AALIM MUHAMMED SALEGH

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
(NBA ACCREDITED DEPARTMENT AND PERMANENTLY
AFFILIATED TO ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI)
MUTHAPUDUPET, AVADI I.A.F, CHENNAI – 600055.

ME25C04 - MAKERSPACE LAB MANUAL

ELECTRICAL PART
I YEAR / I SEM
BY,
AANWAR BASHA, AP/EEE
List of Activities
(A). Dis-assembly & Assembly Practices
Dis-assembly and assembly of home appliances – Grinder Mixer Grinder, Ceiling
Fan, Table Fan & Washing Machine.
(C). Electrical Wiring Practices
i. Electrical Installation tools, equipment & safety measures.
ii. Hands-on session of basic electrical connections for Fuses, Miniature Circuit
Breakers and Distribution Box.
iii. Hands-on session of electrical connections for Lightings, Fans, Calling Bells.
iv. Hands-on session of electrical connections for Motors & Uninterruptible Power
Supply
 INDEX

Exp.No Date Name of the Experiments Page Marks Faculty

No (10) Signature

6.
EXP.NO: Study of Electrical Installation tools, equipment & safety measures
DATE:

AIM :
To study and understand the various Electrical Installation tools, equipment &
safety measures required for carrying out domestic and industrial electrical works safely
and effectively.

ACCESSORIES
1. Switch
A switch is used to make or break an electric circuit. Under some abnormal conditions it
must retain its rigidity and keep its alignment between switchblades and contacts correct to
a fraction of centimeter

2. Lamp Holders
A lamp holder is used to hold the lamp required for lighting purposes.

3. Lamp Holder Adopter

It is used for tapping temporary power for small portable electric appliances from lamp
holders. Such a practice is not advised.

4. Ceiling Roses
It is an end point of an electrical wire, which provides a cover to the wire end. These are
used to provide a tapping to the lamp holder through the flexible wire or a connection to a
fluorescent tube or a ceiling fan. It consists of a circular base and a cover made of bakelite.
One and of the plates is connected to supply and the other end to a flexible wire connected
to appliances.

5. Mounting Blocks
These are nothing but wooden round blocks. They are used in conjunction with ceiling
roses. batten holder, surface switches, ceiling switches, etc

6. Socket Outlets
It is a wiring accessory to which electrical appliances are connected for power supply.
These have insulated base with molded or socket base having three terminal sleeves. The
two thin terminal sleeves are meant for making connection to the load circuit wires and the
third terminal sleeve, larger in cross section, is used for an earth connection.

7. Plugs
These are used for tapping power from socket outlets. Two-pin plugs and three-pin plugs
are commonly available

8. Main Switch:
This is used at the consumer's premises so that he may have self-control of the entire
distribution circuit. This switch is a master control of all the wiring circuit made in the
building. The different classifications are double poled and triple poled switches

9. Distribution Fuse Boards:

In industries or in very big buildings, where a number of circuits are to be wired,
distribution fuse boards are used. They are usually iron clad and are designed with a large
TOOLS
space for wiring and splitting the circuits. The fuse bank in the distribution board can easily
be removed.
10. Fuse:
A fuse is a protective device, which is connected such that the current flowing through the
protected circuit also flows through the fuse. There is a resistive link inside the fuse body
that heats or melts up when current flows through it. If the current is beyond the
permissible limit, the resistive link burns open, which stops all current to flow in the circuit.
At this condition we say that the fuse is blown

11. Earthing:
When a wire is connected from the ground to the outer metal casing of the electrical
appliances, then it attain zero potential and the appliance is said to be earthed and this
process is known as earthing

12. Purpose of Earthing:

Under normal condition, there is no electrical potential is available in the outer metal
casing of the electrical appliances. When some fault develops in the appliances, then
electrical potential leaked to the metal casing causes heavy current flow due to earthing.
This heavy current blows the fuse and cutoff electrical supply to the appliances. Thus
earthing provides protection to human being and electrical appliances.

TOOLS:
1. Cutting Pliers
They are used to cut the wires, nipping by hand and twisting the wires and also to hold
them. Long nose pliers are used to hold the wires in small space and also to tighten and
loosen small nuts.

2. Nose Pliers
Long nose pliers are used to hold the wires in small space and also to tighten and loosen
small nuts.

3. Screw Driver
They are used to drive and tighten screws into pointed holes in the switches and electrical
machines. They are generally insulated.

4. Hammer
Ball peen and claw hammers are commonly used in electrical work where greater power is
required in striking. It is best suited for riveting purposes in sheet metal works.

5. Line Tester
It is used to check the electric supply in the line or phase wire. It has a small neon bulb,
which Indicates the presence of power supply. It can also be used as a screw driver.

6. Knife
It is generally used for removing the insulation from the wire. The closing type knife is
always preferred.

7. Poker
It is a long sharp tool used for making pilot holes in wood before fixing and tightening
wood screws.
8. Pincer
The pincer is used for extracting nails from the wood.

9. Center Punch
When a hole is to be drilled in a material, the center punch is always used for making the
starting hole.

10. Twist Drill

It is used for drilling holes indo metals and woods.

11. Soldering Rod

It is used for soldering wires to small joints with solder. It consists of pointed oval Cu bit
fixed to an iron rod, which is heated by an electric element only

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:

1. While work on electrical installations, wear always rubber shoes and avoid loose shirting
2. Do not work on live circuits, if unavoidable use rubber gloves, rubber mats etc
3 Use wooden or PVC insulated handle screwdrivers when working, on electric circuits
4. Do not touch bare conductors
5. Replace or remove fuses only after switching OFF the circuit switches.
6. Never extend wiring by using temporary wiring
7. Stand or rubber mats while working or operating switch panels, control gears
8. Always use safety belts while working on poles or high rise points
9. Do not connect earthing to the water pipe lines.
10. Only skilled persons should do electric work.
11. Wear all the protective clothing and use all the necessary safety equipment.
12. In case of any person suffered by electrical shook and if the victim is still in contact
with the supply, break the contact either by switching off or by removing the plug or
pulling the cable free
13. Do not give an unconscious person anything to eat or drink and do not leave an
unconscious person unattended.
14. First restore the normal breathing to the victim and ensure that the patient can breathe
normally unaided. Then we can render other First aid.

RESULT:
Thus the Electrical Installation tools, equipment & safety measures were identified,
studied and understood their importance.
EXP.NO: Basic electrical connections for Fuses,
DATE: Miniature Circuit Breakers and Distribution Box

AIM :
To study and perform hands-on practice of basic electrical connections using
Fuses, Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCBs), and Distribution Boxes, in order to
understand the fundamentals of Electrical installations with protective devices.

APPARATUS REQUIRED :
S.NO Apparatus/Components Range/Type Quantity
1. Energy Meter Single phase, 1
1500/rev / kWh, 240V,
50Hz
2. Fuse 5A 1
3. MCB 240V, 6A-1P 1 each
240V, 10A-2P
4 Distribution Box with switches, - As Required
Plug sockets
5 Connecting Wires - As Required

THEORY :
Single Phase Energy Meters:
The meter which is used for measuring the energy consumed by the electrical
load is known as the energy meter. The total power consumed and utilised by the load
at a particular interval of time is known as energy. It is used in domestic and industrial
AC circuit for measuring the power consumption.
Construction of Induction Type Energy Meters
There are four main parts of the operating mechanism
(i)Driving system
(ii)Moving system
(iii)Braking system
(iv)Registering system
Driving system
The driving system of the meter consists of two electro-magnets. The core of
these electromagnets is made up of silicon steel laminations. The coil of one of the
electromagnets is excited by the load current. This coil is called the current coil. The
coil of second electromagnet is connected across the supply and, therefore, carries a
current proportional to the supply voltage. This coil is called the pressure
coil. Consequently the two electromagnets are known as series and shunt magnets
respectively.Copper shading bands are provided on the central limb. The position of
these bands is adjustable.The function of these bands is to bring the flux produced by
the shunt magnet exactly in quadrature with the applied voltage.
Moving System
This consists of an aluminum disc mounted on a light alloy shaft. This disc is
positioned in the air gap between series and shunt magnets. The upper bearing of the
rotor (moving system) is a steel pin located in a hole in the bearing cap fixed to the
top of the shaft. The rotor runs on a hardened steel pivot, screwed to the foot of the
shaft. The pivot is supported by a jewel bearing. A pinion engages the shaft with the
counting or registering mechanism.
CONNECTION DIAGRAM

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 (Fig) single phase energy meter
Braking System
A permanent magnet positioned near the edge of the aluminium disc forms the
braking system. The aluminium disc moves in the field of this magnet and thus
provides a braking torque. The position of the permanent magnet is adjustable, and
therefore braking torque can be adjusted by shifting the permanent magnet to different
radial positions as explained earlier.
Registering (counting) Mechanism
The function of a registering or counting mechanism is to record continuously a
number which is proportional to the revolutions made by the moving system. By a
suitable system, a train of reduction gears the pinion on the rotor shaft drives a series
of five or six pointers.These rotate on round dials which are marked with ten equal
divisions.The pointer type of register is shown in Fig. Cyclo-meter register as shown
in Fig can also he used.
FUSE:
An electrical fuse is a safety device that operates to provide protection against
the overflow of current in an electrical circuit. An important component of an
electrical fuse is a metal wire or strip that melts when excess current flows through it.
It helps to protect the device by stopping or interrupting the current.

Construction and Working:

A general fuse consists of a low resistance metallic wire enclosed in a non
combustible material. It is used to connect and install in series with a circuit and
device which needs to be protected from short circuit and over current, otherwise,
electrical appliance may be damaged in case of absence of the fuse and circuit breaker
as they are unable to handle the excessive current according to their rating limits
 The working principle of a fuse is based on the “Heating effect of current” i.e.
Whenever a short circuit, over current or mismatched load connection occurs, then the
thin wire inside the fuse melts because of the heat generated by the heavy current
flowing through it. Therefore, it disconnects the power supply from the connected
system. In normal operation of the circuit, fuse wire is just a very low resistance
component and does not affect the normal operation of the system connected to the
power supply.
Function of Fuse
In the field of electrical engineering, a fuse is a device that provides overcurrent
protection to the functional electrical circuit. Here, we have listed a few major
functions of the fuse.
 Acts as a barrier between the electric circuit and the human body
 Prevents device failure due to faulty circuit operation
 Fuse prevents short-circuits
 Prevents overload and blackouts
 Prevents damage that is caused due to mismatched loads
The markings on the fuse carry information such as the Ampere rating, voltage rating,
and interruption rating.
Fuse rating = (power (watts)/voltage (volts)) x 1.25
Types of Fuses

MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker):

MCB is an automatic switch that opens when excessive current flows through
the circuit. It can be reclosed without any manual replacement. In the case of a fuse,
once it has been operated, it must be replaced or rewired, depending on the type of the
MCB. Hence, fuse is known as one of the sacrificial devices.
This is the main reason why MCBs are used as an alternative to the fuse in
most of the circuits. Also, whenever there is a fault in the circuit, the switches in the
MCB automatically shut down and the fault of the device can be easily detected.
A miniature circuit breaker (MCB) is an electromagnetic device used to open
the circuit automatically once the current flowing throughout it exceeds the set value.
This MCB can also be switched ON & OFF like a normal switch if required. These
devices are rated at 220Volts for DC supply whereas, for AC supply, it is rated at
240/415 including different short circuit current abilities. MCBs perform various
functions like local control switches, overload protection devices for specific
appliances or equipment & isolating switches against errors.
Construction and Working:
Trip Coil – We connect the trip coil in series with the main circuit. It carries the
entire load current during normal, overload, and fault conditions. Therefore, it
provides protection during short-circuit faults.
Bimetallic Strip – We connect a bimetallic strip in series with the main circuit. It
carries the entire load current, and it protects the circuit during overload conditions.
Contact Assembly – Includes fixed and moving contacts. The movement or rotation
of the moving contact makes or breaks the circuit during both manual operation and
automatic fault operation.
Manual Switch – There is a manual switch in the MCB. We use this switch to switch
the breaker on and off manually.
Spring-Loaded Lever – This mechanism releases during overload or fault conditions
to separate the contacts. Also, during manual operation, this mechanism rotates.
Arc Splitter – When an arc forms, the splitter divides it into many segments. This
arrangement efficiently extinguishes the arc when the contacts separate.

Normal Operation – When we switch on the circuit, current flows through the fixed
contact, then the moving contact, then the coil, and after that through the bimetallic
strip. Finally, the current leaves from the neutral terminal. When we manually switch
off the MCB by pulling down the lever, the moving contact rotates and detaches from
the fixed contact, thereby opening the circuit.
Short-Circuit Condition (Magnetic Trip) – When a short circuit occurs, the current
increases sharply. During normal operation, the coil produces a magnetic field, but it
is not strong enough to move the plunger. During a short circuit, the high current
increases the magnetic field strength beyond the threshold. This moves the plunger,
which strikes the tripping lever. As a result, it releases the spring-loaded lever. Then
the movement of the lever separates the moving contact from the fixed contact
instantly, breaking the circuit. We refer to this action as magnetic tripping of the MCB.
Overload Protection (Thermal Trip) – When excess current flows through the
circuit, it also passes through the bimetallic strip. The strip heats up and bends. This
bending action releases the spring-loaded lever, which separates the moving contact
from the fixed contact, breaking the circuit. This prevents damage from prolonged
overload conditions.
Arc Extinction
Whenever contacts open, an arc forms. Due to the horn-shaped contacts, the arc
moves towards the arc splitters. The splitters divide the arc into smaller segments,
increasing its resistance and length. Finally, the arc extinguishes by itself. This
ensures smooth and safe interruption of the current.

Distribution Box(Db)
The distribution box serves as the load centre and distributor of electrical
power. A distribution box ensures that electrical supply is distributed in the building,
also known as a distribution board, panel board, breaker panel, or electric panel. It is
the central electrical supply system of any building or property. As a component of an
electrical system: it divides electrical power into subsidiary circuits and provides a
protective fuse or circuit breaker for each circuit.
A distribution box houses all the contact breakers, earth leakage units,
doorbells, and timers. The electrical power supply comes from the network to the
building through the main feeding cable. The cable is connected to the distribution
board and the power is distributed through the breakers in the secondary circuits
(lights and plugs).
Components of a Distribution Box:
The basic structure and technical aspects of electrical distribution boards vary
according to places and requirements. A typical electrical distribution box will include
a bus bar, fuse links, switches, bypass equipment, and residual current detector
(RSD.).
How does a distribution box work?
 The distribution box is connected to the main power supply for your home or
office through a service entrance cable.
 The box then distributes the power to different circuits throughout the building.
 Each circuit is protected by a circuit breaker which is designed to “trip” if the
circuit overloads or short-circuits.
 This protects the wires in the circuit from overheating and causing a fire.
 When a circuit breaker trips, it can be reset by flipping the switch back to the “on”
position. If a fuse blows, it must be replaced with a new one.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Ensure that power is switched off, before the connections are being
made.
2. Live wire should always be controlled with switch.
3. Don’t use neon tester as screw driver.
4. Joints in wire are made with proper insulation.

PROCEDURE :
1. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram.
2. . Given electrical accessories like switch, fuse, indicator and energy meter were
fixed with the help of screws.
3. Given electrical accessories were connected by using copper wire.
4. Connections were checked before giving supply
5. Switch ON and observe the operation of fuses, MCB and DB during normal
condition and abnormal condition.

Result:
The basic electrical connections of fuse, MCB, and distribution box were
successfully made and their protective functions were verified.
EXP.NO: Basic electrical connections for
DATE: Lightings, Fans, Calling Bells.

AIM :
To study and perform hands-on practice of basic electrical connections using
switches, fuses/MCBs, and distribution box, in order to understand and verify the
working of lighting, fan, and calling bell circuits.

APPARATUS REQUIRED :
S.NO Apparatus/Components Range/Type Quantity
1. Energy Meter Single phase, 1
1500/rev / kWh, 240V,
50Hz
2. Fuse 5A 1
3. MCB 240V, 10A-2P 1
4 Switches 5A 3
5 Socket 5A 1
6. Lamp with lamp holder 60W, 240V,50Hz 1
7 Fan 60W, 240V,50Hz 1
8 Calling Bell 240V,50Hz 1
9 Push Type Switch 5A 1
10. Connecting Wires As Required

THEORY :
Basic Components of House Wiring
Service Entry: This is where the electricity from the utility company enters the home.
It typically involves an overhead or underground connection to the main service panel.
Main Service Panel: Also known as the breaker panel, it distributes electricity to
different circuits throughout the house. It contains circuit breakers or fuses to protect
against overloads.
Circuits: Electrical circuits are pathways for electricity to flow to various parts of the
house. They can be designed for specific purposes, such as lighting, outlets, or
appliances.
Outlets (Receptacles): Points where electrical devices can be plugged in.
Switches: Control the flow of electricity to lights or appliances.
Wiring: Conductors that carry electric current throughout the house. Common types
include non-metallic (NM) cables, armored cables, and conduit systems.
Two Types of Connections
When there are two or more electrical devices present in a circuit with an
energy source, there are a couple of basic means by which to connect them. They can
be connected in series or connected in parallel.
Series Connections:
A series circuit can be constructed by connecting light bulbs in such a manner
that there is a single pathway for charge flow; the bulbs are added to the same line
with no branching point. As more and more light bulbs are added, the brightness of
each bulb gradually decreases.
Parallel Connections:
CONNECTION DIAGRAM

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
A circuit is said to be parallel when the electric current has multiple paths to flow
through. The components that are a part of the parallel circuits will have a constant
voltage across all ends.

Lighting Systems:
Household lighting is connected in a parallel circuit to ensure each light
receives the full voltage and can be operated independently. The wiring includes live,
neutral, and earth wires, with switches installed only on the live (hot) wire for safety.
Types of switches used:
One-way switch: This is the most common type of light switch, used to control a
single light (or set of lights) from one location.
Two-way switch: This allows a single light to be controlled from two different
locations, such as at the top and bottom of a staircase.
Intermediate switch: Used in conjunction with two-way switches to control a light
from three or more locations.
Fan Connections
Household fans, particularly standard ceiling fans, are typically powered by a
single-phase AC induction motor and use a capacitor for operation. The wiring
connects this motor to the household electrical supply through a control switch, a
speed regulator, and a safety ground.
Theory of operation
Because a single-phase AC supply does not provide a rotating magnetic field
on its own, a fan requires a capacitor to start and run.
Split-phase motor: Inside the fan motor are two main coil windings: a starting
(auxiliary) winding and a running (main) winding. These are wound at different
angles.
Capacitor: A capacitor is placed in series with the starting winding to create a phase
shift. This causes the current in the starting winding to lead the current in the running
winding.
Rotating magnetic field: The phase-shifted currents produce a rotating magnetic field
that turns the rotor, which is a "squirrel cage" that surrounds the stator windings. The
blades are attached to this rotor.
Run mode: Once the motor is running, the capacitor remains in the circuit to maintain
the torque and efficiency. The motor continues to turn as a single-phase induction
motor.
Fan(Speed) regulator
A fan speed regulator controls the fan's speed by adjusting the voltage supplied to the
motor.
Old-style regulators: Use resistors to reduce the voltage in steps, which wastes energy
as heat.
Staircase Wiring Connection of a Lamp:

Fan Wiring Connection:

Calling Bell:
Modern regulators (Electronic): Are more efficient, using electronic components like
a triac and diac to control the power and adjust the speed smoothly. The regulator is
wired in series with the fan's hot (black) wire.

Calling Bells:
The electric doorbell is a simple circuit that triggers a sound on the completion
of the circuit by pressing the button.The primary working principle behind an electric
bell is electromagnetism or magnetic effect of electric current. It is the property of
conductors to act like a magnet when an electric current is passed through them.
The switch is pressed and current flows through the circuit. The electromagnet
is powered and generates a magnetic field that attracts the iron strip towards it. The
striker strikes the gong (bell). When the striking arm strikes the gong, the contact is
broken and the current stops flowing through the circuit. This causes the
electromagnet to lose its magnetic field. The connected spring arm returns the striker
to its original rest position. The contact is restored and current flows through the
circuit (provided the main switch is still pressed). The process is repeated from the
beginning.

PROCEDURE:
1. Ensure the main supply is switched OFF before making connections.
2. Use insulated tools and check wires with a tester before touching.
3. Make the circuit as per the circuit diagram with correct and tightly.
4. Connect the incoming supply line (Phase and Neutral) from the distribution box
or supply board.
5. Ensure no bare conductor is exposed.
6. Switch ON the MCB/fuse.
7. Operate the switches one by one:
a) Light should glow when switch is ON.
b) Fan should run and its speed controlled by the regulator.
c) Bell should ring when the push button is pressed.
8. After testing, switch OFF the main supply.

RESULT:
Thus , the basic electrical connections were made and observed
The lamp glowed when the respective switch was turned ON.
The fan operated, and its speed could be controlled using the regulator.
The calling bell rang when the push button was pressed.
And the working of fundamental home electrical connections was verified
successfully.
EXP.NO: Basic electrical connections for Motor
DATE:

AIM :
To study and perform the basic electrical connections of a single-phase
induction motor using a switch, starter, and protective devices, in order to understand
its starting, running, and stopping operations.

APPARATUS REQUIRED :
S.NO Apparatus/Components Range/Type Quantity
1. MCB 240V, 10A-2P 1
2. Single phase DOL Starter 240V,5A 1
3 Single Phase Induction Motor 1HP 1
Connecting Wires As Required

THEORY :
Electrical Motor:
Motor is a machine which is convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.
When power supply is applied to motor field winding than rotating magnetic flux
generates on winding which is transferred into rotor. Due to transferring rotating
magnetic flux on rotor resultant induced emf generates on it.
Due to emf on rotor, an opposite direction rotating magnetic flux generates on
rotor. it works against field winding magnetic flux resultant field magnetic flux is
greater than a rotating torque is applied on rotor after that start the rotor turn.
A- AC motor
Induction motor.
Single Phase
Three phase
Syncronus motor
Reluctance.
Hysteresis.
Linear motor
B- DC motor
Selfexcited
Series motor
compound motor
Short compound motor
Long compound motor
Shunt motor
Separately Excitedly.
Induction Motor
A- Singhle Phase Induction Motor
Single phase induction motor is used as capacity between 1/3 HP to 5 HP. It is called
a another name as split phase induction motor and commonly used in domestic and
industrial.
It has two no’s winding; one is main winding and 2nd is starting winding or auxiliary
winding. Auxiliary winding is connected with capacitor. Both winding is installed in
90° angle with each other.
Circuit Diagram:
It has more applications in domestic and industries like as- ceiling fan, cooler, blower,
water pump etc. It is used only constant speed and different type load.
Types of Induction Motor
Split Phase induction motor.
Capacitor start induction motor.
Capacitor start capacitor run induction motor.
Permanent capacitor induction motor.
Shaded type induction motor.
B- Three Phase Induction Motor
Three phase induction motor is a larger commonly used electrical equipment
in industries, domestic and it is used such like as water pump, air conditioner, blower,
production machines, agricultural purpose etc.
The conversation of electrical energy into mechanical energy is the main
function of motor. it is converted electrical energy into mechanical energy so it is
connected with moving machines with rubber coupling, pulley drive or belt.
According current capacity the three phase motor is less price against single phase
motor because size and copper is used as low so it is said that single phase motor
should be used below 5 HP and three phase motor is used above 5HP.
Applications
Single-phase induction motors are commonly used to power water pumps in
residential, agricultural, and light industrial settings where a three-phase power supply
is not available. They are ideal for low-power applications due to their low cost and
simple design.
Induction Motor used for Water Pump
A single-phase induction motor drives a water pump by converting single-
phase AC power into rotational mechanical energy. The motor's stator generates a
pulsating magnetic field, which is converted into a rotating magnetic field using a
starting mechanism, such as a capacitor, to make the motor self-starting. This rotating
magnetic field induces current in the rotor, creating an opposing magnetic field that
produces torque, causing the rotor to turn and spin the pump's impeller, thereby
pumping water
DOL Starter (Direct On Line Starter)
DOL Starter (Direct-On-Line Starter) is also knows as “across the line starter”.
DOL starter is a device consist of main contactor, protective devices and overload
relay which is used for motor starting operations. It is used for low rating usually
below 5HP motors.
The induction motor draws a huge amount of current at startup. This starting
current can damage the motor windings. In order to avoid any damage, we use
different techniques to reduce the starting current using Motor Starter (e.g. star delta
or DOL starters). These techniques depend on the motor ratings and the load
connected to the motor. Apart from this, the motor starter also protects the motor from
overloading and overcurrent.
The Direct-On-Line or DOL starter employs full voltage or across the line
starting technique where the motor is directly connected to full voltage through
MCCB or circuit breaker and relays for overload protection. This is why such a starter
is used with induction motors rated below 5 HP.
In single-phase motors, a capacitor-start or capacitor-run arrangement is
usually combined with the DOL starter to ensure proper starting torque.
Construction
A Direct-On-Line (DOL) starter for a single-phase induction motor consists of:
Contactor – An electromechanical switch that connects/disconnects the supply to the
motor.
Overload Relay – Protects the motor from excessive current by tripping the circuit.
Start and Stop Push Buttons – Control the contactor coil for switching ON/OFF.
Capacitor (if capacitor-start motor) – Helps in starting torque by phase shifting.
Working
 When the Start button is pressed, current flows through the contactor coil, closing
the main contacts.
 The motor gets full supply voltage directly (direct-on-line), and it starts running.
 A holding contact keeps the circuit closed even after releasing the Start button.
 If overload occurs, the overload relay trips, opening the contactor and
disconnecting the motor.
 Pressing the Stop button opens the circuit and stops the motor.

PROCEDURE:
1. Ensure the main power supply is switched OFF.
2. Make the circuits as per the given circuit diagram.
3. If using a capacitor-start motor, connect the capacitor across the starting and
running winding terminals.
4. Ensure the earth wire is connected to the motor body for safety.
5. Switch ON the MCB, operate the switch, and observe the motor starting and
running.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Always switch OFF the supply before making or altering connections.
2. Ensure wires are properly insulated and terminals are tight.
3. Use a proper starter to avoid high inrush current.
4. Do not touch the motor body or terminals while in operation.
5. Ensure earthing is provided to prevent electric shock.

RESULT:
Thus, The single-phase motor was connected using switch/starter, and its
starting, running, and stopping operations were successfully verified
EXP.NO: Basic electrical connections for Uninterruptible Power Supply
DATE:

AIM :
To study and perform the basic electrical connections of an Uninterruptible
Power Supply (UPS) system with input supply, battery and output load (fan/light), in
order to understand its working during mains supply and power failure

APPARATUS REQUIRED :
S.NO Apparatus/Components Range/Type Quantity
1. MCB 240V, 10A-2P 1
2. Fuse 5A 1
3 Switching Board As required 1
4 UPS As required 1
5 Battery As required 1
6 Load (fan/light) As required 1
7 Connecting Wires - As Required

THEORY :
Power failures and emergency breakdowns may occur at any time due to short
circuits, damage to transmission lines, substations, or other parts of the distribution
system, as well as storms and severe weather conditions.
In such cases, an emergency generator or battery backup system can be used to
restore power to homes and connected appliances. In some situations, it is critical to
restore power immediately, for example, in hospital ICUs, military installations,
intelligence and security systems, and offices. This is where generators and
Inverter/UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) systems, supported by backup batteries,
play an important role.
An Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) is an electrical device used to provide
emergency electrical power to different electrical loads in the case of a main power
supply failure.A UPS will provide near-instantaneous protection from input power
interruptions, by supplying energy stored in batteries, super-capacitors, or flywheels.
Major Parts of an UPS

Following are the main components of a UPS system

Battery: The battery works as the energy storage unit in the UPS system. It provides
the stored electrical energy for a sufficient amount of time during main power failure.
Rectifier or Charger Circuit: It converts the supply voltage of 240 VAC into 12 V (or
any other battery voltage) DC. It supplies this rectified DC power to the battery for
storage.
Inverter: It converts the DC output power of the battery into ac power to supply the
load during mains power failure.
Connection Diagram

CIRCUIT DIGRAM
Static Switch : It is a semiconductor device such as a thyristor which transfers the
load from the utility to the inverter (and the inverter to the utility) without any
interruption in the power supply to the load.

Operation:
When there is any failure in the main power supply from the utility, the UPS
supplies emergency power to the load for a short duration of time. This is the primary
function of a UPS. Modern UPSs can also provide protection against electrical faults
such as short-circuit, voltage fluctuations, low voltage, instability of mains frequency,
etc.

Types of UPS
The uninterrupted power supply (UPS) systems are broadly classified into the following three
types
Off-Line UPS
On-Line UPS
Line Interactive UPS

PROCEDURE:
1. Ensure the main supply is switched OFF before wiring.
2. Make the connections as per the given circuit diagram.
3. Connect the AC mains supply (Phase & Neutral) to the UPS input terminals through an
MCB/fuse.
4. Connect the battery terminals to the UPS (positive to positive, negative to negative).
5. Connect the load (lamp/fan/bell) to the UPS output socket or terminals.
6. Switch ON the main supply and observe: the UPS charges the battery and supplies the
load through mains.
7. Now switch OFF the mains supply and observe: the load continues to work without
interruption, drawing power from the UPS battery.
8. After testing, switch OFF the UPS and mains supply. Disconnect connections carefully.

RESULT:
Thus the basic electrical connections for a UPS were successfully made and verified
that the load operated normally with mains supply and continued to operate without
interruption during power failure using the UPS and battery backup.