Heaven’s Light is Our Guide

Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology

Dept. of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

Course Code: EEE 4182

Course Title: Digital Communication Sessional

Experiment No.: 01
Experiment Name: Experimental Study of PDF, CDF and MGF of signal-to-
noise ratio of Rayleigh Fading SISO channel

Submitted By: Submitted To:

Name: Umme Salma Tamanna Md. Khayrul Islam

Roll: 2001008 Lecturer,
Section: A Department of EEE,
Department: EEE RUET

Experiment Date: 15/07/2025

Submission Date: 29/07/2025
Experiment No.: 01
Name of the Experiment: Experimental Study of PDF, CDF and MGF of signal-to-noise ratio of
Rayleigh Fading SISO channel
Objectives:

• To evaluate the impact of Rayleigh fading on wireless system performance based on the
statistical analysis of SNR
• To derive analytical expressions for PDF, CDF and MGF
• To use computational tools (Mathematica) to numerically compute PDF, CDF, and MGF
values over a range of average SNR values
• To plot PDF Vs. SNR, CDF Vs. SNR, MGF Vs. s and compare and interpret how these
statistical measures change with different SNR levels

Theory:

In wireless communication, a Rayleigh fading SISO (Single Input Single Output) channel models
the signal propagation in environments where there is no direct line-of-sight (LOS) between the
transmitter and receiver. Instead, the signal reaches the receiver through multiple reflected,
scattered, or diffracted paths.

The fading amplitude in such a channel follows a Rayleigh distribution, which is appropriate when
the multipath components are assumed to be statistically independent and uniformly distributed in
phase. The instantaneous SNR in a Rayleigh fading channel is a random variable, and its statistical
behavior is key to analyzing system performance. The SNR γ follows an exponential distribution
because the channel amplitude is Rayleigh distributed and power is proportional to |h|2

1. Problem Statement: The probability density function of the signal-to-noise ratio of Rayleigh
Fading SISO is given by
1 𝛾
𝑓𝛾 (𝛾) = exp ( ) , 𝛾 > 0
𝛾̅ 𝛾̅
(a) Derive the expressions of
(i) The cumulative distribution function of γ.
(ii) The moment generation function of γ.
(iii) The amount of fading in Rayleigh fading SISO channel.
(b) write the programs of
(i) The probability density function of γ.
(ii) The cumulative distribution function of γ.
(iii) The moment generation function of γ.

(c) Explain the numerical results of

(i) The probability density function of γ.

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 (ii) The cumulative distribution function of γ.
(iii) The moment generation function of γ.

2. Derivation of Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) of 𝜸

The formula for finding CDF is given by-

𝜸
𝑭𝜸 (𝜸) = ∫ 𝒇𝜸 (𝜸) 𝒅𝜸 … … … (𝟏)
𝟎
By using the above formula, we can find the expression of CDF as follows-
𝛾
1 −𝛾
 𝐹𝛾 (𝛾) = ∫ 𝑒 𝛾̅ 𝑑𝛾
0 𝛾̅
𝛾
1 𝛾 −
= ∫ 𝑒 𝛾̅
̅ 0
𝑑𝛾
𝛾

1 −𝛾 1
= [𝑒 𝛾̅ . ]
𝛾̅ 1
− 𝛾̅
0
𝛾
−̅
𝛾. ]

= − [𝑒
0
𝛾
−̅
= − [𝑒 𝛾 − 𝑒 0]
𝛾
−̅
= − [𝑒 𝛾 − 1]
𝜸
−̅
 𝑭𝜸 (𝜸) = 𝟏 − 𝒆 𝜸 … … … … (𝟐)
Equation-2 is the Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) of Rayleigh Fading SISO channel.

3. Derivation of Moment Generating Function (MGF) of 𝜸

The formula for finding MGF is given by-
∞
𝑀𝛾 (𝑠) = ∫ 𝑓𝛾 (𝛾)𝑒 𝑠𝛾 𝑑𝛾
0
By using the above formula, we can find the expression of MGF as follows
∞
1 −𝛾̅ 𝑠𝛾
𝑀𝛾 (𝑠) = ∫ 𝑒 𝛾 𝑒 𝑑𝛾
0 𝛾̅
𝛾
1 ∞ −
= 𝛾̅ ∫0 𝑒 𝛾̅ 𝑒 𝑠𝛾 𝑑𝛾
1 ∞ (𝑠𝛾−𝛾̅)
= ∫ 𝑒 𝛾 𝑑𝛾
𝛾̅ 0
1
1 ∞ −( ̅ −𝑠)
= 𝛾̅ ∫0 𝑒 𝛾 𝑑𝛾
1 ∞ −(1−𝑠 
= ∫ 𝑒 ̅ ) 𝑑𝛾
𝛾̅ 0

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 1 1 1−𝑠 ∞
−( )
= . [𝑒 ̅ ]
𝛾̅ 1 − 𝑠
− ( ̅ ) 0
1
=− [𝑒 −∞ − 𝑒 0 ]
(1 − 𝑠)
1
=− [0 − 1]
(1 − 𝑠)
1
=
(1 − 𝑠)
 𝑴𝜸 (𝒔) = (𝟏 − 𝒔𝜸 ̅)−𝟏 … … … … …(3)
Equation-3 is the Moment Generating Function (MGF) of Rayleigh Fading SISO channel.

Required Apparatus:

• Wolefram Mathematica software

Code for PDF:
SNRADB=5;
snra=10SNRADB/10;
strm=OpenWrite["E:\PDF.txt"];
For[SNRdB=0,SNRdB<35.1,SNRdB++,
snr=10SNRdB/10//N;
PDF1=1/snra*Exp[-(snr/snra)];
Print["SNR=",SNRdB,"dB\t",PDF1];
Write[strm,PDF1];
];
Close[strm];

Code for CDF:

SNRADB=5;
snra=10SNRADB/10;
strm=OpenWrite["E:\CDF.txt”];
For[SNRdB=0,SNRdB<35.1,SNRdB++,
snr=10SNRdB/10//N;
CDF1=1-Exp[-(snr/snra)];
Print[“SNR=”,SNRdB,”dB\t”,CDF1];
Write[strm,CDF1];
];
Close[strm];

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Code for MGF:
SNRADB=5;
snra=10^(SNRADB/10);

strm=OpenWrite["E:\\MGF.txt"];

For[s=1,s<=35,s+=1,MGF=1/(1-s*snra);
Print["s = ",NumberForm[s,{3,2}],"\tMGF = ",MGF];
Write[strm,MGF];
];
Numerical data and Graphical representation:
Table 1.1 Data table for PDF for different SNR
SNR PDF value at PDF value at PDF value at SNR PDF PDF PDF value at
SNR =5 SNR =10 SNR=15 value at value at SNR =15
SNR =5 SNR =10
0 0.230496336 0.090483742 0.03063842 18 6.83E-10 3.5503E- 0.006481711
05
1 0.212375421 0.088170959 0.030388581 19 3.90E-12 4.54E-06 0.004300001
2 0.191574257 0.085343208 0.030076945 20 5.84E-15 3.41E-07 0.002565084
3 0.168259156 0.081911873 0.029689157 21 1.62E-18 1.31E-08 0.001338567
4 0.142898487 0.077787562 0.029208063 22 5.42E-23 2.16E-10 0.000590259
5 0.116333694 0.072889341 0.028613472 23 1.25E-28 1.23E-12 0.000210558
6 0.089795721 0.067159005 0.027882105 24 1.01E-35 1.85E-15 5.75158E-05
7 0.064817105 0.060581099 0.026987892 25 1.18E-44 5.13E-19 1.12273E-05
8 0.043000013 0.053208217 0.025902809 26 6.69E-56 1.71E-23 1.44E-06
9 0.02565084 0.045188469 0.024598587 27 4.67E-70 3.96E-29 1.08E-07
10 0.013385675 0.036787944 0.023049634 28 7.03E-88 3.18E-36 4.14E-09
11 0.005902589 0.0283959 0.021237542 29 2.57E- 3.72E-45 6.83E-11
110
12 0.002105579 0.020496968 0.019157426 30 1.46E- 2.12E-56 3.90E-13
138
13 0.000575158 0.013597798 0.016825916 31 4.02E- 1.48E-70 5.84E-16
174
14 0.000112273 0.008111508 0.014289849 32 6.87E- 2.22E-88 1.62E-19
219
15 1.43567E-05 0.004232922 0.011633369 33 3.01E275 8.13E- 5.42E-24
111
16 1.08E-06 0.001866562 0.008979572 34 0 4.61E- 1.25E-29
139
17 4.14E-08 0.000665842 0.030388581 35 0 3.5503E- 1.01E-36
05

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 PDF vs SNR
0.25

Probability Density
PDF value of SNR=5
0.2

Function (PDF)
PDF value of SNR=10
0.15 PDF value of SNR=15
0.1
0.05
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

SNR

Figure 1.1. Probability Density Function(PDF) vs Signal to Noise Ratio(SNR) graph for Rayleigh fading
SISO channel.

Description for PDF Vs. SNR graph

This graph illustrates how the PDF varies with different average SNR levels. At low SNR (e.g., 5
dB), the PDF decreases sharply, indicating stronger fading and higher noise impact. At higher SNR
values (10 or 15 dB), the PDF declines more gradually, showing reduced fading effects and clearer
signal quality.

Table 1.2 Data table for CDF for different SNR:

SNR CDF value at CDF value at CDF value at SNR CDF value CDF value CDF value
SNR =5 SNR =10 SNR =15 at SNR=5 at SNR =10 at SNR=15
0 0.271106586 0.095162582 0.039028683 17 0.999999869 0.993341575 0.86402202
1 0.328409951 0.118290411 0.048883502 18 0.999999998 0.998181191 0.918884923
2 0.394189007 0.146567921 0.061146411 19 1 0.999644961 0.95767078
3 0.467917829 0.180881266 0.076359935 20 1 0.9999546 0.981334375
4 0.548115307 0.222124383 0.095162582 21 1 0.999996592 0.993341575
5 0.632120559 0.271106586 0.118290411 22 1 0.999999869 0.998181191
6 0.716040998 0.328409951 0.146567921 23 1 0.999999998 0.999644961
7 0.795030316 0.394189007 0.180881266 24 1 1 0.9999546
8 0.86402202 0.467917829 0.222124383 25 1 1 0.999996592
9 0.918884923 0.548115307 0.271106586 26 1 1 0.999999869
10 0.95767078 0.632120559 0.328409951 27 1 1 0.999999998
11 0.981334375 0.716040998 0.394189007 28 1 1 1
12 0.993341575 0.795030316 0.467917829 29 1 1 1

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 13 0.998181191 0.86402202 0.548115307 30 1 1 1
14 0.999644961 0.918884923 0.632120559 31 1 1 1
15 0.9999546 0.95767078 0.716040998 32 1 1 1
16 0.999996592 0.981334375 0.795030316 33 1 1 1

1.2
CDF vs SNR
Distribution Function

1
Cumulative

0.8
(CDF)

0.6 CDF value of SNR=5

0.4 CDF value of SNR=10
CDF value of SNR=15
0.2

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

SNR

Figure 1.2. Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) vs Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) graph for
Rayleigh fading SISO channel.

Description for CDF Vs. SNR graph

This graph shows the CDF versus SNR for average values of 5, 10, and 15 dB. The CDF indicates
the probability that the SNR is below a certain level. As average SNR increases, the curves shift
right, meaning stronger signals become more likely, and weak signals occur less often. The CDF
approaches to 1 as SNR increases.

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Table 1.3 Data table for PDF for different s:

s MGF value MGF value MGF value s MGF value MGF value MGF value
at SNR =5 at SNR =10 at SNR =15 at SNR =5 at SNR =10 at SNR =15
0 - - - 18 - - -
0.462475296 0.111111111 0.032655432 0.016925263 0.005291005 0.001583643
1 -0.18780911 -0.0526vs - 19 -0.01606540 - -
3157 0.016065405 0.005025126 0.001508117
2 -0.11782958 -0.03448275 -0.01065322 20 -0.0152886 - -
0.004784689 0.001439468
3 -0.08584346 -0.02564102 - 21 -0.01458361 -0.00456621 -
0.007968692 0.001376796
4 -0.06751561 -0.02040816 -0.00636481 22 -0.01394070 - -
0.004366812 0.001319354
5 -0.05563695 -0.01694915 - 23 -0.01335208 -0.0041841 -
0.005298388 0.001266513
6 -0.04731276 -0.01449275 -0.00453804 24 -0.0128111 - -
0.004016064 0.001217742
7 -0.04115527 -0.0126582 - 25 -0.01231235 - -
0.003968534 0.003861004 0.001172587
8 -0.03641594 -0.01123595 - 26 -0.01185093 - -
0.003526031 0.003717472 0.001130662
9 -0.03265543 -0.01010101 - 27 -0.01142285 - -
0.003172309 0.003584229 0.001091631
10 -0.02959888 -0.00917431 - 28 -0.01102462 - -
0.002883086 0.003460208 0.001055205
11 -0.02706555 -0.00840336 - 29 -0.01065322 - -
0.002642194 0.003344482 0.001021131
12 -0.02493168 -0.00775193 - 30 -0.01030602 - -
0.002438453 0.003236246 0.000989189
13 -0.02310969 -0.00719424 - 31 -0.00998074 - -
0.002263883 0.003134796 0.000959185
14 -0.02153586 -0.00671149 - 32 -0.00967537 - -
0.002112639 0.003039514 0.000930948
15 -0.02016273 -0.00628938 - 33 -0.00938813 - -
0.001980338 0.002949853 0.000904325
16 -0.01895421 -0.0059171 -0.00186363 34 -0.00911745 -0.00286533 -
0.001583643
17 -0.01788237 -0.00558659 - 35 -0.01692526 - -
0.001759913 0.005291005 0.001508117

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 0
0 10 20 30 40
-0.1

-0.2 MGF value at SNRDB=15

MGF
MGF value at SNRDB=5
-0.3
MGF value at SNRDB=10

-0.4

-0.5
S

Figure 1.3. Moment Generation Function(MGF) vs Variable (s) graph for Rayleigh fading SISO
channel
Description for MGF Vs. s graph
The MGF Vs. s graph shows how MGF changes with S for SNR values of 5, 10, and 15 dB. Higher
SNR (15 dB) results in a slower drop and higher MGF, indicating better signal stability. Lower
SNR (5 dB) shows a lower MGF and more variation, while 10 dB falls in between, showing
moderate stability.

Discussion:

This report analyzes how varying average Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) levels affect the statistical
behavior of a Rayleigh fading SISO (Single Input Single Output) channel using three key metrics:
PDF, CDF, and MGF.

• Probability Density Function (PDF): As the average SNR increases, the PDF flattens and
widens, indicating greater variability in instantaneous SNR values. Lower SNR results in
a sharper peak, suggesting more consistent but weaker signal strengths. All distributions
exhibit right skewness due to the non-negative nature of SNR.
• Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF): At lower SNR, the CDF rises and saturates
rapidly, showing that most SNR values are concentrated near the lower end. Higher SNR
shifts the CDF rightward with a more gradual slope, indicating a broader range of signal
quality before full probability accumulation.
• Moment Generating Function (MGF): The MGF values remain negative and tend
toward zero as the variable ss increases. Higher average SNR produces flatter MGF curves,
signifying a more dispersed signal distribution. Lower SNR exhibits steeper MGF slopes,
reflecting greater signal concentration.

These patterns reveal how SNR controls the shape and spread of signal quality distributions.
Higher SNR leads to more variability in signal strength but improves the likelihood of stronger
signals, which is beneficial for system performance.

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