

AIM

The aim of this program is to perform addition and multiplication of two complex numbers
using control flow statements in Python.

ALGORITHM

Step-1: Define a function to add two complex numbers.

Step-2: Define a function to multiply two complex

numbers. Step-3: Prompt the user to input two complex

numbers.
Step-4: Convert the input strings into complex number objects.

Step-5: Use the defined functions to add and multiply the complex numbers.

Step-6: Display the results

PROGRAM

def add_complex(c1, c2):

return complex(c1.real + c2.real, c1.imag + c2.imag)

def multiply_complex(c1, c2):

34

real_part = c1.real * c2.real - c1.imag * c2.imag

 imag_part = c1.real * c2.imag + c1.imag * c2.real

return complex(real_part, imag_part)

def main():

# Input complex numbers from user

c1 = complex(input("Enter the first complex number (in the form a+bj): "))

c2 = complex(input("Enter the second complex number (in the form a+bj): "))

# Add the complex numbers

sum_result = add_complex(c1, c2)

# Multiply the complex numbers

product_result = multiply_complex(c1, c2)

# Output the results

print(f"The sum of {c1} and {c2} is {sum_result}")

print(f"The product of {c1} and {c2} is {product_result}")

# Run the main function

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

OUTPUT
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is a complex number and how is it represented in Python?

Ans.

2. How do you add and multiply complex numbers in Python?

Ans.

3. Can you explain the attributes of a complex number in Python?

Ans.

4. What are the practical applications of complex numbers?

Ans.

5. How does Python handle complex number arithmetic internally?

Ans.
 Lab
Record

Experiment-6

Date:

PROGRAM-6

Write a program to print multiplication table of a given number.

AIM

The aim of this program is to generate and print the multiplication table of a given number up
to a specified range.

ALGORITHM

Step-1: Prompt the user to input a number for which the multiplication table will be generated.

Step-2: Prompt the user to input the range up to which the table should be printed.

Step-3: Use a loop to iterate from 1 to the specified range.

Step-4: For each iteration, multiply the given number by the current loop index.

Step-5: Print the result in a formatted way.

PROGRAM

def main():

# Input the number for which the multiplication table will be generated

number = int(input("Enter the number for which you want the multiplication table: "))

# Input the range up to which the table should be printed

table_range = int(input("Enter the range up to which the table should be printed: "))

39

# Print the multiplication table using a for loop

for i in range(1, table_range + 1):

result = number * i

print(f"{number} x {i} = {result}")

# Run the main function

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

OUTPUT
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. How do you generate a multiplication table in Python?

Ans.

2. Can you modify the program to print the multiplication table for a range of numbers?

Ans.

3. What are the different ways to format the output in Python?

Ans.

4. How can you take user input for the number and the range for the multiplication table?

Ans.

5. What are the best practices for writing loops in Python?

Ans.
Python Programming

Experiment-7

Date:

PROGRAM-7

Write a program to define a function with multiple return values.

AIM

To write a Python program that defines a function which returns multiple values.

ALGORITHM

Step-1: Define the function:

 Create a function that performs some operations and returns multiple values.
Perform operations

 Inside the function, perform necessary calculations or operations.

Step-2: Return multiple values:

 Use the return statement to return multiple values as a tuple.

Step-3: Call the function:

 Call the function and unpack the returned values.

Step-4: Display the results:

 Print the results to verify the returned values.

44
PROGRAM

# Define the function that returns multiple values

def calculate(a, b):

sum_val = a + b

diff_val = a - b

prod_val = a * b

return sum_val, diff_val, prod_val

# Call the function and unpack the returned values

num1 = 10

num2 = 5

sum_result, diff_result, prod_result = calculate(num1, num2)

# Display the results

print(f"Sum: {sum_result}")

print(f"Difference: {diff_result}")

print(f"Product: {prod_result}")

OUTPUT

Sum: 15

Difference: 5

Product: 50
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. How can a function return multiple values in Python?

Ans.

2. What is tuple unpacking, and how is it used with functions returning multiple values?

Ans.

3. Can you provide an example where returning multiple values from a function is useful?

Ans.

4. How does Python handle multiple return values internally?

Ans.

5. Can you return different data types from a function simultaneously?

Ans.
Python Programming

Experiment-8

Date:

PROGRAM-8

Write a program to define a function using default arguments.

AIM

To write a Python program that defines a function using default arguments.

ALGORITHM

Step-1: Define the function

 Create a function that uses default arguments.

Step-2: Set default arguments

 Specify default values for some or all parameters in the function definition.
Step-3: Call the function

 Call the function with and without providing arguments to see the effect of default values.
Step-4: Display the results

 Print the results to verify the default argument behavior.

 PROGRAM

# Define the function with default arguments

def add_numbers(a, b=10):

return a + b

# Call the function with both arguments

result1 = add_numbers(5, 3)

# Call the function with only one argument

result2 = add_numbers(7)

# Display the results

print(f"Result when both arguments are provided: {result1}")

print(f"Result when only one argument is provided (default value used): {result2}")

OUTPUT
When the above program is executed, the output will be:

sql

Copy code

Result when both arguments are provided: 8

Result when only one argument is provided (default value used): 17

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What are default arguments in Python?

Ans.

2. How do you define a function with default arguments?

Ans.

3. What happens if you call a function without providing some or all arguments when
default values are defined?

Ans.

4. Can you provide an example where default arguments are particularly useful?

Ans.

5. What are the potential pitfalls of using mutable default arguments?

Ans.
 Lab
Record

Experiment-9

Date:

PROGRAM-9

Write a program to find the length of the string without using any library functions

AIM

The aim of this program is to find the length of a string in Python without using any built-in
library functions like len().

ALGORITHM

Step-1: Initialization: Start with a counter variable initialized to zero.

Step-2: Iteration: Iterate through each character in the string.

Step-3: Counting: Increment the counter for each character until the end of the string (when
there are no more characters left to iterate over).

Step-4: Output: Print or return the counter value, which represents the length of the string.

PROGRAM

def string_length(s):

length = 0

for _ in s:

length += 1

53
 return length

def main():

input_string = input("Enter a string: ")

length = string_length(input_string)

print(f"Length of the string: {length}")

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

OUTPUT
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. How can you determine the length of a string without using built-in functions like len()?

Ans.

2. Can you explain the logic used to count characters in a string manually?

Ans.

3. How would you handle different types of input, such as an empty string or non-string data?

Ans.

4. What is the time complexity of your string length calculation method?

Ans.

5. Can you think of any edge cases that might affect the accuracy of your string length
calculation?

Ans.
 Lab
Record

Experiment-10

Date:

PROGRAM-10

Write a program to check if the substring is present in a given string or not.

AIM

To write a Python program that uses string concepts to check if a given substring is resent in a
specified string

ALGORITHM

Step-1: Input: Read the main string and the substring from the user.

Step-2: Check Presence: Use the in operator to determine if the substring is part of the main
string.

Step-3: Output: Print a message indicating whether the substring is found in the main string.

PROGRAM

# Function to check if the substring is present in the main string

def is_substring_present(main_string, substring):

# Using the 'in' operator to check for presence of substring

return substring in main_string

# Main function to get input and print result

def main():

57
 # Input: Main string and substring

main_string = input("Enter the main string: ")

substring = input("Enter the substring: ")

# Check if substring is present and print result

if is_substring_present(main_string, substring):

print(f"The substring '{substring}' is present in the main string.")

else:

print(f"The substring '{substring}' is not present in the main string.")

# Execute the main function

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

OUTPUT
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. How do you check if a substring is present in a given string in Python?

Ans.

2. What built-in operators or functions can be used to find a substring in a string?

Ans.

3. How would you handle case sensitivity when checking for substrings?

Ans.

4. Can you write a function that performs the same task without using built-in operators?

Ans.

5. How would you improve the efficiency of substring search in large texts?

Ans.
 Lab
Record

Experiment-11

Date:

PROGRAM-11

Write a program to perform the given operations on a

list: i. Addition ii. Insertion iii. Slicing

AIM

The aim of this task is to demonstrate basic list operations in Python:

 Addition (Append): Add an element to the end of the list.

 Insertion: Insert an element at a specified index in the list.
 Slicing: Extract a sub list from the list based on given start and end indices.

ALGORITHM

Step-1: Addition (Append)

 Initialize a list with some initial elements.

 Use the append() method to add an element to the end of the list.
Step-2: Insertion

 Use the insert() method to insert an element at a specified index in the list.
Step-3: Slicing

 Use slicing (:) to extract a portion of the list based on start and end indices.
 PROGRAM

def main():

# Initialize a list

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

# i. Addition

print("Original list:", my_list)

my_list.append(6) # Append element 6

print("After addition (append):", my_list)

# ii. Insertion

my_list.insert(2, 10) # Insert 10 at index 2

print("After insertion at index 2:", my_list)

# iii. Slicing

sliced_portion = my_list[1:4] # Slice from index 1 to 3 (exclusive of 4)

print("Sliced portion (index 1 to 3):", sliced_portion)

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

OUTPUT

Original list: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

After addition (append): [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

After insertion at index 2: [1, 2, 10, 3, 4, 5, 6]

Sliced portion (index 1 to 3): [2, 10, 3]

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. How do you add elements to a list in Python?

Ans.

2. What is the difference between appending and extending a list?

Ans.

3. How do you insert an element at a specific position in a list?

Ans.

4. Can you explain list slicing with an example?

Ans.

5. How do negative indices work in list slicing?

Ans.
Python Programming

Experiment-12

Date:

PROGRAM-12

Write a program to perform any 5 built-in functions by taking any list.

AIM

The aim of this task is to showcase the usage of five built-in functions that operate on lists in
Python.

ALGORITHM

Step-1: Initialization

 Create a list with some initial elements.

Step-2: Built-in Functions

 len(): Determine the length of the list.

 max(): Find the maximum element in the list.
 min(): Find the minimum element in the list.
 sum(): Calculate the sum of all elements in the list.
 sorted(): Return a new sorted list from the elements of the given iterable.
 PROGRAM
def main():
# Initialize a list
my_list = [7, 2, 9, 1, 5, 3, 6, 4, 8]
print("Original List:", my_list)
# i. len()
print("Length of the list:", len(my_list))
# ii. max()
print("Maximum element in the list:", max(my_list))
# iii. min()
print("Minimum element in the list:", min(my_list))
# iv. sum()
print("Sum of elements in the list:", sum(my_list))
# v. sorted()
sorted_list = sorted(my_list)
print("Sorted list:", sorted_list)
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
OUTPUT
Length of the list: 8
Maximum value in the list: 54
Minimum value in the list: 6
Sorted list: [6, 8, 12, 17, 23, 31, 42, 54]
Sum of all elements in the list: 19
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What are some common built-in functions available for lists in Python?

Ans.

2. Syntax of len() & sum() function on a list?

Ans.

3. How do you find the maximum and minimum values in a list using built-in functions?

Ans.

4. What is the purpose of the sorted() function, and how does it differ from the sort() method?

Ans.

5. How do you use the enumerate() function with lists, and what are its advantages?

Ans.
 Lab
Record

Experiment-13

Date:

PROGRAM-13

Write a program to create tuples (name, age, address, college) for at least two members and
concatenate the tuples and print the concatenated tuples.

AIM

To write a Python program to create tuples containing details of members (name, age, address,
college), concatenate the tuples, and print the concatenated tuple.

ALGORITHM

Step-1: Define the tuples: Create tuples for at least two members with the details (name,
age, address, college).

Step-2: Concatenate the tuples: Use the + operator to concatenate the tuples.

Step-3: Print the concatenated tuple: Display the result of the concatenation.

PROGRAM

# Define the tuples for two members

member1 = ("Alice", 22, "123 Main St, Springfield", "Springfield University")

member2 = ("Bob", 23, "456 Elm St, Shelbyville", "Shelbyville College")

# Concatenate the tuples

concatenated_tuple = member1 + member2

# Print the concatenated tuple

71
print("Concatenated Tuple:", concatenated_tuple)

OUTPUT

Concatenated Tuple: ('Alice', 22, '123 Main St, Springfield', 'Springfield University', 'Bob',
23, '456 Elm St, Shelbyville', 'Shelbyville College')

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is a tuple in Python?

Ans.

2. How do you define a tuple in Python?

Ans.

3. What does immutability mean in the context of tuples?

Ans.

4. How can you concatenate two tuples?

Ans.

5. Write Syntax of tuple?

Ans.
 Lab
Record
Lab Record

Experiment-14

Date:
PROGRAM-14

Write a program to count the number of vowels in a string (No control flow allowed).

AIM

To write a program that counts the number of vowels in a given string without using control
flow statements (like if, for, while).

ALGORITHM

Step-1: Define Input String: Define the input string containing the text to be analysed.

Step-2: Create Vowel Set: Create a set of vowels for easy lookup.

Step-3: Count Vowels Using Built-in Functions: Use Python’s built-in functions and
methods to count the number of vowels without explicit control flow.

PROGRAM

def count_vowels(s):

vowels = set('aeiouAEIOU')

return sum(map(s.count, vowels))

# Example usage

input_string = "OpenAI ChatGPT"

vowel_count = count_vowels(input_string)

print(f"The number of vowels in '{input_string}' is {vowel_count}.")

75
 Lab Record
OUTPUT

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is a set in Python?

Ans.

2. Why did you use a set for the vowels?

Ans.

3. How does the count method work in Python?

Ans.

4. Why is there no need for explicit control flow in this program?

Ans.

5. What are the advantages of using functional programming concepts like map and sum?

Ans.
 Lab
Record

Experiment-15

Date:

PROGRAM-15

Write a program to check if a given key exists in a dictionary or not.

AIM

To write a Python program that checks if a given key exists in a dictionary.

ALGORITHM

Step-1: Create a dictionary

 Define a dictionary with some key-value pairs.

Step-2: Define the function

 Create a function that takes a dictionary and a key as arguments.

Step-3: Check if the key exists

 Use the in keyword to check if the key exists in the dictionary.

Step-4: Return the result

 Return a message indicating whether the key exists or not.

Step-5: Call the function

 Call the function with a dictionary and a key to test the implementation.
Step-6: Display the result

 Print the result to verify if the key exist s in the dictionary.

79
 PROGRAM

3.3.

OUTPUT

The key 'age' exists in the dictionary.

The key 'country' does not exist in the dictionary.

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is a dictionary in Python?

Ans.

2. How does the in keyword work in Python dictionaries?

Ans.

3. What does the function check_key do?

Ans.

4. Can dictionaries in Python contain duplicate keys?

Ans.

5. How does Python handle operations like checking if a key exists efficiently in dictionaries?

Ans.
 Python Programming

Experiment-16

Date:

PROGRAM-16

Write a program to add a new key-value pair to an existing dictionary.

AIM

To write a Python program that adds a new key-value pair to an existing dictionary.

ALGORITHM

Step-1: Create a dictionary

 Define a dictionary with some initial key-value pairs.

Step-2: Define the function

 Create a function that takes a dictionary, a key, and a value as arguments.

Step-3: Add the new key-value pair

 Inside the function, add the new key-value pair to the dictionary.
Step-4: Return the updated dictionary

 Return the dictionary with the new key-value pair added.

Step-5: Call the function

 Call the function with a dictionary, a new key, and a new value to test the implementation.
Step-6: Display the result

 Print the updated dictionary to verify the new key-value pair has been added
 PROGRAM

# Define the function to add a new key-value pair to a dictionary

def add_key_value_pair(dictionary, key, value):

dictionary[key] = value

return dictionary

# Create a dictionary with some initial key-value pairs

sample_dict = {

'name': 'Alice',

'age': 25,

'city': 'New York'

# Add a new key-value pair to the dictionary

updated_dict = add_key_value_pair(sample_dict, 'country', 'USA')

# Display the updated dictionary

print("Updated Dictionary:", updated_dict)

OUTPUT

Updated Dictionary: {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 25, 'city': 'New York', 'country': 'USA'}
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. How do you add a new key-value pair to an existing dictionary in Python?

Ans.

2. What happens if the key already exists when adding a new key-value pair in a dictionary?

Ans.

3. Why did you use a function add_to_dict instead of adding the key-value pair directly?

Ans.

4. Is the order of items preserved when adding a new key-value pair to a dictionary?

Ans.

5. How can you update an existing key’s value in a dictionary without overwriting other
keys?

Ans.
 Lab
Record

Experiment-17

Date:

PROGRAM-17

Write a program to sum all the items in a given dictionary.

AIM

To write a Python program that sums all the values in a given dictionary.

ALGORITHM

Step-1: Input: Define or read the dictionary.

Step-2: Initialize Sum: Initialize a variable to hold the sum of the values.

Step-3: Iterate and Sum: Loop through the dictionary values and add each value to the sum.

Step-4: Output: Print the total sum of the values.

PROGRAM

# Function to sum all the values in the dictionary

def sum_dictionary_items(input_dict):

total_sum = sum(input_dict.values())

return total_sum

# Main function to define a dictionary and print the sum of its values

def main():

89
 # Example dictionary

my_dict = {

'a': 10,

'b': 20,

'c': 30,

'd': 40

# Calculate the sum of all items

total = sum_dictionary_items(my_dict)

# Print the result

print(f"The sum of all values in the dictionary is: {total}")

# Execute the main function

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

OUTPUT
 Lab Record

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. How do you sum all items in a dictionary in Python?

Ans.

2. What type does dictionary values() return?

Ans.

3. Can dictionaries in Python contain values of different types?

Ans.

4. What does the sum_dictionary_items function do?

Ans.

5. What is the time complexity of summing all values in a dictionary using sum?

Ans.
 Lab
Record

Experiment-18

Date:

PROGRAM-18

Write a program to sort words in a file and put them in another file. The output file should have
only lower-case words, so any upper-case words from source must be lowered.

AIM

To create a program that reads words from a file, sorts them alphabetically, converts any
uppercase words to lowercase, and then writes the sorted lowercase words into another file.

ALGORITHM

Step-1: Open the source file in read mode.

Step-2: Read all the words from the file.

Step-3: Convert each word to lowercase.

Step-4: Sort the list of lowercase words alphabetically.

Step-5: Open a destination file in write mode.

Step-6: Write each sorted lowercase word into the destination file.

Step-7: Close both files after operations are completed.

93
 PROGRAM

def sort_words(input_file, output_file):

# Open source file in read mode

with open(input_file, 'r') as file:

# Read all words and split them by whitespace

words = file.read().split()

# Convert each word to lowercase

words_lower = [word.lower() for word in words]

# Sort lowercase words alphabetically

words_lower.sort()

# Open destination file in write mode

with open(output_file, 'w') as file:

# Write sorted lowercase words to the destination file

file.write("\n".join(words_lower))

print(f"Sorted lowercase words written to {output_file}")

# Example usage:

input_filename = 'input.txt' # Replace with your input file name

output_filename = 'output.txt' # Replace with your output file name

sort_words(input_filename, output_filename)
OUTPUT
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. How does your program handle reading from and writing to files in Python?

Ans.

2. What does the program do to ensure that all words in the output file are in lowercase?

Ans.

3. How do you sort words in the file? Explain the sorting algorithm or method used.

Ans.

4. Can you modify the program to handle files with very large sizes efficiently?

Ans.

5. What happens if the input file contains non-alphabetic characters or punctuation?

Ans.
 Python Programming

Experiment-19

Date:

PROGRAM-19

Python program to print each line of a file in reverse order.

AIM

The aim is to read a file, reverse each line of text, and print each reversed line to the console.

ALGORITHM

Step-1: Open the file: Use Python’s open() function to open the file in read mode.

Step-2: Read lines: Use a loop to iterate through each line of the file.

Step-3: Reverse each line: For each line read, reverse its characters.

Step-4: Print reversed lines: Output each reversed line to the console.

Step-5: Close the file: Ensure the file is properly closed after reading.

PROGRAM

def print_lines_in_reverse(file_name):

try:

# Open the file in read mode

with open(file_name, 'r') as file:

# Read each line in the file

lines = file.readlines()

# Process each line in reverse order

98
 for line in reversed(lines):

# Strip newline characters and reverse the line

reversed_line = line.strip()[::-1]

# Print the reversed line

print(reversed_line)

except FileNotFoundError:

print(f"Error: The file '{file_name}' was not found.")

except IOError:

print(f"Error: Could not read from the file '{file_name}'.")

# Example usage:

file_name = 'example.txt' # Replace with your file name

print_lines_in_reverse(file_name)

OUTPUT

Hello, world!

This is line 2.

Another line.

.enil rehtonA

.2 enil si sihT

!dlrow ,olle
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. How does your program read each line from the file?

Ans.

2. Explain the method you used to reverse each line of text.

Ans.

3. What is the expected output format when printing each line in reverse order?

Ans.

4. How does your program handle files with varying line lengths or empty lines?

Ans.

5. Can you explain any potential performance considerations for large files when
implementing this program?

Ans.
 Python Programming

Experiment-20

Date:

PROGRAM-20

Python program to compute the number of characters, words and lines in a file.

AIM

The aim is to create a Python program that reads a file and computes the number of characters,
words, and lines present in that file.

ALGORITHM

Step-1: Open the file in read mode.

Step-2: Initialize counters for characters, words, and lines.

Step-3: Loop through each line in the file:

 Increment the line counter.

 Split the line into words and increment the word counter by the number of words.
 Increment the character counter by the length of the line.
Step-4: Close the file once done.

Step-5: Print the counts of characters, words, and lines.

 PROGRAM

def count_chars_words_lines(filename):

try:

with open(filename, 'r') as file:

num_chars = 0

num_words = 0

num_lines = 0

for line in file:

num_lines += 1

words = line.split()

num_words += len(words)

num_chars += len(line)

print("Number of characters:", num_chars)

print("Number of words:", num_words)

print("Number of lines:", num_lines)

except FileNotFoundError:

print("File not found. Please check the file path and try again.")

except IsADirectoryError:

print("The path specified is a directory, not a file.")

except Exception as e:

print("An error occurred:", str(e))

# Example usage:

if __name__ == "__main__":

filename = 'sample.txt' # Replace with your file name or path

count_chars_words_lines(filename)

OUTPUT

This is a sample text file.

It has multiple lines.

Each line contains several words.

Number of characters: 89

Number of words: 14

Number of lines
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. How does your program count the number of characters in a file?

Ans.

2. What method do you use to count words? How do you define a word in your program?

Ans.

3. How does your program differentiate between lines in a file?

Ans.

4. What happens if the file contains special characters, symbols, or non-alphanumeric

characters?

Ans.

5. Can your program handle very large files efficiently? If so, how?

Ans.
 Lab
Record

Experiment-21

Date:

PROGRAM-21

Write a program to create, display, append, insert and reverse the order of the items in the array.

AIM

To create a program that allows manipulation of a list including creating, displaying, appending,
inserting, and reversing its contents.

ALGORITHM

Step-1: Create List: Initialize an empty list to store items.

Step-2: Display List: Print all items currently in the list.

Step-3: Append Item: Add a new item to the end of the list.

Step-4: Insert Item: Insert a new item at a specified position in the list.

Step-5: Reverse List: Reverse the order of items in the list.

Step-6: Display List (Again): Print all items in the list after each operation to verify changes.

PROGRAM

def main():

# Initialize an empty list

my_list = []

# Display initial list

print("Initial List:", my_list) 107

 # Append item to the list

my_list.append('apple')

print("After appending 'apple':", my_list)

# Insert item at a specific position

my_list.insert(0, 'banana')

print("After inserting 'banana' at position 0:", my_list)

# Reverse the list

my_list.reverse()

print("After reversing the list:", my_list)

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

OUTPUT
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is the purpose of initializing my_list as an empty list at the beginning of the
program?

Ans.

2. How does the append method differ from the insert method when adding new items to a
list?

Ans.

3. What happens if you try to insert an item at an index that is out of range for the list?

Ans.

4. How does the reverse method change the order of elements in a list?

Ans.

5. Write Syntax of append()?

Ans.
 Lab
Record

Experiment-22

Date:

PROGRAM-22

Write a program to add, transpose and multiply two matrices.

AIM

To create a program that performs basic matrix operations such as addition, transpose, and
multiplication.

ALGORITHM

Step-1: Input Matrices: Prompt the user to enter dimensions and elements for two matrices.

Step-2: Matrix Addition: Add the two matrices if they are compatible (same dimensions).

Step-3: Matrix Transpose: Transpose a matrix to swap its rows with columns.

Step-4: Matrix Multiplication: Multiply two matrices if they are compatible (columns of the
first matrix equal rows of the second matrix).

Step-5: Display Results: Print the original matrices, result of addition, transpose, and
multiplication.

PROGRAM

def input_matrix(rows, cols):

matrix = []

print(f"Enter {rows}x{cols} matrix elements:")

111
 for i in range(rows):

row = list(map(int, input().split()))

matrix.append(row)

return matrix

def display_matrix(matrix):

for row in matrix:

print(row)

def add_matrices(matrix1, matrix2):

result = []

for i in range(len(matrix1)):

row = []

for j in range(len(matrix1[0])):

row.append(matrix1[i][j] + matrix2[i][j])

result.append(row)

return result

def transpose_matrix(matrix):

result = []

for j in range(len(matrix[0])):

row = []

for i in range(len(matrix)):

row.append(matrix[i][j])
 result.append(row)

return result

def multiply_matrices(matrix1, matrix2):

rows1, cols1 = len(matrix1), len(matrix1[0])

rows2, cols2 = len(matrix2), len(matrix2[0])

if cols1 != rows2:

return "Matrices cannot be multiplied."

result = [[0 for _ in range(cols2)] for _ in range(rows1)]

for i in range(rows1):

for j in range(cols2):

for k in range(cols1):

result[i][j] += matrix1[i][k] * matrix2[k][j]

return result

def main():

print("Matrix 1:")

rows1 = int(input("Enter number of rows: "))

cols1 = int(input("Enter number of columns: "))

matrix1 = input_matrix(rows1, cols1)

print("\nMatrix 2:")

rows2 = int(input("Enter number of rows: "))

cols2 = int(input("Enter number of columns: "))

matrix2 = input_matrix(rows2, cols2)

 print("\nMatrix 1:")

display_matrix(matrix1)

print("\nMatrix 2:")

display_matrix(matrix2)

print("\nMatrix Addition:")

if rows1 == rows2 and cols1 == cols2:

addition_result = add_matrices(matrix1, matrix2)

display_matrix(addition_result)

else:

print("Matrices are not of the same dimensions. Addition not possible.")

print("\nTranspose of Matrix 1:")

transpose_result = transpose_matrix(matrix1)

display_matrix(transpose_result)

print("\nMatrix Multiplication:")

multiplication_result = multiply_matrices(matrix1, matrix2)

if isinstance(multiplication_result, str):

print(multiplication_result)

else:

display_matrix(multiplication_result)

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()
OUTPUT

Matrix 1:

Enter number of rows: 2

Enter number of columns: 2

Enter 2x2 matrix elements:

12

34

Matrix 2:

Enter number of rows: 2

Enter number of columns: 2

Enter 2x2 matrix elements:

56

78

Matrix 1:

[1, 2]

[3, 4]

Matrix 2:

[5, 6]

[7, 8]

Matrix Addition:

[6, 8]

[10, 12]
Transpose of Matrix 1:

[1, 3]

[2, 4]

Matrix Multiplication:

[19, 22]

[43, 50]
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is a matrix and how is it represented in programming?

Ans.

2. How do you perform matrix multiplication, and what are the necessary conditions for it?

Ans.

3. What are some potential edge cases to consider when working with matrices in
programming?

Ans.

4. How does the program handle invalid input or incompatible matrix dimensions?

Ans.

5. What is a matrix and how is it represented in programming?

Ans.
 Lab
Record

Experiment-23

Date:

PROGRAM-23

Write a Python program to create a class that represents a shape. Include methods to calculate
its area and perimeter. Implement subclasses for different shapes like circle, triangle, and square.

AIM

To write a Python program that creates a class representing a shape, including methods to calculate
its area and perimeter, and implement subclasses for different shapes like circle, triangle, and
square.

ALGORITHM

Step-1: Define the base class Shape

 Create a class called Shape with methods to calculate the area and perimeter. These
methods can be abstract or return a placeholder value since the exact calculation will
depend on the specific shape.

Step-2: Define subclasses for specific shapes

 Create subclasses for Circle, Triangle, and Square, each inheriting from the Shape class.
Step-3: Implement methods in each subclass:

 Override the methods to calculate the area and perimeter for each specific shape in its
respective subclass.
 Step-4: Create instances and test

 Create instances of each subclass and call the methods to calculate the area and perimeter.
Step-5: Display the results

 Print the calculated area and perimeter for each shape.

PROGRAM

from math import pi, sqrt

# Define the base class `Shape`

class Shape:

def area(self):

pass

def perimeter(self):

pass

# Define the subclass for `Circle`

class Circle(Shape):

def __init__(self, radius):

self.radius = radius

def area(self):

return pi * self.radius**2

def perimeter(self):

return 2 * pi * self.radius

# Define the subclass for `Triangle`

class Triangle(Shape):

def __init__(self, a, b, c):

 self.a = a

self.b = b

self.c = c

def area(self):

# Using Heron's formula

s = (self.a + self.b + self.c) / 2

return sqrt(s * (s - self.a) * (s - self.b) * (s - self.c))

def perimeter(self):

return self.a + self.b + self.c

# Define the subclass for `Square`

class Square(Shape):

def __init__(self, side):

self.side = side

def area(self):

return self.side**2

def perimeter(self):

return 4 * self.side

# Create instances of each shape

circle = Circle(5)

triangle = Triangle(3, 4, 5)

square = Square(4)
# Display the results

print("Circle:")

print(f"Area: {circle.area()}")

print(f"Perimeter: {circle.perimeter()}")

print("\nTriangle:")

print(f"Area: {triangle.area()}")

print(f"Perimeter: {triangle.perimeter()}")

print("\nSquare:")

print(f"Area: {square.area()}")

print(f"Perimeter: {square.perimeter()}")

OUTPUT

Circle:

Area: 78.53981633974483

Perimeter: 31.41592653589793

Triangle:

Area: 6.0

Perimeter: 12

Square:

Area: 16

Perimeter: 16
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. Syntax of classes and objects in Python?

Ans.

2. How do you define a class in Python?

Ans.

3. What are the differences between abstract classes and concrete classes?

Ans.

4. How do you enforce that a subclass implements certain methods?

Ans.

5. What is the use of the init method in a class?

Ans.
Python Programming

Experiment-24

Date:

PROGRAM-24

Write a Python program that checks whether a JSON string contains a complex object or not

AIM

To write a Python program that checks whether a JSON string contains a complex object or not.

ALGORITHM

Step-1: Import necessary modules

 Import the json module for handling JSON data.

Step-2: Define a function to check for complex objects

 Create a function that takes a JSON string as input.

 Parse the JSON string into a Python dictionary or list.
 Recursively check the parsed object for nested dictionaries or lists.
Step-3: Implement the recursive checking function

 If the object is a dictionary or list, iterate through its elements.

 If any element is a dictionary or list, return True indicating it is complex.
 Otherwise, return False.
Step-4: Test the function

 Provide JSON strings with simple and complex objects.

 Call the function with these strings and print the results.
 PROGRAM

import json

def is_complex(json_str):

# Parse the JSON string into a Python object

try:

obj = json.loads(json_str)

except json.JSONDecodeError:

return False

# Define a recursive function to check for nested dictionaries or lists

def check_complexity(obj):

if isinstance(obj, dict):

for value in obj.values():

if isinstance(value, (dict, list)):

return True

elif isinstance(obj, list):

for item in obj:

if isinstance(item, (dict, list)):

return True

return False

return check_complexity(obj)

# Test cases

json_str_simple = '{"name": "Alice", "age": 25, "city": "New York"}'

json_str_complex = '{"name": "Alice", "address": {"city": "New York", "zip": "10001"},

"phones": ["123-456-7890", "987-654-3210"]}'

# Display the results

print("Simple JSON string:")

print(f"Is complex: {is_complex(json_str_simple)}")

print("\nComplex JSON string:")

print(f"Is complex: {is_complex(json_str_complex)}")

OUTPUT

Simple JSON string:

Is complex: False

Complex JSON string:

Is complex: True
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. How do you parse a JSON string in Python?

Ans.

2. What constitutes a “complex object” in the context of JSON?

Ans.

3. What Python libraries are commonly used for working with JSON?

Ans.

4. What is the significance of the json.loads() function in Python?

Ans.

5. How do you convert a Python dictionary to a JSON string?

Ans.
 Lab
Record

Experiment-25

Date:

PROGRAM-25

Python Program to demonstrate NumPy arrays creation using array () Function.

AIM

To demonstrate the creation of NumPy arrays using the numpy.array() function.

ALGORITHM

Step-1: Import the NumPy library.

Step-2: Use the numpy.array() function to create different types of NumPy arrays:

 Create a 1-dimensional array.

 Create a 2-dimensional array.
 Create an array with specific data types.
Step-3: Print and display the created arrays.

PROGRAM

# Importing NumPy library

import numpy as np

# Creating a 1-dimensional array

arr1 = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

125
# Creating a 2-dimensional array

arr2 = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])

# Creating an array with specific data type

arr3 = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=float)

# Printing the arrays

print("1-dimensional array:")

print(arr1)

print("\n2-dimensional array:")

print(arr2)

print("\nArray with specific data type:")

print(arr3)

OUTPUT
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is NumPy and why is it important in Python programming?

Ans.

2. What is a NumPy array and how does it differ from a Python list?

Ans.

3. How do you create a NumPy array using the array() function?

Ans.

4. What is the purpose of the dtype parameter in the array() function?

Ans.

5. How do you convert an existing Python sequence into a NumPy array?

Ans.
 Lab
Record

Experiment-26

Date:

PROGRAM-26

Python program to demonstrate use of ndim, shape, size, dtype.

AIM

To demonstrate the use of ndim, shape, size, and dtype attributes in Python to understand the
dimensions, shape, size, and data type of NumPy arrays.

ALGORITHM

Step-1: Import the NumPy library.

Step-2: Create a NumPy array.

Step-3: Print the attributes ndim, shape, size, and dtype of the array.

Step-4: Display the output.

PROGRAM

import numpy as np

# Creating a NumPy array

arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])

129
# Displaying the attributes

print("Array:")

print(arr)

print("\nAttributes:")

print("Number of dimensions (ndim):", arr.ndim)

print("Shape:", arr.shape)

print("Size:", arr.size)

print("Data type (dtype):", arr.dtype)

OUTPUT
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What does the ndim attribute of a NumPy array represent and how is it used?

Ans.

2. How can you find the shape of a NumPy array using the shape attribute?

Ans.

3. What information does the size attribute of a NumPy array provide?

Ans.

4. How do you check the data type of elements in a NumPy array using the dtype attribute?

Ans.

5. Write syntaxes of ndim, shape, size, dtype in the context of NumPy arrays?

Ans.
 Lab
Record

Experiment-27

Date:

PROGRAM-27

Python program to demonstrate basic slicing, integer and Boolean indexing.

AIM

To demonstrate basic slicing, integer indexing, and Boolean indexing in Python lists.

ALGORITHM

Step-1: Basic Slicing

 Create a list of integers.

 Use slicing to extract a subset of elements from the list.
Step-2: Integer Indexing

 Create a list of strings.

 Use integer indices to access specific elements from the list.
Step-3: Boolean Indexing

 Create a list of numbers.

 Use Boolean conditions to filter elements from the list.

133
 PROGRAM

# Basic Slicing Example

def demonstrate_basic_slicing():

print("--- Basic Slicing Example ---")

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

# Slicing to get subsets

subset1 = numbers[2:7] # elements from index 2 to 6 (index 7 is exclusive)

subset2 = numbers[:5] # elements from start to index 4

subset3 = numbers[7:] # elements from index 7 to end

print("Original List:", numbers)

print("Subset 1 (numbers[2:7]):", subset1)

print("Subset 2 (numbers[:5]):", subset2)

print("Subset 3 (numbers[7:]):", subset3)

print()

# Integer Indexing Example

def demonstrate_integer_indexing():

print("--- Integer Indexing Example ---")

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "date", "elderberry"]

# Accessing elements using integer indices

fruit1 = fruits[0] # first element

fruit2 = fruits[3] # fourth element

print("Original List:", fruits)

print("First Fruit (fruits[0]):", fruit1)

print("Fourth Fruit (fruits[3]):", fruit2)

print()

# Boolean Indexing Example

def demonstrate_boolean_indexing():

print("--- Boolean Indexing Example ---")

numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100]

# Filtering elements using Boolean indexing

filtered_numbers = [num for num in numbers if num > 50]

print("Original List:", numbers)

print("Filtered Numbers (numbers > 50):", filtered_numbers)

print()

# Main function to run examples

def main():

demonstrate_basic_slicing()
demonstrate_integer_indexing()

demonstrate_boolean_indexing()

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

OUTPUT

--- Basic Slicing Example ---

Original List: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

Subset 1 (numbers[2:7]): [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]

Subset 2 (numbers[:5]): [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

Subset 3 (numbers[7:]): [8, 9, 10]

--- Integer Indexing Example ---

Original List: ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'date', 'elderberry']

First Fruit (fruits[0]): apple

Fourth Fruit (fruits[3]): date

--- Boolean Indexing Example ---

Original List: [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100]

Filtered Numbers (numbers > 50): [60, 70, 80, 90, 100]
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is slicing in NumPy, and how is it different from slicing in regular Python lists?

Ans.

2. How do you perform basic slicing on a NumPy array to extract a subarray?

Ans.

3. What is integer indexing in NumPy, and how does it differ from basic slicing?

Ans.

4. How is Boolean indexing used in NumPy, and what are its typical use cases?

Ans.

5. Write Syntaxes of slicing, integer indexing, and Boolean indexing in NumPy array?

Ans.
 Lab
Record

Experiment-28

Date:

PROGRAM-28

Python program to find min, max, sum, cumulative sum of array

AIM

To compute and display the minimum value, maximum value, sum, and cumulative sum of
elements in an array.

ALGORITHM

Step-1: Initialize the Array: Create an array of integers.

Step-2: Find Minimum and Maximum Values

 Initialize variables min_value and max_value with the first element of the array.
 Iterate through the array to update min_value and max_value as needed.
Step-3: Calculate Sum of Array

 Initialize a variable array_sum to zero.

 Iterate through the array and accumulate the sum in array_sum.
Step-4: Compute Cumulative Sum

 Initialize an empty list cumulative_sum.

 Iterate through the array, keeping a running total of the cumulative sum and append each
cumulative sum to cumulative_sum.

Step-5: Display Results: Print the minimum value, maximum value, sum, and cumulative sum.

137
 PROGRAM

# Python program to find min, max, sum, and cumulative sum of an array

def array_operations(arr):

# Initialize variables

min_value = arr[0]

max_value = arr[0]

array_sum = 0

cumulative_sum = []

current_cumulative_sum = 0

# Find min, max, and sum

for num in arr:

if num < min_value:

min_value = num

if num > max_value:

max_value = num

array_sum += num

# Calculate cumulative sum

for num in arr:

current_cumulative_sum += num

cumulative_sum.append(current_cumulative_sum)
 # Display results

print(f"Original Array: {arr}")

print(f"Minimum Value: {min_value}")

print(f"Maximum Value: {max_value}")

print(f"Sum of Array: {array_sum}")

print(f"Cumulative Sum: {cumulative_sum}")

# Example usage:

if __name__ == "__main__":

array = [5, 2, 9, 1, 7, 3]

array_operations(array)

OUTPUT

Original Array: [5, 2, 9, 1, 7, 3]

Minimum Value: 1

Maximum Value: 9

Sum of Array: 27

Cumulative Sum: [5, 7, 16, 17, 24, 27]

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. How do you find the minimum value in a NumPy array using a built-in function?

Ans.

2. What function would you use to determine the maximum value in a NumPy array?

Ans.

3. How can you calculate the sum of all elements in a NumPy array?

Ans.

4. What is the purpose of the cumsum function in NumPy, and how does it work?

Ans.

5. Wrie the use NumPy to find the cumulative sum of a 2D array along different axes?

Ans.
 Lab
Record
Experiment-29

Date:

PROGRAM-29

Create a dictionary with at least five keys and each key represent value as a list where this list
contains at least ten values and convert this dictionary as a pandas data frame and explore the
data through the data frame as follows.

a) Apply head () function to the pandas data frame

b) Perform various data selection operations on Data Frame

AIM

To create a dictionary with at least five keys, where each key has a list of at least ten values,
convert this dictionary into a Pandas DataFrame, and explore the data using the DataFrame’s
head() function and various data selection operations.

ALGORITHM

Step-1: Create the Dictionary

 Define a dictionary with five keys.

 Assign each key a list of at least ten values.
Step-2: Convert Dictionary to DataFrame

 Use the pandas.DataFrame function to convert the dictionary into a DataFrame.

Step-3: Explore the DataFrame

 Use the head() function to view the first few rows of the DataFrame.

 Perform various data selection operations, such as selecting specific columns, rows, or
subsets of the DataFrame.
 PROGRAM

import pandas as pd

# Step 1: Create the dictionary

data = {

'A': [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10],

'B': [11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20],

'C': [21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30],

'D': [31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40],

'E': [41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50]

# Step 2: Convert the dictionary to a pandas DataFrame

df = pd.DataFrame(data)

# Step 3a: Apply the head() function to the DataFrame

print("First five rows of the DataFrame using head():")

print(df.head())

# Step 3b: Perform various data selection operations

# Select a specific column

print("\nColumn 'B':")
print(df['B'])

# Select multiple columns

print("\nColumns 'A' and 'C':")

print(df[['A', 'C']])

# Select a specific row by index

print("\nRow with index 2:")

print(df.iloc[2])

# Select multiple rows

print("\nRows with indices 1 to 3:")

print(df.iloc[1:4])

# Select rows based on a condition

print("\nRows where column 'A' is greater than 5:")

print(df[df['A'] > 5])

OUTPUT

First five rows of the DataFrame using head():

A B C D E

0 1 11 21 31 41

1 2 12 22 32 42
2 3 13 23 33 43

3 4 14 24 34 44

4 5 15 25 35 45

Column 'B':

0 11

1 12

2 13

3 14

4 15

5 16

6 17

7 18

8 19

9 20

Name: B, dtype: int64

Columns 'A' and 'C':

A C

0 1 21
1 2 22

2 3 23

3 4 24

4 5 25

5 6 26

6 7 27

7 8 28

8 9 29

9 10 30

Row with index 2:

A 3

B 13

C 23

D 33

E 43

Name: 2, dtype: int64

Rows with indices 1 to 3:

A B C D E
 1 2 12 22 32 42

2 3 13 23 33 43

3 4 14 24 34 44

Rows where column 'A' is greater than 5:

A B C D E

5 6 16 26 36 46

6 7 17 27 37 47

7 8 18 28 38 48

8 9 19 29 39 49

9 10 20 30 40 50
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. How do you create a dictionary in Python, and what are some common data types that
can be used as values in a dictionary?

Ans.

2. What is the process of converting a dictionary into a Pandas DataFrame?

Ans.

3. Write Syntaxes of head() function in Pandas, and how does it help in exploring the initial
rows of a DataFrame?

Ans.

4. What are some common methods and attributes used for data selection in a Pandas
DataFrame?

Ans.

5. How would you select specific columns from a Pandas DataFrame, and what methods
would you use for slicing rows based on specific conditions?

Ans.
 Python Programming

Experiment-30

Date:

PROGRAM-30

Select any two columns from the above data frame, and observe the change in one attribute with
respect to other attribute with scatter and plot operations in matplotlib

AIM

To observe the relationship between two selected columns from a Pandas DataFrame by
creating a scatter plot using Matplotlib.

ALGORITHM

Step-1: Create a Pandas DataFrame: Initialize a dictionary with at least five keys, where
each key represents a list with at least ten values.

Step-2: Convert to DataFrame: Convert the dictionary into a Pandas DataFrame.

Step-3: Select Columns: Choose any two columns from the DataFrame.

Step-4: Plotting: Use Matplotlib to create a scatter plot where one column is plotted against
the other.

Step-5: Observation: Analyze the scatter plot to observe any relationship or pattern between
the two variables.

PROGRAM

import pandas as pd

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Step 1: Create a dictionary with at least five keys and lists of at least ten values each
data = {

'A': [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100],

'B': [5, 15, 25, 35, 45, 55, 65, 75, 85, 95],

'C': [12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120],

'D': [8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80],

'E': [2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20]

# Step 2: Convert dictionary to Pandas DataFrame

df = pd.DataFrame(data)

# Step 3: Select two columns to observe relationship

column1 = 'A'

column2 = 'B'

# Step 4: Plotting using Matplotlib

plt.figure(figsize=(8, 6))

plt.scatter(df[column1], df[column2], color='b', marker='o', label=f'{column1} vs

{column2}')

plt.title(f'Scatter Plot of {column1} vs {column2}')

plt.xlabel(column1)
plt.ylabel(column2)

plt.legend()

plt.grid(True)

plt.show()

Output:

The scatter plot will display a graph where values from column 'A' are plotted against
values from column 'B'. Each point represents a pair of values from the two columns,
showing their relationship visually.
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. How do you select specific columns from a Pandas DataFrame, and what methods would
you use to ensure data integrity when working with selected columns?

Ans.

2. What is the purpose of a scatter plot in data visualization, and how does it differ from
other types of plots?

Ans.

3. How to create a scatter plot using Matplotlib, and what parameters are essential for
plotting two variables against each other?

Ans.

4. How would you interpret the relationship between two variables based on a scatter plot
generated from a Pandas DataFrame?

Ans.

5. What are some advantages of using Matplotlib for data visualization, and how can you
customize plots to improve readability and understanding?

Ans.