ENCS4130
Computer Networks Laboratory
EXP#2 Router Configuration and
Static Routing
Slides By: Eng. Tariq Odeh
ENCS4130 - Computer Networks Laboratory
Objectives
• Learn how to configure a Cisco IOS router using the IOS command line interface (CLI).
• Learn how to use router simulator.
• Learn how to use the sniffer to capture packets in Packet Tracer.
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Introduction
• Connecting Multiple Networks:
- A router connects different networks (subnets) and directs data to the correct destination.
• Layer-3 Device:
- Uses IP addresses (Layer-3) to route packets to their destination.
• Why Subnets?
- To control traffic, dividing the network into segments.
• Routing Types:
- Static Routing: Manually updated by the network admin.
- Dynamic Routing: Automatically updates routing information.
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Router
• Router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks.
- Connects one or more packet-switched networks.
- Manages traffic between networks.
- Uses IP addresses (Layer-3) to route packets to their destination.
- Permits several devices to share an internet connection.
- Provides security (such as ACL).
- Provides scalability.
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What is Routing?
• Routing:
- The process of choosing a path to send a packet from one device to another on a different network.
• Routers' Role:
- Focus on networks, not individual hosts.
- Use the host's MAC address (hardware address) only after the packet has reached the correct network.
• Key Things a Router Needs to Know:
- Destination address.
- Next hop.
- Neighbouring routers.
- Routes to remote networks.
- Best route to each network.
- How to maintain routing information. 5
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Routing Table Example
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Static Routing
• What is Static Routing?
- Manually adding routes to each router's routing table.
• Benefits:
- No CPU overhead on the router (cheaper routers can be used).
- No bandwidth usage between routers (saves money on WAN links).
- Adds security by controlling which networks can be routed.
• Disadvantages:
- Requires a deep understanding of the network for correct configuration.
- Manually updating routes when changes occur.
- Not suitable for large networks due to maintenance difficulty.
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Configuring Static Routing Formula
• Router(config)# ip route <destination_network> <mask> <next-hop_address>
Component Description Example
Router(config)# Indicates the router is in global configuration mode. Router(config)#
ip route Command to create a static route. ip route
<destination_network> The target network to be reached. 192.168.2.0
<mask> The subnet mask of the destination network. 255.255.255.0
<next-hop_address> The IP address of the next router to forward the packet to. 192.168.1.1
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Static Routing Example
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Dynamic Routing
• What is Dynamic Routing?
- Routers automatically communicate and update routing tables using protocols.
• Advantages:
- Automatically adjusts to network changes.
- Reduces the need for manual updates.
• Disadvantages:
- Uses more CPU and bandwidth than static routing.
- Can be more complex to configure.
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Static vs Dynamic Routing
Category Static Routing Dynamic Routing
Path Selection One pre-configured route to destination Multiple available routes to destination
Route Updates Engineers must manually update routes Algorithms update routes automatically
Routing Tables Smaller table with only one entry per destination Routers exchange entire routing tables.
Uses Distance Vector (RIP, IGRP) and Link-State
Protocols & Algorithms No protocols or algorithms needed for routing
(OSPF, IS-IS) algorithms
Computation &
Requires less computation and bandwidth Requires more computation and bandwidth
Bandwidth
Security More secure Less secure
Use Cases Best for small, stable networks with fewer routers Best for large, dynamic networks that frequently change
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Gateway IP
• Definition:
- A Gateway IP is the IP address of a network device (like a router) that connects your
local network to external networks, including the internet.
• Purpose:
- It acts as an exit point for data leaving your local network and directs traffic to the
correct destination.
• Example:
- If your device is trying to access a website, the Gateway IP helps route the request from
your home network to the internet.
• Common Gateway IP: Usually the first available IP address in the network.
• Note: It’s not the same as the Network IP.
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Gateway IP Example
• What is Gateway IP for PC0?
- Router0 → Interface Fa0/0 → 192.168.0.1
• What is Gateway IP for PC1?
- Router1 → Interface Fa0/0 → 192.168.1.1
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Packet Sniffing
• What is Packet Sniffing?
- Capturing and analysing network packets to monitor traffic.
- Used in troubleshooting, security monitoring, and protocol analysis.
• How It Works:
- Capturing Packets: Sniffers like Wireshark & Packet Tracer collect data.
- Decoding Data: Extracts source, destination, protocol, and payload.
- Analysing Traffic: Filters, detects issues, and monitors communication.
• Packet Sniffing Tools:
- Wireshark.
- Cisco Packet Tracer.
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Procedure
ENCS4130 - Computer Networks Laboratory
IP Address
• The IP address as follows: 192.X.10.0 → where X is : for example, student ID is 1224530,
X = 30, and so the network will be 192.30.10.0/S.M
The IP address as follows: 192.X.10.0
Student ID is 1224530
The IP address is: 192.30.10.0
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Topology
• The topology contains:
Name Quantity Symbol
Router-PT 2
Switch-PT 2
PC-PT 2
Sniffer 1
• Use Automatically use connection type: 17
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Topology (Cont.)
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IP Address Distribution Network 0
Network Device/Interface IP address Subnet mask
Network 0 PC0 192.X.0.2/24 255.255.255.0
192.X.0.0/24 Router0 Fa0/0 192.X.0.1/24 255.255.255.0
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IP Address Distribution Network 1
Network Device/Interface IP address Subnet mask
Network 1 PC1 192.X.1.2/24 255.255.255.0
192.X.1.0/24 Router1 Fa0/0 192.X.1.1/24 255.255.255.0
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IP Address Distribution Network 2
Network Device/Interface IP address Subnet mask
Network 2 Router0 Se2/0 192.X.2.1/24 255.255.255.0
192.X.2.0/24 Router1 Se2/0 192.X.2.2/24 255.255.255.0
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IP Address Distribution Networks
Network Device/Interface IP address Subnet mask
Network 0 PC0 192.X.0.2/24 255.255.255.0
192.X.0.0/24 Router0 Fa0/0 192.X.0.1/24 255.255.255.0
Network 1 PC1 192.X.1.2/24 255.255.255.0
192.X.1.0/24 Router1 Fa0/0 192.X.1.1/24 255.255.255.0
Network 2 Router0 Se2/0 192.X.2.1/24 255.255.255.0
192.X.2.0/24 Router1 Se2/0 192.X.2.2/24 255.255.255.0
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Show the port labels
1
2
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Configuring IPs for the PCs
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Router Modes
• User Mode: This is the most basic mode, where you have limited access to view basic information.
- Router>
• Privileged Mode: Provides access to more detailed information and some configuration capabilities.
- Router#
• Global Configuration Mode: This is where you make global changes to the router’s configuration.
- Router(config)#
• Global Configuration Mode On Interface: A sub-mode of Global Configuration Mode used to configure
specific interfaces like Ethernet, Serial, etc.
- Router(config-if)#
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Router Modes (Cont.)
User Mode
Router>
exit Router> enable
Privileged Mode
Router#
exit Router# configuration terminal
Global Configuration Mode
Router (config)#
exit Router (config)# interface <TYPE> <SLOT>/<PORT>
Global Configuration Mode On Interface
Router(config-if)#
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Configuring IPs for the Routers (Cont.)
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Configuring IPs for the Routers (Cont.)
1- Enter User Mode
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Configuring IPs for the Routers (Cont.)
2- Go to Privileged Mode
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Configuring IPs for the Routers (Cont.)
3- Go to Global Configuration Mode
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Configuring IPs for the Routers (Cont.)
4- Go to Global Configuration Mode On Interface
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Configuring IPs for the Routers (Cont.)
5- Bringing Up an Interface
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Configuring IPs for the Routers (Cont.)
6- Configuring the first IP Address on an interface
7- Assign the rest of the IP addresses to the interfaces.
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Configuring Static Routing
• Configuring Static Routing formula
Router(config)# ip route <destination_network> <mask> <next-hop_address>
• Configuring Static Routing for Router0
Router0(config)# ip route 192.X.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.X.2.2
• Configuring Static Routing for Router1
Router1(config)# ip route 192.X.0.0 255.255.255.0 192.X.2.1
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Configuring Static Routing (Cont.)
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Verifying Your Configuration
1
2
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Other Important Configurations
1. Showing all router configuration 5. Set the time and date
• Router# show running-config • Router# clock set 10:30:10 28 January 2020
2. Showing the routing table 6. Set the clock rate
• Router# show ip route • Router(config-if)# clock rate 64000
3. Editing and Help Features 7. Set the bandwidth
• Router# c? • Router(config-if)# bandwidth 64
4. Set the hostnames
• Router(config)# hostname RouterA
• RouterA(config)#
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Passwords
1. Console
• Router(config)# line con 0
• Router(config-line)# password 111
• Router(config-line)# login
2. Privileged
• Router(config)# enable password 222
• or
• Router(config)# enable secret 222
3. Telnet
• Router(config)# line vty 0 4
• Router(config-line)# password 333
• Router(config-line)# login
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Packet Sniffing
1
2
Step 1+2 Go to Sniffer → GUI → Service, and
toggle Check On or Off to enable or disable packet
capturing. Then, select Port 0 or 1
Step 3 Clearing all incoming packets by clicking
on ‘Clear’
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Packet Sniffing (Cont.)
5
Step 4 Clicking on ‘Edit Filters’ to focus on
specific types of network traffic for more
precise analysis.
Step 5 We need to check ICMP because it is used
for ping to test connections between devices.
4
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Packet Sniffing (Cont.)
Step 6 Send packet from PC0 to PC1,
then click on it in the sniffer tool to view
details.
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Saving Configurations
• What Happens:
- When you configure a router, changes are stored in RAM (running-config).
- RAM is temporary – data is lost if the router restarts.
• Why It Matters:
- Without write → config is lost on reboot. With
- write → config is saved permanently in NVRAM (non-volatile).
• Don't forget to save the configurations on your router.
- Router# write
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Video explaining the experiment
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A8hdPdOdUtM&ab_channel=TariqOdeh
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Contact Me
Office: Aggad340
Ritaj ID: 8611
Email: tnodeh@birzeit.edu
Facebook: tariq0odeh
YouTube: tariq0odeh
LinkedIn: tariqodeh
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