.

ECO-FRIENDLY BANDERITAS FROM BANANA (Musa acuminata) PSEUDO-STEM

DYED WITH BLUE TERNATE (Clitoria ternatea), BOUGAINVILLEA (Bougainvillea
glabra), AND SULFUR COSMOS (Cosmos sulphureus) FLOWER EXTRACT.

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Subject

EAPP

Abella, Ayzelle Beanne G.

Alpuerto, Anne Dahlery T.

Castrana, Nicole Angela G.

Diaz, Rhyll Julian G.

Esmao, Hannah Sheen F.

Gatumbato, Ashly M.

Gelano, Llana Marie T.

Gella, Michaela Jane S.

Medalla, Riannie Claire G.

Tabares, Karl Lislie F.

November 2024
Rationale

The global environmental crisis has driven increasing demand for eco-friendly and
sustainable alternatives to synthetic materials (Chowdhury et al., 2021; Bansal et al., 2020).
Among the leading contributors to environmental degradation are synthetic products like plastic
decorations and chemical-based dyes, which generate non-biodegradable waste and release
harmful chemicals into ecosystems (Reddy et al., 2020; Dutta et al., 2021). This widespread
reliance on synthetic materials has led to a pressing need for eco-friendly alternatives that
mitigate these impacts.

Innovations such as Banana (Musa acuminata) Pseudo-Stem banderitas and natural dyes
derived from Blue Ternate (Clitoria ternatea), Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea glabra), and Sulfur
cosmos (Cosmos sulphureus) offer promising solutions that emphasize sustainability and
environmental responsibility (Prakash et al., 2019; Raghavendra et al., 2022). These alternatives
not only reduce pollution but also provide practical, biodegradable options to help combat
environmental degradation (Bansal et al., 2020). Banana (Musa acuminata) Pseudo-Stem
banderitas aim to replace traditional plastic decorations commonly used in celebrations that
significantly contribute to plastic pollution. This innovation utilizes fibers from Banana (Musa
acuminata) Pseudo-Stem, which are typically discarded as agricultural waste, transforming them
into renewable and biodegradable materials (González et al., 2022).

By utilizing the Banana (Musa acuminata) Pseudo-Stem, this approach not only reduces
agricultural waste but also provides a sustainable alternative to plastic, helping to minimize
landfill waste (Reddy et al., 2021). The fibers from Banana (Musa acuminata) Pseudo-Stems are
rich in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin—compounds that make them particularly suitable for
creating biodegradable materials (Hossain et al., 2020). Cellulose, the most abundant organic
polymer on Earth, provides strength and durability to the banana fibers, making the banderitas
sturdy and long-lasting while remaining biodegradable (Bansal et al., 2020). Hemicellulose,
which works alongside cellulose, enhances flexibility and helps bind the fibers together, making
the material easier to process and shape into various forms (Singh et al., 2019). Additionally,
lignin contributes to the rigidity and water resistance of the fibers, ensuring that the banderitas
can withstand different environmental conditions while still being biodegradable (González et al.,
2022). These natural compounds make Banana (Musa acuminata) Pseudo-Stem an ideal material
for producing durable, lightweight, and reusable decorations. As a result, these banderitas not
only reduce plastic pollution but also offer a practical and eco-friendly option for users seeking to
lower their environmental footprint (Hossain et al., 2020; Reddy et al., 2021).

Similarly, the use of natural dyes derived from plants like Blue Ternate (Clitoria
ternatea), Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea glabra), and Sulfur cosmos (Cosmos sulphureus)
presents a sustainable option to replace harmful synthetic dyes. Synthetic dyes have long been
linked to environmental issues, including water pollution and toxic waste runoff, which damage
aquatic ecosystems and pose health risks to humans (Reddy et al., 2020). In contrast, dyes
extracted from Blue Ternate (Clitoria ternatea), Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea glabra), and
Sulfur cosmos (Cosmos sulphureus) flowers are biodegradable, non-toxic, and eco-friendly. The
suitability of Blue Ternate (Clitoria ternatea) as a natural dye is attributed to the presence of
anthocyanins, a type of flavonoid pigment responsible for its vibrant blue color. These
anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments that are biodegradable and non-toxic, allowing them to
impart color without harming aquatic ecosystems (Pruthi et al., 2008; Chipot, 2010). The vibrant
hues of Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea glabra) bracts are primarily due to the presence of
betalains, specifically betacyanins, which are nitrogen-containing pigments responsible for the
red and purple colors. Betacyanins are water-soluble and pH-sensitive, which affects their
stability and color expression in different dyeing conditions (Cai et al., 2005; Esatbeyoglu &
Winterhalter, 2017). In addition to betalains, flavonoids and phenolic compounds like tannins are
present in Bougainvillea, aiding in color stabilization and interaction with mordants during the
dyeing process (Gonçalves et al., 2013). On the other hand, the suitability of Sulfur cosmos
(Cosmos sulphureus) as a natural dye is attributed to the presence of flavonoids, such as quercetin
and kaempferol, which are responsible for its vibrant yellow and orange hues. These water-
soluble pigments are eco-friendly and exhibit strong antioxidant properties, making them ideal for
sustainable dyeing processes. Additionally, the plant contains carotenoids, such as lutein, which
contribute to the stability and resilience of the dye when exposed to light and heat (Kim et al.,
2013; Huang et al., 2011).

These natural dyes not only reduce environmental harm but also support biodiversity by
promoting the cultivation of native plants, which can help maintain local ecosystems (Mishra &
Kumar, 2020). Moreover, this practice contributes to local economies, particularly in rural areas,
by encouraging the sustainable production of dye plants and preserving traditional dyeing
techniques (Abood et al., 2021).
 The purpose of this study is to explore and evaluate eco-friendly innovations that address
the environmental impact of synthetic materials, specifically focusing on sustainable alternatives
like Banana (Musa acuminata) Pseudo-Stem banderitas and natural dyes from Blue Ternate
(Clitoria ternatea), Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea glabra), and Sulfur cosmos (Cosmos
sulphureus) flower extract.

The objectives of this study include exploring the potential of Banana (Musa acuminata)
Pseudo-Stem fibers as a sustainable alternative to plastic decorations, emphasizing their
biodegradable properties (Nguyen & Ortiz, 2021). Additionally, it seeks to investigate the use of
natural dyes derived from Blue Ternate (Clitoria ternatea), Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea
glabra), and Sulfur cosmos (Cosmos sulphureus) flower extract as eco-friendly replacements for
synthetic dyes, focusing on their chemical compounds that contribute to their suitability (Bansal
et al., 2021; Patel et al., 2019). Finally, the study aims to assess the overall environmental
benefits of these innovations in promoting sustainability and supporting eco-conscious industries
(Garcia et al., 2019; Jones & Patel, 2020). By offering environmentally friendly alternatives to
synthetic products, both Banana (Musa acuminata) Pseudo-Stem banderitas; Blue Ternate
(Clitoria ternatea), Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea glabra), and Sulfur cosmos (Cosmos
sulphureus) flower extract natural dyes contribute to the protection of nature while fostering
creative and cultural innovation. They not only reduce waste but also promote the use of
biodegradable materials, aligning with the growing demand for sustainable practices that
prioritize environmental responsibility (González et al., 2022; Reddy et al., 2021).
OBJECTIVES

General Objectives

● Promote sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives to traditional, environmentally harmful

materials.
● Reduce plastic waste and pollution by utilizing biodegradable materials.
● Support biodiversity and traditional practices through the use of natural dyes.
● Foster innovation in design, art, and fashion while maintaining respect for nature.

Specific Objectives:

● Develop biodegradable and reusable banderitas using fibers from Banana (Musa
acuminata) Pseudo-Stem as a replacement for plastic alternatives.
● Reduce landfill waste by repurposing Banana Pseudo-Stem, a byproduct of farming that
is typically discarded.
● Provide eco-friendly, plant-based dyes from Blue Ternate (Clitoria ternatea),
Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea glabra), and Sulfur cosmos (Cosmos sulphureus) as
alternatives to synthetic dyes.
● Support local economies by encouraging the cultivation of diverse plant species for dye
production.
● Offer vibrant, unique colors from natural sources for use in various applications,
promoting innovation in sustainable art, fashion, and design.
● Preserve cultural heritage by promoting traditional dyeing techniques.
● Contribute to a healthier environment by reducing reliance on synthetic materials and
promoting biodegradable alternatives.
RELATED REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Banana pseudo-stem

In recent years, our expanding world concern about the atmosphere is promoting the need
for alternate suppliers in resources which do not affect the environment as well as arrive via an
alternative method of strong business opportunity (Deepa et al., 2020). Due to this, scientists and
researchers are looking for biodegradable and renewable natural fiber reinforced composites as an
alternate material (Laxshaman et al., 2021), while people have focused on forest preservation and
finding a rational way to use agricultural and forest residues (Afam et al., 2020). Asian countries
have abundant resources of natural fibers, but unfortunately, they have not been optimally utilized
(Karimah et al., 2021).

Banana (Musa acuminata) plants which belong to the family of Musaceae, are native in
South-East Asia (Afam et al., 2020). Musa acuminata pseudo-stem is rich in dietary fiber,
vitamins, and minerals. Studies indicate that it contains significant amounts of potassium,
calcium, and magnesium, contributing to its potential health benefits (Soni et al., 2020). The high
fiber content aids in digestion, making it a beneficial food source for managing digestive
disorders (Kumar & Sharma, 2019). In addition to its nutritional and medicinal benefits, banana
pseudo-stem is increasingly utilized in various industries. Its fibers are extracted for the
production of textiles, paper, and biodegradable materials (Madhusudhan et al., 2020). The
sustainable nature of Musa acuminata pseudo-stem fibers make them a viable alternative to
synthetic fibers, aligning with eco-friendly initiatives. Moreover, Musa acuminata pseudo-stem is
being explored in biocomposite materials, enhancing the sustainability of construction and
packaging industries (Fernandes et al., 2022).

Banana (Musa acuminata) pseudo-stems (BPS), which comprise about 60% of a banana
(Musa acuminata) plant's mass, represent a significant waste fraction in banana (Musa
acuminata) farms as they are cut down after each harvest. BPS fibers exhibit characteristics
suitable for pulp and paper (Castillo et al., 2023). The added advantage of agricultural waste from
banana (Musa acuminata) trees is the rise in the use of banana (Musa acuminata) fiber. Musa
acuminata herb only bears fruit once in its lifespan; it is chopped off after harvesting, and only
40% of it is adequately utilized, leaving the remaining 60% as trash rich in cellulose,
hemicellulose, and natural fibers (Pillai et al., 2024). Cellulose presents unique structural features,
being the most important and available renewable resource for textiles and paper. The physical
and chemical modification reactions yielding fibers are of high commercial importance today
(Felgueiras et al., 2021). Understanding the basic properties of natural fibers is important to
determine the optimal intended uses for instance as high-quality bio-composite raw material
(Karimah et al., 2021).

According to Sreelakshmi et al., (2021), Banana (Musa acuminata) pseudo-stem is

composed primarily of fibrous material, which is essential for paper production. It contains a
significant percentage of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, which are critical components of
paper pulp (Sreelakshmi et al., 2021). The cultivation of banana (Musa acuminata) plants, which
thrive in tropical regions, can provide a sustainable source of fiber without the need for extensive
land clearing. This contributes to more sustainable agricultural practices and supports local
economies (Fernandes et al., 2022).

Patel et al,. (2017) examined the mechanical properties of paper made from banana
(Musa acuminata) pseudo-stem pulp and found that it had high tensile and tear strength, making
it suitable for various packaging materials. These properties make banana (Musa acuminata) fiber
paper particularly useful in packaging, disposable products, and sustainable stationery. A
comprehensive review by Sharma et al., (2019) highlighted the economic and ecological
advantages of using agro-waste materials, including banana (Musa acuminata) pseudo-stems, for
paper production. They emphasize that this could contribute to circular economies in agricultural
regions.

Sources of Eco-Friendly Natural Dyes: Blue ternate, Bougainvillea, and Sulfur cosmos
flower extract

In recent years, the global market for natural pigments has experienced rapid growth,
driven by increasing public awareness of health and the discovery of novel pharmacological
effects of various natural pigments, such as carotenoids, flavonoids, and curcuminoids. The
demand for natural dyes and pigments has surged as consumers become more health-conscious
and seek safer, eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic pigments. According to a report by Grand
View Research (2020), the global market for natural pigments in the food industry alone is
estimated to reach $2.5 billion by 2025 (Amalraj et al., 2017; Chen & Zhong, 2015; Yamagata et
al., 2015). Additionally, the adverse effects of manufacturing synthetic dyes and pigments,
particularly their contribution to water pollution from chemical dumping, have propelled this
shift. Natural dyes significantly reduce dependency on raw materials derived from crude oil, as
they are sourced from naturally available materials. This transition impacts the market by
mitigating risks associated with supply and demand disruptions due to volatile oil prices and
geopolitical tensions.

Clitoria ternatea, commonly known as Blue Ternate or Butterfly pea, is a flowering plant
native to tropical Asia, celebrated for its vibrant blue flowers. These flowers are rich in
antioxidants, vitamins, and flavonoids, which help combat oxidative stress, promote skin health,
and support the immune system (Kumar & Prabha, 2018). Traditionally used in Ayurvedic
medicine, blue ternate may enhance cognitive function and possess neuroprotective properties,
potentially aiding in the treatment of conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (Triol et al., n.d.).
The plant exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, which can help reduce inflammation and benefit
conditions like arthritis (Hatta, 2022). Its calming properties contribute to reduced anxiety and
improved mental well-being (Divya, 2021). The extract's antioxidants and anti-inflammatory
properties can promote healthy skin, improve elasticity, and reduce signs of aging (Kumar &
Prabha, 2018).

The dyeing potential of Clitoria ternatea is attributed to its high content of anthocyanins,
particularly delphinidin-3,3′,5′-triglucoside, which imparts a vibrant blue color. These water-
soluble pigments are not only safe for consumption but also serve as environmentally friendly
alternatives to synthetic dyes, which often contain harmful chemicals (Jeyaraj et al., 2020; Pham
et al., 2019). The versatility of Clitoria ternatea is enhanced by the pH sensitivity of its
anthocyanins, allowing for a spectrum of hues—from blue to violet to red—based on the dyeing
conditions (Escher et al., 2020). This adaptability enables artisans to achieve various shades on
fabrics, increasing its appeal in textile applications. Recent studies highlight the dyeing
capabilities of Clitoria ternatea, emphasizing its role as a promising source of natural dyes.
Research has shown that the spectral characteristics and storage stability of anthocyanin extracts
from the flowers indicate their potential as edible blue food colorants. These studies underscore
how factors such as pH and temperature significantly influence the stability and antioxidant
properties of the dyes (Wang et al., 2021; Pham et al., 2019). A comprehensive review noted that
anthocyanins derived from butterfly pea flowers exhibit higher stability compared to non-acylated
counterparts, positioning them as advantageous candidates for use as natural blue food coloring
agents (Jeyaraj et al., 2020; Vidana Gamage et al., 2021).
 Furthermore, investigations into dyeing techniques utilizing Clitoria ternatea extracts
revealed detailed processes involving mordanting and dyeing. These studies demonstrated that
different mordanting techniques enhance color adherence and improve the depth and variation of
colors achieved on fabrics like silk. This confirmation of the flower's efficacy as a natural dye
showcases how varied dyeing methods can yield a spectrum of shades, further validating its
application in the textile industry (Pruthi et al., 2017).

Bougainvillea glabra, a tropical vine, is renowned for its vibrant bracts surrounding small
white flowers, making it a popular ornamental plant in gardens and landscapes worldwide. This
genus of flowering plants features thorny branches, lush green foliage, and a variety of colors,
including pink, purple, red, and orange (Bates et al., 2017). Thriving in warm climates,
Bougainvillea glabra is commonly found in areas with well-drained soil and full sunlight
(Ramkumar et al., 2018). Parts of Bougainvillea glabra have also been used in traditional
medicine, with its leaves, flowers, and bracts believed to possess therapeutic properties, including
anti-inflammatory effects and antioxidant benefits (Mafiana et al., 2020; Dumoulin et al., 2018).
Recent studies highlight its potential as a sustainable source of eco-friendly dyes for textiles,
offering an alternative to synthetic dyes that can be harmful to health and the environment
(Sharma et al., 2019; Soni et al., 2021). Extracts from Bougainvillea glabra can produce a variety
of colors and demonstrate good color fastness, making them suitable for commercial dyeing
processes (Patel et al., 2020).

The dyeing potential of Bougainvillea glabra is largely attributed to its rich content of
betalains, which are water-soluble pigments responsible for the plant's red, pink, purple, and
magenta hues. Betacyanins contribute red to violet colors, while betaxanthins produce yellow to
orange tones (Rasool et al., 2022). Alongside betalains, compounds such as flavonoids and
anthocyanins enhance the intensity and diversity of colors (Anisa Ghogar et al., 2016). The
combination of aqueous extraction and the use of natural mordants not only maximizes dye yield
but also positions Bougainvillea as an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic dyes in the textile
industry.

Recent studies highlight the dyeing capabilities of Bougainvillea glabra, which has
emerged as a promising natural dye source. Research on the extraction of colorants from
Bougainvillea glabra flowers has shown that aqueous extraction yields the highest amounts of
colorants (Rasool et al., 2022). This study also optimized dyeing parameters for fabrics like
cotton and silk, demonstrating that natural mordants such as henna and turmeric significantly
enhance the dyeing process, resulting in a vibrant spectrum of colors. This method utilizes eco-
friendly ingredients and reduces the environmental impact associated with synthetic dyes.
Additionally, another study revealed that factors like particle size and solid-liquid ratios
significantly influence dye yield and quality, further supporting the viability of Bougainvillea
glabra as a sustainable dye option (Anisa Ghogar et al., 2016).

Cosmos sulphureus is a versatile flowering plant native to Central America, valued for its
vibrant yellow to orange flowers. It features bright daisy-like flowers that attract pollinators and
thrive in warm, sunny climates with minimal water (Ravindra et al., 2020). In traditional
medicine, various parts of the plant have been utilized for their potential health benefits, although
scientific research on its medicinal properties remains limited (Villarreal et al., 2019).
Furthermore, sulfur cosmos (Cosmos sulphureus) serves as an effective cover crop, improving
soil structure and preventing erosion (López et al., 2020). It also plays a role in companion
planting, where it is believed to deter pests, making it beneficial when planted alongside
vegetables (Nandwani et al., 2018).

Sulfur cosmos (Cosmos sulphureus) contains various phytochemicals that contribute to

its potential as an eco-friendly dye. Key components include flavonoids, known for their vibrant
colors and commonly used in natural dyeing, producing shades of yellow and orange (Sharma &
Singh, 2021). Additionally, carotenoids, particularly lutein and zeaxanthin, are responsible for the
bright hues in the flowers and are recognized for their excellent lightfastness (Okwu, 2004).
Some varieties may also contain anthocyanins, which can yield a range of colors, including reds
and purples (Sanal & Mathew, 2018). Tannins present in Sulfur cosmos (Cosmos sulphureus) can
enhance the dyeing process by helping the color adhere to fabric fibers, thereby improving color
intensity (Bhatti & Ali Shah, 2020). Furthermore, the plant's essential oils may offer
antimicrobial properties, adding to its appeal in eco-friendly applications. Overall, the
combination of these compounds allows Sulfur cosmos (Cosmos sulphureus) to produce vibrant,
natural dyes that are biodegradable and non-toxic, making it a sustainable alternative to synthetic
dyes that can be harmful to health and the environment.

The dyeing potential of Sulfur cosmos (Cosmos sulphureus) is largely attributed to its
rich content of phytochemicals, including flavonoids, carotenoids, and tannins. Flavonoids
produce vibrant shades of yellow and orange, while carotenoids, such as lutein and zeaxanthin,
contribute bright hues and excellent lightfastness (Sharma & Singh, 2021; Okwu, 2004). Tannins
enhance color intensity and adherence to fabric fibers, making Sulfur cosmos an eco-friendly
alternative to synthetic dyes.

Recent studies highlight the dyeing capabilities of Sulfur cosmos (Cosmos sulphureus),
which has emerged as a promising natural dye source. Research indicates that extracts from its
flowers yield an effective orange dye, especially on textiles like silk and wool (Mukherjee &
Kanakarajan, 2017). Optimal dyeing parameters, including temperature, pH, and the use of
chemical mordants like alum and ferrous sulfate, significantly enhance color fastness and dye
uptake (Jadav & Ninge Gowda, 2021). One study specifically demonstrates the potential of Sulfur
cosmos (Cosmos sulphureus) extracts to produce vibrant colors, underscoring its relevance in the
textile industry (Menez & Escano, 2001).

Overall, the growing demand for natural pigments and dyes is reshaping the landscape of
the food and textile industries. With increasing awareness of health and environmental issues,
consumers and manufacturers alike are gravitating toward eco-friendly alternatives like those
derived from Clitoria ternatea (Kumar & Prabha, 2018; Jeyaraj et al., 2020), Bougainvillea
glabra (Mafiana et al., 2020; Rasool et al., 2022), and Cosmos sulphureus (Sharma & Singh,
2021; Mukherjee & Kanakarajan, 2017). These plants not only offer vibrant colors but also boast
a range of health benefits, highlighting their significance in traditional medicine (Divya, 2021;
Villarreal et al., 2019). The unique properties of these natural dyes, such as their safety for
consumption and environmental sustainability, make them a compelling choice over synthetic
options, which are often associated with harmful chemicals and ecological damage (Amalraj et
al., 2017; Chen & Zhong, 2015). Furthermore, the adaptability of these pigments to various
dyeing processes enhances their utility, appealing to artisans and industries seeking to innovate
while adhering to sustainable practices (Pruthi et al., 2017; Jadav & Ninge Gowda, 2021).

As research continues to unveil the potential of these natural sources, they are likely to
play a crucial role in the transition toward a more sustainable and health-conscious market,
contributing to the preservation of both cultural heritage and environmental integrity. Ultimately,
the integration of these natural dyes into modern applications underscores a pivotal shift in
consumer preferences, signaling a future where health, sustainability, and creativity coexist
harmoniously.

Naturally Dyed Eco-Friendly Textiles

 Natural plant dyeing represents an ecological approach to textile coloring, utilizing dyes
extracted from various plant parts, including stems, roots, flowers, leaves, fruits, and peels.
Historical records indicate that natural dye use dates back to 2600 B.C. in China, where only a
few plants and animal materials were used for dye extraction (Liu et al., 2021). By the Middle
Ages, the cultivation and processing of dye plants like woad (Isatis tinctoria) in Germany and
madder (Rubia tinctorum) in parts of Europe became economically significant (Meyer, 1997).

The industrial revolution shifted the textile industry towards synthetic dyes, which have
become widely used due to their advantages in handling, color performance, and reproducibility
(Hardman & Pinhey, 2009; Khattab et al., 2020). Currently, the textile sector produces
approximately 1.3 million tons of dyes, pigments, and dye precursors valued at around $23 billion
(Technique Report 57, 2003). However, synthetic dyes pose considerable environmental and
health risks, contributing to the release of millions of tons of dyeing waste into ecosystems.
Consequently, there has been a trend towards restricting harmful synthetic dyeing chemicals
(European Chemicals Agency, 2015; Union et al., 2020).

In light of these challenges, there is a growing interest in natural dyeing as a sustainable

alternative. Natural dyes are favored for their subtle, elegant colors and non-toxic properties, as
well as their biodegradability and health benefits (Shahid-Ul-Islam & Sun, 2017; Sutrisna et al.,
2020). Innovative extraction methods, such as ultrasonic and microwave-assisted techniques, are
being applied to optimize color yield while minimizing environmental impact (Khattab et al.,
2020). The global market for natural dyes is projected to grow from USD 4.8 billion in 2024 to
USD 6.4 billion by 2029, driven by increased consumer demand for sustainable products (Mordor
Intelligence, 2023).

This shift aligns with current trends in eco-friendly fashion and home textiles. As
consumers prioritize organic and locally sourced materials, brands are increasingly adopting
ethical production practices and minimalist designs that feature natural colors and textures
(Bansal et al., 2020; Raghavendra et al., 2022). The popularity of upcycling initiatives is further
promoting a circular economy and encouraging waste reduction (Dutta et al., 2021).

Natural dyes are also being utilized beyond textiles, finding applications in food,
cosmetics, and packaging, thereby enhancing aesthetic qualities while reducing environmental
pollution (Shahid-Ul-Islam et al., 2017). The fashion industry faces the challenge of balancing
fast and slow fashion. Fast fashion brands like Zara, Uniqlo, and H&M focus on rapid production
to meet consumer demand, leading to significant textile waste (Caniato et al., 2012). In contrast,
slow fashion promotes sustainable practices and aims to minimize the industry's environmental
footprint (Henninger et al., 2019).

Eco-friendly banderitas made from Banana (Musa acuminata) pseudo-stems, dyed with
natural colorants such as Blue Ternate (Clitoria ternatea), Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea glabra),
and Sulfur cosmos (Cosmos sulphureus), exemplify a sustainable alternative in various
applications. These decorative items not only enhance home decor but also serve as
biodegradable options for events like weddings and birthdays, thus reducing environmental waste
(Nguyen & Ortiz, 2021). Additionally, these naturally dyed textiles can be utilized in artistic
installations and educational workshops, promoting discussions about sustainability and natural
dyeing techniques (Othman et al., 2020; Reddy et al., 2021).

The demand for naturally dyed products is steadily rising, fueled by consumer awareness
of environmental issues and a preference for non-toxic textiles, making them appealing to health-
conscious individuals (Chowdhury et al., 2021; Reddy et al., 2020). Supporting local artisans who
utilize traditional dyeing techniques fosters fair trade practices and contributes to local economies
(Pruthi et al., 2008).

Several brands exemplify successful integration of natural dyes, such as Patagonia, which
promotes sustainability in its clothing lines (Garcia et al., 2019), and Eileen Fisher’s "Renew"
program, which highlights recycled collections made from naturally dyed textiles (Jones & Patel,
2020). Akin Atelier and various cooperatives in regions like India also focus on creating stylish
garments and preserving cultural heritage through traditional dyeing techniques (Abood et al.,
2021; Kim et al., 2013).

In conclusion, the literature highlights the diverse applications and benefits of eco-
friendly banderitas and naturally dyed textiles. The ongoing shift towards sustainability in the
textile industry, driven by consumer interest and innovative practices, demonstrates the potential
of natural dyeing to mitigate environmental impacts while preserving cultural heritage.
Methodologies

Research Design

In this study, the researchers employed a mixed-methods research design that integrated
experimental approach with a qualitative analysis to assess the effectiveness of eco-friendly
banderitas made from banana (Musa acuminata) pseudo-stem fibers, which were naturally dyed
using extracts from blue ternate (Clitoria ternatea), bougainvillea (Bougainvillea glabra), and
sulfur cosmos (Cosmos sulphureus). Qualitative approach was particularly useful in this context
as it enabled the researchers to gather detailed, subjective observations regarding the behavior and
performance of the materials over time in real-world conditions. According to Flick (2018),
qualitative approaches are well-suited for exploring phenomena that cannot easily be quantified,
such as the degradation patterns, aesthetic appeal, and the subjective experience of users
interacting with sustainable materials. Through direct observation and descriptive analysis, the
researchers were able to capture important insights into how these materials withstood
environmental factors like humidity, sunlight, and physical wear.

Moreover, the experimental approach used in this study complemented the qualitative
aspects by allowing the researchers to systematically evaluate the performance of the materials
under controlled conditions. As described by Johnson and Christensen (2019), blending
qualitative methods with experimental procedures, often referred to as mixed-methods research,
enhances the robustness of the study by integrating both subjective and objective data to support
the research objectives.
Research Instruments
Materials:

 Banana (Musa acuminata) Pseudo-Stem Fiber: The primary material used for creating
the banderitas is the fiber extracted from the banana pseudo-stem. This material is both
sustainable and biodegradable.

● Blue Ternate (Clitoria ternatea) Flower: For extracting blue to purple natural dye.
● Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea glabra) Flower: For extracting red natural dye.
● Sulfur cosmos (Cosmos sulphureus) Flower: For extracting yellow natural dye
● Water: For boiling and extracting the natural dye from flowers.
● Natural Mordants (Salt and Vinegar): To help fix the dye on the banana pseudo-stem
fibers and improve color retention.
● White Cloth: To test the dye intensity before applying it to the banana fibers.

Equipment:

● Fiber Extraction Tools:

○ Knife/Peeler: To peel the banana pseudo-stem and extract fibers.
○ Steel Comb: To scrape and clean the fibers.
○ Pliers: To soften the fibers and remove excess moisture.
○ Baking Soda (Sodium Bicarbonate): To enhance the fiber's cleanliness and
purity, making it more suitable for papermaking and improving the overall
quality of the resulting paper.
○ Blender: For crushing the banana pseudo-stem and flower petals to extract the
natural dye.
○ Mold and Deckle: For sifting and papermaking process to shape and form sheets
of eco-friendly paper from banana pseudo-stem pulp.
● Stainless Steel: For boiling the flower petals and extracting the dye.
● Strainer: To strain the plant matter and extract the pure dye solution.
● Scissors: For cutting the banana fibers or pseudo-stem into banderitas shapes.
● Sewing Needles and Fiber stirngs: For sewing and assembling the banderitas.
● Tongs and Gloves: To handle the dyed fibers or fabric during the dyeing process.
● Measuring Cups and Spoons: To measure precise amounts of water, mordants, and dye
extract.
● Buckets: For soaking the fibers in the dye solution.
 ● Drying Rack: For drying the banderitas after dyeing.
● Eco-friendly starch: To increase the durability and stiffness of the banderitas, especially
if they're meant to last outdoors.

Procedure

Collection of Materials
Discarded banana pseudo-stems (Musa acuminata) were collected from Barangay Kirayan Sur,
Miagao, Iloilo. Flowers of Blue Ternate (Clitoria ternatea) and Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea
glabra) were gathered from Barangay Magsaysay, Guimbal, Iloilo, while Sulfur Cosmos (Cosmos
sulphureus) were sourced from Barangay Kirayan Sur, Miagao, Iloilo as well. Essential tools,
including sharp knives, containers, a blender, and strainers, were prepared in advance to ensure a
smooth and efficient processing procedure.

Production of Banana Pseudo-Stem Fibers Banderitas

1. Cutting of Banana Pseudo-Stem

The banana pseudo-stem was cut into uniform pieces using a sharp knife. This size was
chosen to ensure even boiling and easier handling in subsequent steps. Any damaged or
overly fibrous sections were set aside, ensuring that only high-quality material was used
for the next steps. The cut banana pseudo-stem sections were rinsed thoroughly to
remove dirt and impurities. The cleaning process was to ensure all debris and
contaminants were eliminated, leaving the pseudo-stem pieces ready for boiling.
2. Boiling of Banana Pseudo-Stem
The cleaned banana pseudo-stem pieces were placed in a large pot filled with water and
boiled for thirty minutes. This process softened the fibers, making them easier to process
 during the blending phase. The mixture was stirred occasionally to ensure the pieces were
cooked evenly.
3. Alkaline Treatment with Baking Soda
After the initial boiling, 227 grams of baking soda were added to the boiling water, and
the pseudo-stem was boiled for an additional 30 minutes. The alkaline environment
helped break down the lignin and cellulose in the fibers, improving their texture and
pliability for subsequent blending. The mixture was stirred periodically to ensure uniform
exposure to the solution.
4. Cooling of Banana Pseudo-Stem Fibers
The boiled banana pseudo-stem pieces were removed from the pot and washed
immediately to stop the cooking process. They were rinsed thoroughly with clean water
three times to remove unwanted residue. The rinsing process was repeated until the
pieces were free from any slippery residue and ready for blending.
5. Blending the Cooled Banana Pseudo-Stem Fibers
The cleaned and softened banana pseudo-stem pieces were placed in a blender along with
a small amount of water. The pieces were blended until they achieved a smooth, fibrous
consistency, resembling pulp suitable for crafting. Excess water was strained out of the
blended material to obtain a manageable fiber mixture.
6. Sifting the Blended Banana Pseudo-Stem Fibers
After blending the banana pseudo-stem fibers, the mixture was transferred to a container,
and water was added to assist with the sifting process. The mixture was then passed
through a mold and deckle to remove any remaining coarse particles and excess moisture.
Following the sifting, the fibers were pressed using a sponge to extract any excess water.
After 5–10 minutes of pressing, the damp paper-like fibers were carefully removed from
the mold and transferred onto a clean cloth for further drying.

7. Drying of Banana Pseudo-Stem Fiber Sheets

Once the damp fibers were transferred to a clean cloth, they were spread evenly under a
cool shed for air drying. The fibers were left to dry under the shed, depending on weather
conditions, ensuring they became fully dehydrated.

Production of Natural Dye

 1. Sun Drying of the Flower Petals
The petals of Clitoria ternatea, Bougainvillea glabra, and Cosmos sulphureus were
separated from their flowers. The petals were placed in a tray or a clean area under direct
sunlight for several hours to dry naturally. They were turned occasionally to ensure even
drying. Sun drying concentrated the pigments by reducing the moisture content, thereby
enhancing the quality and vibrancy of the natural dye for effective dye production (Modal
et al., 2016).
2. Crushing the Flower Petals
Each type of flower—Clitoria ternatea, Bougainvillea glabra, and Cosmos sulphureus—
was processed separately to preserve the purity of their natural pigments. The petals were
crushed using a mortar and pestle to release their pigments. A small amount of water was
added during the process to facilitate pigment extraction and produce a concentrated dye
solution. The crushed flower mixtures were transferred to separate containers to prevent
cross-contamination and prepared for straining in subsequent steps.
3. Extracting the Flower Juice
The crushed flower mixtures of Clitoria ternatea, Bougainvillea glabra, and Cosmos
sulphureus were squeezed through a clean cloth to separate the liquid dye from the solid
residues. The cloth was twisted and pressed firmly to extract as much juice as possible.
The extracted juices were collected in separate containers for each flower type to
maintain the distinct natural colors, preparing them for the dyeing process.
4. Adding Honey to the Flower Juice
A measured amount of honey was added to each container of flower juice derived from
Clitoria ternatea, Bougainvillea glabra, and Cosmos sulphureus. The honey was mixed
thoroughly into the juice to achieve a uniform texture, which retained moisture in the dye
and improved its adhesion to the banana pseudo-stem fibers. Honey also enhanced the
longevity of the dye, ensuring that the colors remained vibrant over time and resisted
fading.

Application of Flower Dye Extracts on the Textile

The natural dye was applied to the dried banana pseudo-stem textile, ensuring even coverage and
vibrant coloration. After dyeing, the fibers were allowed to dry completely under direct sunlight.
This step not only imparted the desired colors to the fibers but also ensured proper adhesion of
the dye, thereby enhancing the durability and eco-friendliness of the resulting banderitas.
Construction

The dried banana pseudo-stem fiber sheets were carefully cut into the desired shapes for the
banderitas. The sheets were then braided to form rope, utilizing the fibers' natural strength and
flexibility. The process of cutting and braiding ensured the fibers were transformed into both
decorative and functional components, suitable for creating eco-friendly banderitas and ropes for
various applications. The cut banana pseudo-stem fiber sheets were sewn onto the braided ropes
to create the banderitas. The sewing was done using thread also made from banana pseudo-stem
fibers, ensuring that the entire construction of the banderitas remained eco-friendly. Each sheet
was securely attached to the rope at regular intervals, forming a cohesive and durable decorative
piece suitable for various applications. The assembly process ensured both the functionality and
aesthetic quality of the final product.

Testing

Assessing the durability of banana (Musa acuminata) pseudo-stem as material for

banderitas is critical, especially when considering outdoor displays exposed to natural elements.
The pseudo-stem, being a natural fiber, is prone to environmental degradation, which necessitates
thorough testing. Two key tests, the Weather Exposure Test and the Flexibility Test, provide
valuable insights into how well the material holds up under different conditions.

The Weather Exposure Test focuses on how the pseudo-stem reacts to outdoor elements
like sunlight, rain, and wind. By preparing dyed pseudostem strips and hanging them outdoors,
researchers can monitor changes in the material's appearance and texture over time.
Environmental factors, especially UV light, are known to cause fading in natural dyes (Vankar,
2017). Over the course of a week, any fading, brittleness, or tearing observed in the pseudostem
will indicate its resistance to weather-related wear and tear. In this context, the integrity of the
material is crucial since pseudo-stem fibers can dry out and become brittle when exposed to
excessive sunlight or moisture (Nair et al., 2013).

The Flexibility Test, on the other hand, measures the pseudo-stem's ability to withstand
repeated bending and twisting, simulating the effects of wind. Flexibility is a key property for
materials used in outdoor decorations because strong winds can easily tear or deform weak fibers.
Testing involves folding and twisting the strips repeatedly to assess whether they retain their
shape or begin to tear. According to studies on plant-based fibers, natural materials can become
weakened after prolonged mechanical stress, which may lead to tearing or loss of elasticity
(Sharma et al., 2014). These observations are essential in determining whether the pseudostem
can endure the constant fluttering and movement banderitas experience outdoors.

By conducting both tests, it becomes possible to evaluate the suitability of banana (Musa
acuminata) pseudo-stem for use in outdoor banderitas. Identifying weaknesses such as color
fading, brittleness, or fiber breakage allows for adjustments, such as applying weatherproof
treatments or using alternative dyes, to improve the material's durability (Mishra & Goel, 2019).

Flow Chart

Collection of Materials

Preparation of Banana Natural Dye Preparation

Pseudo-Stem

Boling of Banana
Pseudo-Stem Crushing of Flower
Petals

Cooling of Banana
Pseudo-Stem Fibers
Adding Proper amount
Testing of the Eco-friendly of water
Blending of Banana Banderitas
Pseudo-Stem Fibers

Extraction of Flower
Sifting of Blended Construction of the Eco- Juice
Banana Pseudo-Stem friendly Banderitas
Fibers

Drying of Banana Adding Honey to the

Final Drying of the Eco-
Pseudo-Stem Sheets Dye
friendly Banderitas

Application of Dye to
Analysis

The testing of the dyed fibers involved several key evaluations to assess their
performance under various environmental conditions. Sunlight resistance was tested by exposing
the samples to direct sunlight for two weeks, with daily observations recorded to monitor any
changes in color vibrancy and fiber structure. Rain and water resistance were evaluated by
simulating rainfall using a controlled water spray system, followed by submerging the fibers in
water for one hour. After exposure, the samples were inspected for signs of color bleeding,
tearing, or disintegration.

Durability testing included subjecting the fibers to various environmental stressors, such
as direct sunlight, rain exposure, and manual handling, to replicate real-world wear and tear. The
fibers were examined for fading, tearing, fraying, and overall resilience. Flexibility was tested by
cutting the fibers into intricate shapes and repeatedly folding and bending them to simulate
crafting processes. The fibers were also manually twisted and bent to assess their ability to
withstand shaping without tearing.

The lightweight property of the material was confirmed using a digital precision scale.
Additionally, its suitability for hanging applications was tested by suspending it on a bunting
string in an open environment, where its behavior under wind was observed. Sunlight resistance
testing involved continuous exposure to direct sunlight, with weekly observations to document
any structural degradation, discoloration, or texture changes. To further assess water resistance,
some samples were placed outdoors in natural rainy conditions for one week, with observations
focusing on moisture absorption, color alterations, and structural integrity.

These tests were conducted to provide a comprehensive assessment of the dyed fibers'
environmental resilience, flexibility, and durability under various conditions.
Results and Discussions

Bougainvillea Sulfur Cosmos

Blue Ternate
Parameter (Bougainvillea (Cosmos
(Clitoria ternatea)
glabra) sulphureus)

Faded blue (light

Pale pink (light pastel
Color Achieved medium bright shade Tacao (pastel orange)
shade of Pinkish Red)
of Sky Blue)

Ease of Dye High (fast, uniform High (fast High (fast, uniform
Absorption absorption) absorption) absorption)

Texture of Fiber Soft, smooth Soft, smooth Slightly stiff

Excellent under Moderate fading Stable with minimal

Color Retention
sunlight exposure under sunlight fading

100% natural, 100% natural, 100% natural,

Eco-Friendliness
biodegradable dye biodegradable dye biodegradable dye

Post-Dye Aesthetic
Cool, earthly tone Warm, earthly tone Warm, earthly tone
Appeal

Challenges Uneven dyeing in

None None
Encountered initial trials

Table 1: Properties of Natural Plants Used in Dye Applications for Eco-Friendly Banderitas

Table 1 presents an evaluation of the dyeing properties and characteristics of natural dyes
derived from Clitoria ternatea (Blue Ternate), Bougainvillea glabra (Bougainvillea), and
Cosmos sulphureus (Sulfur Cosmos). Each dye produced a distinct natural hue: Clitoria ternatea
resulted in a faded sky-blue color, Bougainvillea glabra produced a pale pastel pink, and Cosmos
sulphureus yielded a pastel orange shade, resembling Tacao. The dyes demonstrated high
efficiency in dye absorption, characterized by fast and uniform uptake by fibers. However, initial
tests with Bougainvillea glabra exhibited uneven results before achieving consistency in later
trials. The fibers dyed with Clitoria ternatea and Bougainvillea glabra exhibited a soft and
smooth texture, while those treated with Cosmos sulphureus displayed a slightly stiffer feel.
Regarding sunlight resistance, Clitoria ternatea outperformed the other dyes, showing superior
color retention under prolonged exposure. Bougainvillea glabra exhibited moderate fading when
subjected to sunlight, while Cosmos sulphureus maintained stable coloration under similar
conditions. All three dyes are natural, eco-friendly, and biodegradable, aligning with sustainable
practices. The resulting earthy tones achieved through these dyes offer an aesthetically appealing
finish, demonstrating their suitability for environmentally conscious dyeing applications.

Bougainvillea Sulfur Cosmos

Blue Ternate
Parameter (Bougainvillea (Cosmos
(Clitoria ternatea)
glabra) sulphureus)

Minimal color fading

after 2 weeks of Moderate fading, no Retained color, no
Sunlight Resistance direct sunlight, no visible structural visible structural
visible structural degradation degradation
degradation

Moderate color
Slight color bleeding, Moderate bleeding,
Rain/Water bleeding but no
no tearing or maintained structural
Resistance tearing or
disintegration integrity
disintegration

Moderate durability; Moderate durability; Moderate durability;

best suited for indoor best suited for indoor best suited for indoor
Overall Durability
or occasional outdoor or occasional outdoor or occasional outdoor
use use use
Table 2: Environmental Resistance of Natural Plant Materials in Dye Applications

Table 2 evaluates the environmental resistance of natural dyes derived from Clitoria
ternatea (Blue Ternate), Bougainvillea glabra (Bougainvillea), and Cosmos sulphureus (Sulfur
Cosmos). In terms of sunlight resistance, Clitoria ternatea demonstrates minimal color fading
after three weeks of direct sunlight exposure and shows no structural degradation, indicating
strong performance in this category. Bougainvillea glabra exhibits moderate fading under similar
conditions, although its structural integrity remains unaffected. Cosmos sulphureus retains its
color with no fading or visible structural damage, making it the most sunlight-resistant among the
three dyes. For rain and water resistance, Clitoria ternatea and Cosmos sulphureus show
moderate color bleeding when exposed to moisture but maintain their structural integrity,
suggesting limited water resilience. Bougainvillea glabra exhibits slight color bleeding but
similarly avoids tearing or disintegration. All three dyes exhibit moderate overall durability,
performing well in controlled environments but demonstrating limitations under prolonged or
harsh environmental exposure. This makes them best suited for indoor use or occasional outdoor
applications where environmental conditions are less severe. While these natural dyes offer
moderate environmental resilience, their suitability is optimized in contexts where exposure to
extended sunlight or heavy water is minimal.

Parameter Observation/Results

Flexibility flexible; easy to cut and shape into desired designs without tearing.

Moderate durability; resistant to minor wear and tear under normal

Durability
conditions.

Weight 7 g (Lightweight), making it ideal for hanging and fluttering in the wind.
 Sunlight
Retains structural integrity under direct sunlight
Resistance

Rain/Water Absorbs moisture; slight darkening and disintegration after 1 week

Resistance exposure in rain.

100% natural, biodegradable (free from harmful chemicals and artificial

Eco-Friendliness
substance

Withstood strong winds without tearing; edges frayed slightly after 1

Wind Resistance
week.

100% natural, biodegradable, and sustainable material sourced from

Eco-Friendliness
agricultural byproducts.

Aesthetic Appeal Natural texture with earthy tones; dyed with natural plants

Ease of Easy to process, requiring minimal treatment (e.g., drying and cutting) to
Preparation create usable material.

Challenges Vulnerable to mold or decay in prolonged wet conditions; needs to be

Encountered dried thoroughly before use.

Table 3: Evaluation of Banana (Musa acuminata) Pseudo-Stem as a Sustainable Material for

Banderitas

Table 3 outlines the properties and performance of Banana (Musa acuminata) Pseudo-
Stem as a sustainable material for decorative banderitas. The material is noted for its flexibility,
lightweight nature, and ease of manipulation, making it ideal for creating intricate and varied
designs. It demonstrates moderate durability, effectively resisting minor wear under normal
conditions and maintaining structural integrity even when exposed to strong winds, though slight
fraying of the edges may occur over time. In terms of sunlight exposure, the material retains its
structure without significant degradation. However, prolonged exposure to rain results in
moisture absorption, which leads to darkening and partial disintegration after one week. The
material is eco-friendly, being 100% biodegradable and sustainably sourced, which enhances its
environmental appeal. Its natural, earthy texture, coupled with its compatibility with plant-based
dyes, contributes to its aesthetic value. Preparation of the material requires minimal effort,
primarily involving drying and cutting, although it is important to ensure thorough drying to
prevent mold or decay in wet conditions. Overall, the Banana Pseudo-Stem is considered well-
suited for eco-friendly and decorative applications, offering both functional and aesthetic benefits
in environmentally conscious designs.

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