DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINERRING

CS25C01-COMPUTER PROGRAMMING:C LABORATORY

(COMMON TO CSE,IT, AI&DS,AIML,BIO-MEDICAL,ECE,EEE)
REGULATION 2025 LAB MANUAL
FIRST YEAR (ODD SEM)
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2025-2026
PREPARED BY

NAME

REGISTER NO.

YEAR / SEM.

DEPARTMENT

SECTION

Prepared by HOD PRINCIPAL

 LAB SYLLABUS
CS25C01 -COMPUTER PROGRAMMING: C
UNIT TITLES

Practical: Create Problem Analysis Charts, Flowcharts and Pseudocode

1
for simple C programs (Minimum three).

2 Practical: Usage of conditional logics in programs. (Minimum three)

3 Practical: Usage of functions in programs. (Minimum three)

Practical: Programs using pointers, dynamic memory, pointer

4
Arithmetic, string manipulations, array operations. (Minimum three)

5 Practical: Program to use structures and unions

6 Programs reading/writing data in text and binary files (Minimum three).

Practical: Use of standard and user-defined libraries in solving

7
problems. (Minimum three)

8 Project (Minimum Two)

 INDEX
:
FACULTY
EX.NO DATE NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT MARK
SIGNATURE
CREATE PROBLEM
ANALYSISCHARTS,FLOWCHARTS AND
1A
PSEUDOCODE FOR ADD TWO NUMBERS C
PROGRAMS

1B TO CONVERT TEMPERATURE FROM

CELSIUS TO FAHRENHEIT
1C
TO SWAP TWO NUMBERS

2A CHECK IF A NUMBER IS POSITIVE,

NEGATIVE, OR ZERO
2B
TO CHECK FOR ODD OR EVEN NUMBER
2C
TO CHECK ARMSTRONG NUMBER

2D TO DESIGN A SCIENTIFIC CALCULATOR

USING SWITCH CASE IN C

3A TO DISPLAY PRIME NUMBERS BETWEEN

TWO INTERVALS USING FUNCTIONS

3B TO CHECK QUADRATIC EQUATION ROOTS

USING FUNCTIONS

3C SWAPPING TWO NUMBERS USING CALL BY

VALUE AND CALL BY REFERENCE IN C

3D TO FIND SUM OF NATURAL NUMBERS

USING RECURSION
WRITE A PROGRAM TO ENTER MARKS OF
5 SUBJECTS AND CALCULATE
3E
PERCENTAGEUSING FUNCTION
PROTOTYPE
4A
EMPLOYEE DETAILS
4B
TOWER OF HANOI
4C
POINTER ARITHMETIC

4D
STRING MANIPULATION
 FACULTY
EX.NO DATE NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT MARK
SIGNATURE
4E
ARRAY OPERATIONS

4F
MATRIX OPERATION

5A STUDENT INFORMATION USING

STRUCTURES

5B BOOK DETAILS USING NESTED

STRUCTURES
5C
EMPLOYEE DETAILS USING UNIONS

6A
FILE OPERATION IN C (TEXT FILE)

6B
FILE OPERATION IN C (BINARY FILES)

7A
STANDARD LIBRARIES IN C

7B
USER-DEFINED LIBRARIES

8A
PROJECT(Tic-Tac-Toe game)
8B
PROJECT(Student Record Management System)
 CREATE PROBLEM ANALYSIS CHARTS, FLOWCHARTS AND PSEUDOCODE
FOR SIMPLE C PROGRAMS
EX.NO CREATE PROBLEM ANALYSIS CHARTS, DATE
FLOWCHARTS AND PSEUDOCODE FOR ADD TWO
1A NUMBERS C PROGRAMS
AIM:
To Create problem analysis charts, flowcharts and pseudocode for add two numbers c
programs.
PROBLEM ANALYSIS CHARTS:
Component Description

Input num1, num2

Process Calculate Sum = num1+num2

Output Sum
ALGORITHM:
1. Start
2. Declare three variables: num1, num2, and sum.
3. Read the value of num1.
4. Read the value of num2.
5. Compute sum = num1 + num2.
6. Display the value of sum.
7. Stop
PSEUDOCODE:
BEGIN
DECLARE num1, num2, sum AS INTEGER
PRINT "Enter first number:"
READ num1
PRINT "Enter second number:"
READ num2
sum ← num1 + num2
PRINT "Sum = ", sum
END
FLOWCHART:

OUTPUT:
Enter first number: 5
Enter second number: 6
Sum = 11
PROGRAM:
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int num1, num2, sum;

printf("Enter first number: ");

scanf("%d", &num1);

printf("Enter second number: ");

scanf("%d", &num2);

sum = num1 + num2;

printf("Sum = %d\n", sum);

return 0;
}

RESULT:
Thus, the C program to add two numbers was executed successfully.
 EX.NO DATE
TO CONVERT TEMPERATURE FROM CELSIUS TO
1B FAHRENHEIT

AIM:
To create problem analysis charts, flowcharts and pseudocode to convert
temperature from celsius to Fahrenheit C programs.
PROBLEM ANALYSIS CHARTS:

Required Results
Given Data (Input) Processing (Formula/Steps)
(Output)
1. Read the temperature value
in Celsius.
2. Calculate the Fahrenheit
The equivalent value using the formula:
A temperature value
temperature value in F=C×95+32cap F equals cap
in Celsius (°C).
Fahrenheit (°F). C cross nine-fifths plus 32
𝐹=𝐶×95+32
3. Display the calculated
temperature in Fahrenheit.
ALGORITHM:
Step-1 Start
Step-2 Input temperature in Fahrenheit say F
Step-3 C = 5.0/9.0 (F - 32 )
Step-4 Display Temperature in Celsius C
Step-5 Stop
PSEUDOCODE:
BEGIN
DECLARE celsius, fahrenheit AS REAL

PRINT "Enter temperature in Celsius:"

READ celsius

fahrenheit ← (celsius * 9 / 5) + 32

PRINT "Temperature in Fahrenheit = ", fahrenheit

END
FLOWCHART:

OUTPUT:
Enter temperature in Celsius: 20
Temperature in Fahrenheit = 68.00
PROGRAM:
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
float celsius, fahrenheit;

printf("Enter temperature in Celsius: ");

scanf("%f", &celsius);

fahrenheit = (celsius * 9 / 5) + 32;

printf("Temperature in Fahrenheit = %.2f\n", fahrenheit);

return 0;
}

RESULT:
Thus, the C program to convert temperature from Celsius to
Fahrenheit was executed successfully.
 EX.NO DATE
TO SWAP TWO NUMBERS
1C
AIM:
To create problem analysis charts, flowcharts and pseudocode to Swap Two
Numbers using C program.
PROBLEM ANALYSIS CHARTS:

Input Process Output

Two numbers A, B Swap values of A and B using temp variable A and B after swapping

ALGORITHM:
Step-1 Start
Step-2 Input Two Numbers Say NUM1,NUM2
Step-3 Display Before Swap Values NUM1, NUM2
Step-4 TEMP = NUM1
Step-5 NUM1 = NUM2
Step-6 NUM2 = NUM1
Step-7 Display After Swap Values NUM1,NUM
Step-8 Stop
PSEUDOCODE:
BEGIN
DECLARE A, B, temp AS INTEGER
PRINT "Enter two numbers:"
READ A, B
temp ← A
A←B
B ← temp
PRINT "After swapping: A =", A, " B =", B
END
FLOWCHART:

OUTPUT:
Enter two numbers: 55 25
After swapping: A = 25, B = 55
PROGRAM:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int A, B, C;
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d", &A, &B);
C = A;
A = B;
B = C;
printf("After swapping: A = %d, B = %d\n", A, B);
return 0;
}

RESULT:
Thus, the C program to swap two numbers was executed successfully.
 USAGE OF CONDITIONAL LOGICS IN PROGRAMS.
EX.NO DATE
CHECK IF A NUMBER IS POSITIVE,
2A
NEGATIVE, OR ZERO
AIM:
To check if a number is positive, negative, or zero using conditionals
statements.
PROBLEM ANALYSIS CHARTS:

Input Process Output

If n > 0 → Positive
A number (n) If n < 0 → Negative Message: “Positive”, “Negative” or “Zero”
Else → Zero
PSEUDOCODE:
BEGIN
DECLARE n AS INTEGER

PRINT "Enter a number:"

READ n

IF n > 0 THEN
PRINT "Number is Positive"
ELSE IF n < 0 THEN
PRINT "Number is Negative"
ELSE
PRINT "Number is Zero"
END IF
END
FLOWCHART:

OUTPUT:
Enter a number: 50
Number is Positive
Enter a number: -23
Number is Negative
Enter a number: 00
Number is Zero
PROGRAM:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int n;
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
if (n > 0) {
printf("Number is Positive\n");
}
else if (n < 0) {
printf("Number is Negative\n");
}
else {
printf("Number is Zero\n");
}

return 0;
}

RESULT:
Thus, the C program to check whether a given number is positive,
negative, or zero using conditional statements was executed successfully.
 EX.NO DATE

2B TO CHECK FOR ODD OR EVEN NUMBER

AIM:
To check for odd or even number using conditionals statements.
PROBLEM ANALYSIS CHART:
Input Output Processing Logic
A number n A message stating 1. Divide the number n by 2 using
whether the number the modulus operator %
is Odd or Even
2. If n % 2 == 0, then the number is
Even
3. Else, the number is Odd
ALGORITHM:
1. Start
2. Input a number n
3. Check if n % 2 == 0
 If true, then the number is Even
 If false, then the number is Odd
4. Display the result (Odd or Even)
5. Stop
PSEUDOCODE:
START
READ n
IF n % 2 == 0 THEN
PRINT "Even number"
ELSE
PRINT "Odd number"
ENDIF
STOP
 FLOWCHART:

OUTPUT:
Enter a number: 10
10 is Even

Enter a number: 5
5 is Odd
 PROGRAM:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int num;
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &num);
if(num % 2 == 0)
printf("%d is Even\n", num);
else
printf("%d is Odd\n", num);
return 0;
}

RESULT:
Thus, the C program to check whether a number is odd or even using
conditional statements was designed, implemented, and executed successfully
 EX.NO DATE
2c TO CHECK ARMSTRONG NUMBER

AIM:
To Check Armstrong Number using conditionals statements.
PROBLEM ANALYSIS CHART:
Input Output Processing Logic
1. Copy the number into a temporary
variable.
2. Count the number of digits in the
A message stating number.
whether the number is 3. Extract each digit, raise it to the
A number n
Armstrong or Not power of the number of digits, and add
Armstrong to sum.
4. After processing all digits:
 If sum == original number →
Armstrong Number
 Else → Not Armstrong Number
ALGORITHM:
1. Start
2. Input a number n
3. Store the number in a temporary variable temp
4. Count the number of digits in n → digits
5. Initialize sum = 0
6. Repeat until n becomes 0:
 Extract the last digit → digit = n % 10
 Compute digit^digits and add to sum
 Remove the last digit → n = n / 10
7. If sum == temp, then the number is an Armstrong number
Else, it is not an Armstrong number
8. Stop
PSEUDOCODE:
START
READ n
SET temp = n
SET sum = 0
FIND number of digits = digits
WHILE n > 0 DO
digit = n % 10
sum = sum + (digit ^ digits)
n = n / 10
 END WHILE
IF sum == temp THEN
PRINT "Armstrong number"
ELSE
PRINT "Not Armstrong number"
END IF
STOP
FLOWCHART:
PROGRAM:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main( )
{
int num, temp, digit, digits = 0;
double sum = 0;
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &num);
temp = num;
int n = num;
while(n > 0) {
n /= 10;
digits++;
}
n = num;
while(n > 0)
{
digit = n % 10;
sum += pow(digit, digits);
n /= 10;
}
if((int)sum == temp)
printf("%d is an Armstrong number.\n", temp);
else
printf("%d is not an Armstrong number.\n", temp);
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
Enter a number: 153
153 is an Armstrong number.

Enter a number: 173

173 is not an Armstrong number.
RESULT:

Thus, the C program to check whether a number is an Armstrong number

was executed successfully.
 EX.NO DATE
2d TO DESIGN A SCIENTIFIC CALCULATOR USING
SWITCH CASE IN C
AIM:
To design a Scientific Calculator using switch case in C

ALGORITHM:
1. Start
2. Display the menu of operations (Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication,
Division, Modulus, Power, Square Root, etc.)
3. Input user's choice
4. Use switch statement to perform the selected operation
5. For each case:
 Input required numbers
 Perform operation
 Display result
6. If invalid choice → display error message
7. End
FLOWCHART:
PROGRAM:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

int main() {
int choice;
double num1, num2, result;

printf("Scientific Calculator\n");
printf("1. Addition (+)\n");
printf("2. Subtraction (-)\n");
printf("3. Multiplication (*)\n");
printf("4. Division (/)\n");
printf("5. Modulus (%%)\n");
printf("6. Power (^)\n");
printf("7. Square Root (√)\n");
printf("Enter your choice: ");
scanf("%d", &choice);

switch(choice) {
case 1: // Addition
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%lf %lf", &num1, &num2);
result = num1 + num2;
printf("Result: %.2lf\n", result);
break;
case 2: // Subtraction
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%lf %lf", &num1, &num2);
result = num1 - num2;
printf("Result: %.2lf\n", result);
break;
case 3: // Multiplication
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%lf %lf", &num1, &num2);
result = num1 * num2;
printf("Result: %.2lf\n", result);
break;
case 4: // Division
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%lf %lf", &num1, &num2);
if(num2 != 0) {
result = num1 / num2;
printf("Result: %.2lf\n", result);
} else {
printf("Error: Division by zero!\n");
}
OUTPUT:
Scientific Calculator
1. Addition (+)
2. Subtraction (-)
3. Multiplication (*)
4. Division (/)
5. Modulus (%)
6. Power (^)
7. Square Root (√)
Enter your choice: 1
Enter two numbers: 78 50
Result: 128.00

Scientific Calculator
1. Addition (+)
2. Subtraction (-)
3. Multiplication (*)
4. Division (/)
5. Modulus (%)
6. Power (^)
7. Square Root (√)
Enter your choice: 7
Enter a number: 49
Result: 7.00
 break;
case 5: // Modulus
{
int a, b, res;
printf("Enter two integers: ");
scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);
if(b != 0) {
res = a % b;
printf("Result: %d\n", res);
} else {
printf("Error: Division by zero!\n");
}
}
break;
case 6: // Power
printf("Enter base and exponent: ");
scanf("%lf %lf", &num1, &num2);
result = pow(num1, num2);
printf("Result: %.2lf\n", result);
break;
case 7: // Square Root
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%lf", &num1);
if(num1 >= 0) {
result = sqrt(num1);
printf("Result: %.2lf\n", result);
} else {
printf("Error: Negative number cannot have real square root!\n");
}
break;
default:
printf("Invalid choice!\n");
}

return 0;
}

RESULT:
Thus, the C program to design a scientific calculator using switch case was
executed successfully.
 USAGE OF FUNCTIONS IN PROGRAMS
EX.NO DATE
TO DISPLAY PRIME NUMBERS BETWEEN TWO
3A INTERVALS USING FUNCTIONS

AIM:
To Display Prime Numbers between Two Intervals Using
Functions.
ALGORITHM:
1. Start
2. Input two numbers: lower and upper (interval)
3. For each number n from lower to upper:
o Call a function isPrime(n) to check if n is prime
o If isPrime(n) returns true → print n
4. End

FLOWCHART:
OUTPUT:
Enter the lower and upper limits: 1 100
Prime numbers between 1 and 100 are:
2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43 47 53 59 61 67 71 73 79 83 89 97
PROGRAM:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int isPrime(int num)
{
if (num <= 1)
return 0; // Not prime
for (int i = 2; i <= sqrt(num); i++)
{
if (num % i == 0)
return 0; // Not prime
}
return 1;
}

int main()
{
int lower, upper;
printf("Enter the lower and upper limits: ");
scanf("%d %d", &lower, &upper);

printf("Prime numbers between %d and %d are:\n", lower, upper);

for (int i = lower; i <= upper; i++) {
if (isPrime(i))
printf("%d ", i);
}

return 0;
}

RESULT:
Thus, the C program to display prime numbers between two intervals
using functions was executed successfully.
 USAGE OF FUNCTIONS IN PROGRAMS
EX.NO DATE
TO CHECK QUADRATIC EQUATION ROOTS USING
3b FUNCTIONS

AIM:
To check quadratic equation roots using functions.
ALGORITHM:
1. Start
2. Input coefficients a, b, and c of the quadratic equation ax² + bx + c = 0
3. Call a function findRoots(a, b, c) to determine the roots
4. Inside findRoots function:
o Calculate the discriminant D = b² - 4ac
o If D > 0, roots are real and distinct
o If D == 0, roots are real and equal
o If D < 0, roots are complex
o Display the roots
5. End
FLOWCHART:
OUTPUT:
Enter coefficients a, b, and c: 2 1 3
Roots are complex: -0.25 + 1.20i and -0.25 - 1.20i
PROGRAM:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
// Function to find roots of quadratic equation
void findRoots(int a, int b, int c) {
float D = b*b - 4*a*c;
float root1, root2, realPart, imagPart;
if (D > 0) {
root1 = (-b + sqrt(D)) / (2*a);
root2 = (-b - sqrt(D)) / (2*a);
printf("Roots are real and distinct: %.2f and %.2f\n", root1, root2);
} else if (D == 0) {
root1 = root2 = -b / (2.0*a);
printf("Roots are real and equal: %.2f and %.2f\n", root1, root2);
} else {
realPart = -b / (2.0*a);
imagPart = sqrt(-D) / (2.0*a);
printf("Roots are complex: %.2f + %.2fi and %.2f - %.2fi\n", realPart,
imagPart, realPart, imagPart);
}
}

int main() {
int a, b, c;
printf("Enter coefficients a, b, and c: ");
scanf("%d %d %d", &a, &b, &c);

findRoots(a, b, c);

return 0;
}

RESULT:
Thus, the C program to find the roots of a quadratic equation using functions
was executed successfully.
 USAGE OF FUNCTIONS IN PROGRAMS
EX.NO DATE

3C
SWAPPING TWO NUMBERS USING CALL BY
VALUE AND CALL BY REFERENCE IN C

AIM:
To check swapping two numbers using call by value and call by reference
in c
ALGORITHM
Call by Value
1. Start
2. Input two numbers a and b
3. Call a function swap(a, b)
4. Inside the function, swap the values using a temporary variable
5. Return to main function (values of a and b in main remain unchanged)
6. End
Call by Reference
1. Start
2. Input two numbers a and b
3. Call a function swap(&a, &b) (pass addresses)
4. Inside the function, swap the values using a temporary variable
5. Values of a and b in main function are swapped
6. End
FLOWCHART:
OUTPUT:
Enter two numbers: 45 78
---Using Call by Value---
Before swapping: a = 45, b = 78
Inside swapByValue function: a = 78, b = 45
After function call: a = 45, b = 78
---Using Call by Reference---
Before swapping: a = 45, b = 78
After function call: a = 78, b = 45
 PROGRAM:
#include <stdio.h>
// Call by Value
void swapByValue(int x, int y) {

int temp = x;
x = y;
y = temp;
printf("Inside swapByValue function: a = %d, b = %d\n", x, y);
}

// Call by Reference
void swapByReference(int *x, int *y) {
int temp = *x;
*x = *y;
*y = temp;
}
int main() {
int a, b;
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);
printf("\n---Using Call by Value---\n");
printf("Before swapping: a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b);
swapByValue(a, b);
printf("After function call: a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b); // Values unchanged
printf("\n---Using Call by Reference---\n");
printf("Before swapping: a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b);
swapByReference(&a, &b);
printf("After function call: a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b); // Values swapped
return 0;
}

RESULT:
Thus, the C program to swap two numbers using Call by Value and Call by
Reference was executed successfully.
 USAGE OF FUNCTIONS IN PROGRAMS
EX.NO DATE

3d
TO FIND SUM OF NATURAL NUMBERS
USING RECURSION

AIM:
To find sum of natural numbers using recursion
ALGORITHM:
1. Start
2. Input a positive integer n
3. Call a recursive function sum(n)
o If n == 0 → return 0
o Else → return n + sum(n-1)
4. Display the sum returned by the function
5. End
FLOWCHART:
OUTPUT:
Enter a positive integer: 5
Sum of first 5 natural numbers is 15
PROGRAM:
#include <stdio.h>
// Function to calculate sum of natural numbers recursively
int sum(int n) {
if(n == 0)
return 0;
else
return n + sum(n-1);
}

int main() {
int n;
printf("Enter a positive integer: ");
scanf("%d", &n);

int total = sum(n);

printf("Sum of first %d natural numbers is %d\n", n, total);

return 0;
}

RESULT:
Thus, the C program to find the sum of natural numbers using
recursion was executed successfully.
 USAGE OF FUNCTIONS IN PROGRAMS
EX.NO WRITE A PROGRAM TO ENTER MARKS OF 5 DATE

3e SUBJECTS AND CALCULATE PERCENTAGE

USING FUNCTION PROTOTYPE
AIM:
To write a program to enter marks of 5 subjects and calculate percentage
using function prototype
ALGORITHM:
1. Start
2. Input marks of 5 subjects
3. Call a function calculatePercentage(totalMarks) to calculate percentage
4. Call a function determineGrade(percentage) to determine grade based on
percentage
 90–100 → A
 80–89 → B
 70–79 → C
 60–69 → D
 <60 → F
5. Display percentage and grade
6. End
FLOWCHART:
OUTPUT:
Enter marks of 5 subjects: 98 95 96 94 96
Percentage: 95.80%
Grade: A
PROGRAM:
#include <stdio.h>
// Function prototypes
float calculatePercentage(int totalMarks);
char determineGrade(float percentage);
int main() {
int marks[5], total = 0;
float percentage;
char grade;
printf("Enter marks of 5 subjects: ");
for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
scanf("%d", &marks[i]);
total += marks[i];
}
percentage = calculatePercentage(total);
grade = determineGrade(percentage);
printf("Percentage: %.2f%%\n", percentage);
printf("Grade: %c\n", grade);
return 0;
}
// Function to calculate percentage
float calculatePercentage(int totalMarks) {
return (totalMarks / 500.0) * 100;
}
// Function to determine grade
char determineGrade(float percentage) {
if(percentage >= 90)
return 'A';
else if(percentage >= 80)
return 'B';
else if(percentage >= 70)
return 'C';
else if(percentage >= 60)
return 'D';
else
return 'F';
}
RESULT:
Thus, the C program to calculate percentage and grade for 5 subjects
using function prototypes was executed successfully.
 PROGRAMS USING POINTERS
EX.NO DATE

4A EMPLOYEE DETAILS

AIM:
To storing and displaying Employee Details using Pointers in C
Algorithm
1. Start
2. Declare a structure Employee with members: EmpID, Name, Age, Salary
3. Declare a pointer to the structure
4. Input employee details using the pointer
5. Display employee details using the pointer
6. End
 7.
OUTPUT:
Enter Employee ID: 9523
Enter Employee Name: RAJAN
Enter Employee Age: 28
Enter Employee Salary: 15800

---Employee Details---
Employee ID: 9523
Employee Name: RAJAN
Employee Age: 28
Employee Salary: 15800.00
PROGRAM:
#include <stdio.h>

struct Employee {
int EmpID;
char Name[50];
int Age;
float Salary;
};

int main() {
struct Employee e;
struct Employee *ptr;

ptr = &e; // Pointer to structure

// Input employee details

printf("Enter Employee ID: ");
scanf("%d", &ptr->EmpID);

printf("Enter Employee Name: ");

scanf(" %[^\n]s", ptr->Name); // To read string with spaces

printf("Enter Employee Age: ");

scanf("%d", &ptr->Age);

printf("Enter Employee Salary: ");

scanf("%f", &ptr->Salary);

// Display employee details

printf("\n---Employee Details---\n");
printf("Employee ID: %d\n", ptr->EmpID);
printf("Employee Name: %s\n", ptr->Name);
printf("Employee Age: %d\n", ptr->Age);
printf("Employee Salary: %.2f\n", ptr->Salary);

return 0;
}
RESULT:
Thus, the C program to store and display employee details using pointers
was executed successfully.
 PROGRAMS USING DYNAMIC MEMORY
EX.NO DATE

4B TOWER OF HANOI

AIM:
To solve the tower of Hanoi using dynamic memory (pointers)
ALGORITHM:
Algorithm (Tower of Hanoi)
1. Start
2. Input the number of disks n
3. Use dynamic memory allocation to store disk information (optional for
demonstration)
4. Call recursive function towerOfHanoi(n, source, auxiliary, destination)
o If n == 1 → move disk from source to destination
o Else →
1. Move n-1 disks from source to auxiliary
2. Move the nth disk from source to destination
3. Move n-1 disks from auxiliary to destination
5. Display the moves
6. Free dynamically allocated memory
7. End
OUTPUT:
Enter the number of disks: 3
The sequence of moves are:
Move disk 1 from A to C
Move disk 2 from A to B
Move disk 1 from C to B
Move disk 3 from A to C
Move disk 1 from B to A
Move disk 2 from B to C
Move disk 1 from A to C
PROGRAM:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
// Function to solve Tower of Hanoi
void towerOfHanoi(int n, char source, char auxiliary, char destination) {
if (n == 1) {
printf("Move disk 1 from %c to %c\n", source, destination);
return;
}
towerOfHanoi(n - 1, source, destination, auxiliary);
printf("Move disk %d from %c to %c\n", n, source, destination);
towerOfHanoi(n - 1, auxiliary, source, destination);
}
int main() {
int *n;
n = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int)); // Dynamic memory allocation
if (n == NULL) {
printf("Memory allocation failed!\n");
return 1;
}

printf("Enter the number of disks: ");

scanf("%d", n);
printf("The sequence of moves are:\n");
towerOfHanoi(*n, 'A', 'B', 'C');
free(n); // Free dynamically allocated memory
return 0;
}

RESULT:
Thus, the C program to solve the Tower of Hanoi problem using dynamic
memory was executed successfully.
 PROGRAMS USING POINTER ARITHMETIC
EX.NO DATE

4C POINTER ARITHMETIC

AIM
To understand and demonstrate pointer arithmetic in C by performing
operations such as increment, decrement, addition, subtraction, and finding the
difference between pointers.
ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare an array of elements (e.g., integers)
3. Declare a pointer and initialize it to point to the first element of the array
4. Perform pointer arithmetic operations:
o Increment pointer (ptr++) → move to next element
o Decrement pointer (ptr--) → move to previous element
o Addition (ptr + n) → move n elements forward
o Subtraction (ptr - n) → move n elements backward
o Difference between two pointers (ptr1 - ptr2) → number of
elements between them
5. Access and display the value of elements using pointer after each
operation
6. End
OUTPUT:
Pointer Arithmetic Demonstration:

Pointer points to address: 0x7fff7f6418f0, Value: 10

After ptr++ -> Address: 0x7fff7f6418f4, Value: 20
After ptr-- -> Address: 0x7fff7f6418f0, Value: 10
After ptr + 3 -> Address: 0x7fff7f6418fc, Value: 40
After ptr - 2 -> Address: 0x7fff7f6418f4, Value: 20
Difference between ptr2 and ptr: 3 elements
PROGRAM:
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int arr[] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
int *ptr = arr; // Pointer to first element
int *ptr2;

printf("Pointer Arithmetic Demonstration:\n\n");

// Initial pointer value

printf("Pointer points to address: %p, Value: %d\n", ptr, *ptr);

// Increment
ptr++;
printf("After ptr++ -> Address: %p, Value: %d\n", ptr, *ptr);

// Decrement
ptr--;
printf("After ptr-- -> Address: %p, Value: %d\n", ptr, *ptr);

// Addition
ptr = ptr + 3;
printf("After ptr + 3 -> Address: %p, Value: %d\n", ptr, *ptr);

// Subtraction
ptr = ptr - 2;
printf("After ptr - 2 -> Address: %p, Value: %d\n", ptr, *ptr);

// Difference between pointers

ptr2 = &arr[4];
printf("Difference between ptr2 and ptr: %ld elements\n", ptr2 - ptr);

return 0;
}
RESULT:
Thus, the C program to demonstrate pointer arithmetic was executed
successfully.
 PROGRAMS USING STRING MANIPULATION
EX.NO DATE

4D STRING MANIPULATION

AIM
To understand and demonstrate string manipulation in C using built-in
functions and basic operations like copy, concatenate, compare, length, and
reverse.
ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare string variables.
3. Input strings from the user using scanf() or gets().
4. Perform string operations:
o Copy one string to another using strcpy()
o Concatenate two strings using strcat()
o Compare two strings using strcmp()
o Find length of a string using strlen()
o Reverse a string manually or using a function
5. Display results of all operations.
6. End
OUTPUT:
Enter first string: RAJAN
Enter second string: RAM
Copied string: RAJAN
Concatenated string: RAJANRAM
Strings are not equal.
Length of second string: 3
Reversed second string: MAR
PROGRAM:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
char str1[50], str2[50], str3[50];
int result, len, i;
char temp;
printf("Enter first string: ");
scanf("%s", str1);
printf("Enter second string: ");
scanf("%s", str2);
// Copy
strcpy(str3, str1);
printf("Copied string: %s\n", str3);
// Concatenate
strcat(str1, str2);
printf("Concatenated string: %s\n", str1);
// Compare
result = strcmp(str1, str2);
if(result == 0)
printf("Strings are equal.\n");
else
printf("Strings are not equal.\n");
// Length
len = strlen(str2);
printf("Length of second string: %d\n", len);
// Reverse str2 manually
int n = strlen(str2);
for(i = 0; i < n/2; i++) {
temp = str2[i];
str2[i] = str2[n-i-1];
str2[n-i-1] = temp;
}
printf("Reversed second string: %s\n", str2);
return 0;
}
RESULT:
Thus, the C program to demonstrate string manipulations was executed
successfully.
 PROGRAMS USING ARRAY OPERATIONS
EX.NO DATE

4E ARRAY OPERATIONS

AIM
To understand and demonstrate basic array operations in C, including
traversing, inserting, deleting, searching, and sorting elements of an array.
ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare an array of suitable size.
3. Input elements into the array using a loop.
4. Perform required array operations:
o Traversal: Access and display all elements.
o Insertion: Insert an element at a given position.
o Deletion: Delete an element from a given position.
o Searching: Find a given element using linear or binary search.
o Sorting: Sort the array in ascending or descending order.
5. Display the results after each operation.
6. End
7.
OUTPUT:
Enter number of elements: 5
Enter 5 elements:
42
45
78
96
23
Array elements are: 42 45 78 96 23
Enter position to insert element (1 to 6): 4
Enter value to insert: 8
Array after insertion: 42 45 78 8 96 23
Enter position to delete element (1 to 6): 4
Array after deletion: 42 45 78 96 23
Enter element to search: 96
Element 96 found at position 4
Array after sorting: 23 42 45 78 96
PROGRAM:
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int arr[100], n, i, pos, value, search, found=0, j, temp;

// Input array
printf("Enter number of elements: ");
scanf("%d", &n);

printf("Enter %d elements: ", n);

for(i=0; i<n; i++)
scanf("%d", &arr[i]);

// Traversal
printf("Array elements are: ");
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
printf("%d ", arr[i]);
printf("\n");

// Insertion
printf("Enter position to insert element (1 to %d): ", n+1);
scanf("%d", &pos);
printf("Enter value to insert: ");
scanf("%d", &value);
for(i=n; i>=pos; i--)
arr[i] = arr[i-1];
arr[pos-1] = value;
n++;
printf("Array after insertion: ");
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
printf("%d ", arr[i]);
printf("\n");

// Deletion
printf("Enter position to delete element (1 to %d): ", n);
scanf("%d", &pos);
for(i=pos-1; i<n-1; i++)
arr[i] = arr[i+1];
n--;
printf("Array after deletion: ");
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
printf("%d ", arr[i]);
printf("\n");

// Searching
printf("Enter element to search: ");
 scanf("%d", &search);
for(i=0; i<n; i++) {
if(arr[i] == search) {
found = 1;
break;
}
}
if(found)
printf("Element %d found at position %d\n", search, i+1);
else
printf("Element not found\n");

// Sorting (Ascending)
for(i=0; i<n-1; i++) {
for(j=i+1; j<n; j++) {
if(arr[i] > arr[j]) {
temp = arr[i];
arr[i] = arr[j];
arr[j] = temp;
}
}
}
printf("Array after sorting: ");
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
printf("%d ", arr[i]);
printf("\n");

return 0;
}
RESULT:
Thus, the C program to perform array operations was executed
successfully.
 PROGRAMS USING ARRAY OPERATIONS
EX.NO DATE

4F MATRIX OPERATION

AIM:
To understand and perform array operations including matrix addition,
subtraction, and multiplication using C programming.
ALGORITHM:
Matrix Addition/Subtraction
1. Start
2. Input number of rows r and columns c
3. Input elements of first matrix A[r][c]
4. Input elements of second matrix B[r][c]
5. For each element (i, j) in matrices:
o Addition: C[i][j] = A[i][j] + B[i][j]
o Subtraction: C[i][j] = A[i][j] - B[i][j]
6. Display the resultant matrix C
7. End
Matrix Multiplication
1. Start
2. Input number of rows and columns for both matrices (columns of first =
rows of second)
3. Input elements of first matrix A and second matrix B
4. Initialize resultant matrix C with zeros
5. For each element (i, j) in C:
o Compute C[i][j] = sum of A[i][k] * B[k][j] for all k
6. Display resultant matrix C
7. End
 OUTPUT:
Enter number of rows and columns:
2 2
Enter elements of first matrix:
4564
Enter elements of second matrix:
8963
Sum of matrices:
12 14
12 7
Difference of matrices:
-4 -4
01
Product of matrices:
62 51
72 66
PROGRAM:
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int r, c, i, j, k;
printf("Enter number of rows and columns: ");
scanf("%d %d", &r, &c);

int A[r][c], B[r][c], sum[r][c], diff[r][c], prod[r][c];

printf("Enter elements of first matrix:\n");

for(i = 0; i < r; i++)
for(j = 0; j < c; j++)
scanf("%d", &A[i][j]);
printf("Enter elements of second matrix:\n");
for(i = 0; i < r; i++)
for(j = 0; j < c; j++)
scanf("%d", &B[i][j]);

// Matrix Addition and Subtraction

for(i = 0; i < r; i++) {
for(j = 0; j < c; j++) {
sum[i][j] = A[i][j] + B[i][j];
diff[i][j] = A[i][j] - B[i][j];
}
}

printf("Sum of matrices:\n");
for(i = 0; i < r; i++) {
for(j = 0; j < c; j++)
printf("%d ", sum[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}

printf("Difference of matrices:\n");
for(i = 0; i < r; i++) {
for(j = 0; j < c; j++)
printf("%d ", diff[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}

// Matrix Multiplication
// Assuming square matrices for simplicity
for(i = 0; i < r; i++)
for(j = 0; j < c; j++) {
prod[i][j] = 0;
 for(k = 0; k < c; k++)
prod[i][j] += A[i][k] * B[k][j];
}

printf("Product of matrices:\n");
for(i = 0; i < r; i++) {
for(j = 0; j < c; j++)
printf("%d ", prod[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}

RESULT:
Thus, the C program to perform array operations including matrix
addition, subtraction, and multiplication was executed successfully.
 PROGRAM TO USE STRUCTURES AND UNIONS
EX.NO DATE

5A STUDENT INFORMATION USING STRUCTURES

AIM
To understand and demonstrate the use of structures in C by storing and
displaying student information such as name, roll number, marks, and grade.

ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare a struct named Student with fields: name, roll, marks, grade
3. Input the number of students n
4. For each student:
o Input name, roll, and marks
o Calculate grade based on marks:
 90–100 → A
 80–89 → B
 70–79 → C
 60–69 → D
 <60 → F
5. Store the information in the structure array
6. Display the student records
7. End
OUTPUT:
Enter number of students: 2

Enter details for student 1:

Name: ARUN
Roll Number: 001
Marks: 96
Enter details for student 2:
Name: RAJAN
Roll Number: 002
Marks: 99

Student Records:
Name Roll Marks Grade
ARUN 1 96.00 A
RAJAN 2 99.00 A
PROGRAM:
#include <stdio.h>

// Structure definition
struct Student {
char name[50];
int roll;
float marks;
char grade;
};

// Function to calculate grade

char calculateGrade(float marks) {
if(marks >= 90)
return 'A';
else if(marks >= 80)
return 'B';
else if(marks >= 70)
return 'C';
else if(marks >= 60)
return 'D';
else
return 'F';
}

int main() {
int n;
printf("Enter number of students: ");
scanf("%d", &n);

struct Student students[n];

// Input student details

for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
printf("\nEnter details for student %d:\n", i+1);
printf("Name: ");
scanf(" %[^\n]s", students[i].name); // To read string with spaces
printf("Roll Number: ");
scanf("%d", &students[i].roll);
printf("Marks: ");
scanf("%f", &students[i].marks);

students[i].grade = calculateGrade(students[i].marks);
}
 // Display student records
printf("\nStudent Records:\n");
printf("Name\tRoll\tMarks\tGrade\n");
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
printf("%s\t%d\t%.2f\t%c\n", students[i].name, students[i].roll,
students[i].marks, students[i].grade);
}

return 0;
}

RESULT:
Thus, the C program to store and display student information using
structures was executed successfully.
 PROGRAM TO USE STRUCTURES AND UNIONS
EX.NO DATE

5B BOOK DETAILS USING NESTED STRUCTURES

AIM
To understand and demonstrate the use of nested structures in C by
storing and displaying details of books, including author information.
ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Define a structure Author with fields: name, email
3. Define a structure Book with fields: title, price, Author author (nested
structure)
4. Input the number of books n
5. For each book:
o Input title, price
o Input author details: name, email
6. Store the information in a structure array
7. Display the book details along with author information
8. End
OUTPUT:
Enter number of books: 1
Enter details for book 1:
Book Title: JAVA
Price: 450
Author Name: RAJAN
Author Email: rajan@gmail.com

Book Details:

Book Title: JAVA

Price: 450.00
Author Name: RAJAN
Author Email: rajan@gmail.com
PROGRAM:
#include <stdio.h>
// Author structure
struct Author {
char name[50];
char email[50];
};
// Book structure with nested Author structure
struct Book {
char title[50];
float price;
struct Author author;
};
int main() {
int n;
printf("Enter number of books: ");
scanf("%d", &n);

struct Book books[n];

// Input book details

for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
printf("\nEnter details for book %d:\n", i+1);
printf("Book Title: ");
scanf(" %[^\n]s", books[i].title); // Read string with spaces
printf("Price: ");
scanf("%f", &books[i].price);
printf("Author Name: ");
scanf(" %[^\n]s", books[i].author.name);
printf("Author Email: ");
scanf(" %[^\n]s", books[i].author.email);
}
// Display book details
printf("\nBook Details:\n");
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
printf("\nBook Title: %s\n", books[i].title);
printf("Price: %.2f\n", books[i].price);
printf("Author Name: %s\n", books[i].author.name);
printf("Author Email: %s\n", books[i].author.email);
}
return 0;
}
RESULT:
Thus, the C program to store and display book details using nested
structures was executed successfully.
 PROGRAM TO USE STRUCTURES AND UNIONS
EX.NO DATE

5C EMPLOYEE DETAILS USING UNIONS

AIM
To understand and demonstrate the use of unions in C by storing and
displaying employee information such as ID, Name, and Salary efficiently.
ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Define a union named Employee with fields:
o id (integer)
o name (string)
o salary (float)
3. Input the number of employees n
4. For each employee:
o Input one of the union members (since union stores one value at a
time)
5. Display the stored employee information
6. End
OUTPUT:
Enter number of employees: 3

Enter details for employee 1:

Choose what to store (1-ID, 2-Name, 3-Salary): 2
Enter Name: raj

Enter details for employee 2:

Choose what to store (1-ID, 2-Name, 3-Salary): 2
Enter Name: arun
Enter details for employee 3:
Choose what to store (1-ID, 2-Name, 3-Salary): hari
Enter Name:
Stored Employee Information (Note: Only one field per employee is stored in
union):
Employee 1 -> Name: raj
Employee 2 -> Name: arun
Employee 3 -> Name: hari
PROGRAM:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
// Union definition
union Employee {
int id;
char name[50];
float salary;
};
int main() {
int n, choice;
printf("Enter number of employees: ");
scanf("%d", &n);

union Employee emp[n];

for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

printf("\nEnter details for employee %d:\n", i+1);
printf("Choose what to store (1-ID, 2-Name, 3-Salary): ");
scanf("%d", &choice);

switch(choice) {
case 1:
printf("Enter ID: ");
scanf("%d", &emp[i].id);
break;
case 2:
printf("Enter Name: ");
scanf(" %[^\n]s", emp[i].name); // Read string with spaces
break;
case 3:
printf("Enter Salary: ");
scanf("%f", &emp[i].salary);
break;
default:
printf("Invalid choice!\n");
}
}
 printf("\nStored Employee Information (Note: Only one field per employee is
stored in union):\n");
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
printf("Employee %d -> ", i+1);
if(choice == 1)
printf("ID: %d\n", emp[i].id);
else if(choice == 2)
printf("Name: %s\n", emp[i].name);
else if(choice == 3)
printf("Salary: %.2f\n", emp[i].salary);
}

return 0;
}

RESULT:
Thus, the C program to store and display employee details using unions
was executed successfully.
 PROGRAMS READING/WRITING DATA IN TEXT AND BINARY FILES
EX.NO DATE

6A FILE OPERATION IN C
(TEXT FILE)

AIM
To write a C program that demonstrates basic file operations (creation, writing,
and reading from a text file).
ALGORITHM
1. Start the program.
2. Declare a FILE pointer.
3. Open a text file in write mode (w) using fopen().
4. Write data into the file using fprintf() or fputs().
5. Close the file using fclose().
6. Reopen the same file in read mode (r).
7. Read the contents of the file using fscanf(), fgets(), or fgetc().
8. Display the contents on the screen.
9. Close the file.
10. Stop the program.
OUTPUT:

File (sample.txt) Content

PROGRAM:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main() {
FILE *fp;
char str[100];
// Step 1: Open file for writing
fp = fopen("sample.txt", "w");
if (fp == NULL) {
printf("Error opening file!\n");
exit(1);
}
// Step 2: Write to file
fprintf(fp, "Hello, this is a file operation example in C.\n");
fprintf(fp, "File handling is important for data storage.\n");
fclose(fp);
// Step 3: Open file for reading
fp = fopen("sample.txt", "r");
if (fp == NULL) {
printf("Error opening file!\n");
exit(1);
}
// Step 4: Read and display contents
printf("Contents of the file:\n");while
(fgets(str, sizeof(str), fp) != NULL) {
printf("%s", str);
}
fclose(fp);
return 0;
}

RESULT:
The C program was successfully executed to demonstrate basic file
operations such as creating a text file, writing data into it, and reading the stored
contents back.
 PROGRAMS READING/WRITING DATA IN TEXT AND BINARY FILES
EX.NO DATE

6B FILE OPERATION IN C
(BINARY FILES)
AIM
To write a C program that demonstrates basic binary file operations such
as creating a binary file, writing data to it, and reading the stored data back.
ALGORITHM
1. Start the program.
2. Declare a structure to store sample data (e.g., student information).
3. Declare a FILE pointer.
4. Open a binary file in write mode (wb) using fopen().
5. Write data into the binary file using fwrite().
6. Close the file using fclose().
7. Reopen the same file in read mode (rb).
8. Read the data back using fread().
9. Display the retrieved data on the screen.
10. Close the file.
11. Stop the program.
OUTPUT:
PROGRAM:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

struct Student {
int rollNo;
char name[30];
float marks;
};

int main() {
FILE *fp;
struct Student s1, s2;

// Step 1: Assign data to structure

s1.rollNo = 101;
sprintf(s1.name, "Arjun Kumar");
s1.marks = 88.5;

// Step 2: Open binary file for writing

fp = fopen("student.dat", "wb");
if (fp == NULL) {
printf("Error opening file!\n");
exit(1);
// Step 3: Write structure to file
fwrite(&s1, sizeof(struct Student), 1, fp);
fclose(fp);

// Step 4: Open binary file for reading

fp = fopen("student.dat", "rb");
if (fp == NULL) {
printf("Error opening file!\n");
exit(1);
}

// Step 5: Read structure from file

fread(&s2, sizeof(struct Student), 1, fp);
fclose(fp);

// Step 6: Display retrieved data

printf("Data read from binary file:\n");
printf("Roll No: %d\n", s2.rollNo);
printf("Name : %s\n", s2.name);
printf("Marks : %.2f\n", s2.marks);

return 0;
}
RESULT:
The C program was successfully executed to demonstrate basic binary file
operations such as creating a binary file, writing structured data into it, and
reading the stored data back.
 USE OF STANDARD AND USER-DEFINED LIBRARIES IN SOLVING
PROBLEMS
EX.NO DATE

7A STANDARD LIBRARIES IN C

AIM
To understand and demonstrate the use of standard libraries in C to
simplify programming and solve problems efficiently.
ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Identify the problem to be solved (e.g., mathematical computation, string
manipulation, I/O operations).
3. Determine which standard library functions are suitable for the task:
o <stdio.h> for input/output operations
o <math.h> for mathematical calculations
o <string.h> for string handling
o <ctype.h> for character processing
o <stdlib.h> for memory management, random numbers, or process
control
4. Include the required header files at the beginning of the program using
#include.
5. Write the program logic using library functions wherever possible to
simplify implementation.
6. Compile and run the program.
7. Observe the output and verify the correctness.
8. End
OUTPUT:
Enter your name: RAJAN
Enter a number: 6
Hello RAJAN, square root of 6.00 is 2.45
PROGRAM:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <string.h>

int main() {
char name[50];
double num, result;

printf("Enter your name: ");

scanf(" %[^\n]s", name);

// Convert name to uppercase using ctype.h

for(int i = 0; i < strlen(name); i++)
name[i] = toupper(name[i]);

printf("Enter a number: ");

scanf("%lf", &num);

// Calculate square root using math.h

result = sqrt(num);

printf("Hello %s, square root of %.2lf is %.2lf\n", name, num, result);

return 0;
}

RESULT:
Thus, the C program to demonstrate the use of standard libraries was
executed successfully.
 USE OF STANDARD AND USER-DEFINED LIBRARIES IN SOLVING
PROBLEMS
EX.NO DATE

7B USER-DEFINED LIBRARIES

AIM
To understand and demonstrate the creation and use of user-defined
libraries in C to organize code and reuse functions efficiently.

STEPS TO CREATE AND USE A USER-DEFINED LIBRARY

1. Create the library file (.h file) containing function declarations and
macros.
2. Create a source file (.c file) that includes the function definitions.
3. Include the library in the main program using #include
"libraryname.h".
4. Call the library functions in the main program as needed.
5. Compile the program with the library source file.
OUTPUT:

Sum: 15
Product: 50
PROGRAM:
Step 1: Create Library Header File (mylib.h)
// mylib.h
#ifndef MYLIB_H
#define MYLIB_H
int add(int a, int b);
int multiply(int a, int b);
#endif
Step 2: Create Library Source File (mylib.c)
#include "mylib.h"
int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}
int multiply(int a, int b) {
return a * b;
}
Step 3: Main Program Using Library (main.c)
#include <stdio.h>
#include "mylib.h"
int main() {
int x = 10, y = 5;
printf("Sum: %d\n", add(x, y));
printf("Product: %d\n", multiply(x, y));
return 0;
}

Step 4: Compile and Run

gcc main.c mylib.c -o program
./program
RESULT:
Thus, user-defined libraries in C allow programmers to modularize
code, reuse functions, and simplify program development.
 EX.NO DATE
PROJECT
8A (Tic-Tac-Toe game)

AIM
To design a Tic-Tac-Toe game in C using 2D arrays and functions that
allows two players to play alternately in the console.

ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Initialize a 3x3 board with empty spaces.
3. Display the board.
4. Loop until the game ends:
o Player 1 chooses a position and marks „X‟.
o Display the updated board.
o Check if Player 1 has won.
o Player 2 chooses a position and marks „O‟.
o Display the updated board.
o Check if Player 2 has won.
o If all positions are filled and no winner → Draw.
5. Display the winner or draw message.
6. End
OUTPUT:
| |
---|---|---
| |
---|---|---
| |

Player 1, enter row and column (0-2): 0 0

X| |
---|---|---
| |
---|---|---
| |

Player 2, enter row and column (0-2): 1 1

X| |
---|---|---
|O|
---|---|---
| |
 PROGRAM:

#include <stdio.h>

char board[3][3];

// Function to initialize the board

void initializeBoard() {
for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
for(int j=0; j<3; j++)
board[i][j] = ' ';
}
// Function to display the board
void displayBoard() {
printf("\n");
for(int i=0; i<3; i++) {
printf(" %c | %c | %c ", board[i][0], board[i][1], board[i][2]);
if(i != 2) printf("\n---|---|---\n");
}
printf("\n\n");
}

// Function to check if a player has won

int checkWin() {
for(int i=0; i<3; i++) {
// Check rows
if(board[i][0]==board[i][1] && board[i][1]==board[i][2] &&
board[i][0]!=' ')
return 1;
// Check columns
if(board[0][i]==board[1][i] && board[1][i]==board[2][i] &&
board[0][i]!=' ')
return 1;
}
// Check diagonals
if(board[0][0]==board[1][1] && board[1][1]==board[2][2] &&
board[0][0]!=' ')
return 1;
if(board[0][2]==board[1][1] && board[1][1]==board[2][0] &&
board[0][2]!=' ')
return 1;

return 0;
}
// Main function
int main() {
int row, col, moves = 0, player = 1;
initializeBoard();
displayBoard();

while(1) {
printf("Player %d, enter row and column (0-2): ", player);
scanf("%d %d", &row, &col);

if(row<0 || row>2 || col<0 || col>2 || board[row][col]!=' ') {

printf("Invalid move. Try again.\n");
continue;
}

board[row][col] = (player==1) ? 'X' : 'O';

moves++;
displayBoard();
if(checkWin()) {
printf("Player %d wins!\n", player);
break;
}

if(moves == 9) {
printf("Game Draw!\n");
break;
}

player = (player==1) ? 2 : 1; // Switch player

}

return 0;
}
RESULT:
Thus, the C program to implement the Tic-Tac-Toe game in the console
was executed successfully.
 EX.NO DATE
PROJECT
8B (Student Record Management System)

AIM
To develop a Mini Project in C for a Student Record Management
System using nested structures to store and manage student details such as
personal information, academic details, and marks.
ALGORITHM
ALGORITHM
1. Start the program.
2. Define a nested structure:
o Outer structure → Student.
o Inner structures → Address, Marks.
3. Create an array of students to store multiple records.
4. Display a menu with options:
o Add new student record.
o Display all student records.
o Search student by roll number.
o Exit.
5. Use switch-case to perform the selected operation.
6. For each student, input details and store them in the structure.
7. Display student details when requested.
8. Repeat until the user chooses to exit.
9. Stop the program.
OUTPUT:
--- Student Record Management System ---
1. Add Student Record
2. Display All Records
3. Search by Roll Number
4. Exit
Enter your choice: 1

Enter Roll No: 101

Enter Name: Arjun Kumar
Enter City: Chennai
Enter State: Tamil Nadu
Enter Pincode: 600001
Enter Marks (Maths Science English): 85 90 78
Record added successfully!

--- Student Record Management System ---

1. Add Student Record
2. Display All Records
3. Search by Roll Number
4. Exit
Enter your choice: 2

--- Student Records ---

Roll No: 101
Name : Arjun Kumar
Address: Chennai, Tamil Nadu - 600001
Marks : Maths=85.00, Science=90.00, English=78.00
 PROGRAM:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

// Nested Structures
struct Address {
char city[30];
char state[30];
int pincode;
};

struct Marks {
float maths;
float science;
float english;
};

struct Student {
int rollNo;
char name[30];
struct Address addr;
struct Marks marks;
};

int main() {
struct Student s[50];
int n = 0, choice, i, roll, found;

while (1) {
printf("\n--- Student Record Management System ---\n");
printf("1. Add Student Record\n");
printf("2. Display All Records\n");
printf("3. Search by Roll Number\n");
printf("4. Exit\n");
printf("Enter your choice: ");
scanf("%d", &choice);

switch (choice) {
case 1:
printf("\nEnter Roll No: ");
scanf("%d", &s[n].rollNo);
printf("Enter Name: ");
scanf(" %[^\n]", s[n].name);
printf("Enter City: ");
scanf(" %[^\n]", s[n].addr.city);
printf("Enter State: ");
 scanf(" %[^\n]", s[n].addr.state);
printf("Enter Pincode: ");
scanf("%d", &s[n].addr.pincode);
printf("Enter Marks (Maths Science English): ");
scanf("%f %f %f", &s[n].marks.maths, &s[n].marks.science,
&s[n].marks.english);
n++;
printf("Record added successfully!\n");
break;

case 2:
if (n == 0) {
printf("\nNo records to display.\n");
} else {
printf("\n--- Student Records ---\n");for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
printf("\nRoll No: %d\n", s[i].rollNo);
printf("Name : %s\n", s[i].name);
printf("Address: %s, %s - %d\n", s[i].addr.city, s[i].addr.state,
s[i].addr.pincode);
printf("Marks : Maths=%.2f, Science=%.2f, English=%.2f\n",
s[i].marks.maths, s[i].marks.science, s[i].marks.english);
}
}
break;

case 3:
printf("\nEnter Roll No to search: ");
scanf("%d", &roll);
found = 0;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
if (s[i].rollNo == roll) {
printf("\n--- Student Found ---\n");
printf("Roll No: %d\n", s[i].rollNo);
printf("Name : %s\n", s[i].name);
printf("Address: %s, %s - %d\n", s[i].addr.city, s[i].addr.state,
s[i].addr.pincode);
printf("Marks : Maths=%.2f, Science=%.2f, English=%.2f\n",
s[i].marks.maths, s[i].marks.science, s[i].marks.english);
found = 1;
break;
}
}
if (!found) {
printf("Student with Roll No %d not found!\n", roll);
}
break;
 case 4:
printf("Exiting program...\n");
exit(0);

default:
printf("Invalid choice! Try again.\n");
}
}
return 0;
}
RESULT:
The Mini Project was successfully developed in C to implement a
Student Record Management System using nested structures.