What do you call the Channel Protein that spans the plasma membrane and
makes hydrophilic channel? AQUAPORIN
What are the examples of molecules that allows them to go into the cell
through simple diffusion? OXYGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE, WATER
What do you call the difference in Concentration? CONCENTRATION
GRADIENT
What do you call the Protein that changes in shape? CARRIER PROTEIN
How does Glucose move into the cell? FACILITATED DIFFUSION AND
SECONDARY ACTIVE
What do you think is the (main) difference between Simple Diffusion and
Facilitated Diffusion? FACILITATED USES MEMBRANE PROTEIN
Movement Down the concentration gradient? PASSIVE TRANSPORT
Movement Up the concentration gradient? ACTIVE TRANSPORT
What happens when you place your red blood cell in a distilled water? BURST
When a plant cell is placed in a Hypertonic solution, what will happen?
SHRINK
When a plant cell is placed in a Hypotonic solution, what will happen? SWELL
What solution causes Crenation? HYPOTONIC
What causes Plasmolysis? HYPOTONIC
What is Plasmolysis? SEPARATION OF PLASMA MEMBRANE TO CELL WALL
Ideal solution for Plant cell? HYPOTONIC
Ideal solution for red blood cell? ISOTONIC
What is the Membrane potential of the (inside) cell? NEGATIVE
What is the Concentration that is high inside of the cell? K
Based on Concentration gradient, what will be the movement of Potassium
(K)? OUT
Based on Concentration gradient, what will be the movement of Sodium
(Na)? IN
Based on Electrical gradient, what will be the movement of Potassium (K)? IN
Based on Electrical gradient, what will be the movement of Sodium (Na)? IN
Plant cell placed in a Hypertonic solution, what will happen? SHRINK
Animal cell placed in Hypertonic solution, what will happen? SHRINK
What is the energy source of Primary active transport? ATP
What is the energy source of Secondary active transport?
ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT
Why is it that there is an increase (greater) in Potassium (K) inside and
decrease in Sodium (Na) inside? SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP (For every 3
soduim out, 2 potassium in)
What makes the Cell more Negative inside? HIGH AFFINITY FOR SODIUM (For
every 3 soduim out, 2 potassium in) MAKING THE CELL MORE POTASSIUM,
MORE SODUIM + NEGATIVE CHARGE OF CHLORINE AND ORGANIC PROTEIN
(Anion)
Water entering the Plant roots, what type of Transport mechanism?
HYPOTONIC
Use of Sodium- Potassium pump in nerve signals? PRIMARY ACTIVE
White blood cell involving bacteria? PHAGOCYTOSIS
Absorbing nutrients for the extra cellular fluid? PINOCYTOSIS
Releasing of Neurotransmitter? EXOCYTOSIS
Removal of low-density lipoprotein? RECEPTOR- MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS
What force causes Diffusion? CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
What do you mean by High osmolarity? HIGH SOLVENT, LOW SOLUTE
Balance chemical equation of Photosynthesis? 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Light Energy
→ C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
What are the 2 processes involved in Photosynthesis? LIGHT DEPENDENT
REACTION AND LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION/CALVIN CYCLE (DARK
REACTION)
Where does Calvin Cycle occur? STROMA
Where does Light Dependent Reaction occur? THYLAKOID
Products of Light Dependent? ATP, NADPH AND OXYGEN
Oxygen is released in? PHOTOLYSIS
What powers Light Dependent? LIGHT
What powers Calvin Cycle? ATP AND NADPH
Your ATP and NADPH are also called? ENERGY CARRIER
Where does Carbon Fixation occur? CALVIN CYCLE/DARK REACTION
Oxygen tana diin? LIGHT
What are Autotrophs? ORGANISMS THAT PRODUCE THEIR OWN FOOD
Where can you find the Chlorophyll? THYLAKOID
What is Thylakoid? MEMBRANE BOUND DISC LIKE SAC THAT CONTAINS
PIGMENT CHLOROPHYLL
Stacks of Thylakoids? GRANA
What do you call the fluid filled space surrounding thylakoids? STROMA
Yellow pigment that protects from photo damage? XANTHOPHYLLS
Pigments found in Algae? PHYCOBILINS
Pigments found in Carrots? BETA CAROTENE/ CAROTENOIDS
What makes your yellow Corn? LUTEIN
It is a pigment found in Tomato? ANTHOCYANINS/LYCOPENE
Photosystem II (P680) and - Photosystem I (P700)
Photosystem is found in the Chlorophyll- responsible for light absorption
Steps involved in Photosynthesis (Light Dependent):
1. LIGHT ABSORPTION- PHOTOSYSTEM II (P680)
Light will be absorbed by PS2 and electrons excited to higher level and
passed sa electron transport chain.
2. WATER SPLITTING (Photolysis)
Water will be split into oxygen, hydrogen and electrons. Byproduct will
be released. Will produce ½ kay you need 2 molecules of water in
order to produce 4 hydrogen and 4 electrons.
3. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC)
Excited electrons halin sa PS2. The electrons will release energy to
pump the hydrogen sa thylakoid and proton gradient will be produced.
4. ATP FORMATION (Chemiosmosis)
Proton gradient will power ATP formation. Hydrogen will move back
again sa stroma using ATP Synthase producing ATP
(Photophosphorylation)
5. FORMATION OF NADPH- PHOTOSYSTEM I (P700)
The electron will be re-energized para i reduce ang NADP+ to NADPH.
Product= ATP, NADPH and OXYGEN
Steps involved in Photosynthesis (Light Independent/Calvin Cycle):
1. CARBON FIXATION
3 molecules of carbon dioxide fixes RuBP (5 carbon sugar molecule)
using RuBisCO (enzyme) making 6 carbon sugar molecule which is
unstable. It will split into two 3PGA and use 6 ATP to produce 1-3
Phosphoglycerate.
2. REDUCTION PHASE (Sugar Making)
1-3 Biphosphoglycerate will be reduced by NADPH to 6G3P. 5 will enter
the cycle again and 1 will become one of the sugar molecule (but not
glucose).
Product= 5G3P and 1G3P
3. REGENERATION OF RuBP
5G3P will enter the cycle (regenerate) and using 3 ATP (reduced)
maging RuBP and will fix Carbon Dioxide. The cycle goes on.
Product of 1 cycle is 1G3P (not glucose).
To form 1 Glucose: 2 G3P is needed.
To make 1 G3P: (x2 lang)
3 Carbon Dioxide
9 ATP and ADP
6 NADHP and NADP+
2 cycle or 6 turns
How many cycle of Calvin Cycle will you do to produce 1 sugar molecule? 2
CYCLE OR 6 TURNS (Each cycle has 3 steps so 3 turns)
Balance equation for Calvin Cycle?
6 12 6 +¿¿
6 C O2 +18 ATP+12 NADPH →C H O +18 ADP H +1 8 Pi +18 NAD P
