FEASIBILITY STUDY, DETAILED DESIGN AND

PREPARATION OF TENDER DOCUMENTS FOR

RADAT DAM, BARINGO COUNTY

Contract No. NIB/T/016/2013-14

Feasibility Study Report

In Association With
EAST AFRICAN ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS BATCH ASSOCIATES LTD
P.O. BOX 30707, 00100 No. 7A Diani Close, off Ole Odume Road
CHAKA ROAD, KILIMANI, NAIROBI P.O Box 24103-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
PHONE: (254 2) 2714514/15/2718861/2527995 Tel: +254 (0) 20 2018176,
FAX: (254 2) 2714516 Fax: +254 (0) 20 2621168,
Email: info@eaecgroup.com, Cell: +254 (0)721467213 /+254 (0)736451752
eaeckenya@gmail.com, E-mail: info@batchassociates.co.ke
www.eaecgroup.com Webmail: www.batchassociates.co.ke

JULY 2014
 Feasibility Study, Detailed Design and Preparation of Feasibility Study Report
Tender Documents for Radat Dam, Baringo County July 2014

Contents

SUMMARY I

1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 9
1.1 Background .............................................................................................................................. 9
1.2 Perkerra Irrigation Scheme Expansion Project ................................................................... 9
1.3 Objectives and Scope of the study ..................................................................................... 9
1.4 Scope of the study .................................................................................................................. 9
1.5 The feasibility study ................................................................................................................ 10
1.5.1 Socio- Economic baseline Studies ........................................................................ 10
1.5.2 Topographic study .................................................................................................. 10
1.5.3 Hydrology and water management study ........................................................ 10
1.5.4 Geological and geotechnical study ................................................................... 10
1.5.5 Preliminary dam layout and design ..................................................................... 10
1.5.6 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) study ............................ 11

1.6 Outline of the Feasibility Study Report ............................................................................... 11

2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION .................................................................................... 12

2.1 Project Location .................................................................................................................... 12
2.2 Topography ............................................................................................................................ 12
2.3 Rainfall 12
2.4 Geology and Soils ................................................................................................................. 13
2.5 Geology and Soils ................................................................................................................. 14
2.6 Hydrology and Drainage ..................................................................................................... 14
2.7 Vegetation and Land use ................................................................................................... 15
2.7.1 Vegetation ................................................................................................................ 15
2.7.2 Land Use .................................................................................................................... 15
2.7.3 Wildlife ........................................................................................................................ 16

2.8 Water and Sanitation ........................................................................................................... 16

2.9 Energy 17

3 SOCIO ECONOMIC STUDY .......................................................................................... 18

3.1 Background Information ...................................................................................................... 18
3.1.1 Administrative Structures ........................................................................................ 18
3.1.2 Location ..................................................................................................................... 18

3.2 Demographics of the Proposed Project Area ................................................................. 19

3.2.1 Sample Population .................................................................................................. 20

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3.2.2 Sex of Respondents ................................................................................................. 20

3.2.3 Marital Status of the Respondents ........................................................................ 20
3.2.4 Community Structure and Ethnicity ..................................................................... 21
3.2.5 Migration ................................................................................................................... 21
3.2.6 Education .................................................................................................................. 21
3.2.7 Settlement Patterns ................................................................................................. 22
3.2.8 Public Health............................................................................................................. 22

3.3 Leading Health Problems in the Project area .................................................................. 22

3.3.1 Gender Issues ........................................................................................................... 23
3.3.2 Livelihoods and Occupation ................................................................................. 24
3.3.3 Employment Levels .................................................................................................. 24
3.3.4 Income levels............................................................................................................ 24
3.3.5 Business and Economic Activity in the Market Centers in the Project Area 26
3.3.6 Prices of Basic Commodities.................................................................................. 26

3.4 Sand mining and Stone quarrying ..................................................................................... 27

3.5 Communication and Infrastructure ................................................................................... 27
3.5.1 Water and sanitation .............................................................................................. 27
3.5.2 Transportation and road access to the site ....................................................... 28
3.5.3 Land ownership and Use ........................................................................................ 28
3.5.4 Vulnerable groups ................................................................................................... 28

3.6 Cultural Property .................................................................................................................... 29

4 HYDROLOGICAL STUDIES ............................................................................................. 30

4.1 Dam sites ................................................................................................................................. 30
4.2 Perkerra River Basin ............................................................................................................... 30
4.3 Characteristics of the Perkera river basin ......................................................................... 31
4.3.1 Topography and size............................................................................................... 31
4.3.2 Vegetation and Land Cover ................................................................................. 32
4.3.3 Agro ecological and Land use ............................................................................. 33
4.3.4 Climate of the Project Area................................................................................... 34

4.4 Rainfall Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 37

4.4.1 Rainfall data source ................................................................................................ 37
4.4.2 Supplementing of Missing Rainfall Data .............................................................. 37
4.4.3 Analysis of Areal Rainfall ......................................................................................... 37
4.4.4 Temporal Distribution of Rainfall............................................................................ 38
4.4.5 The Other Climatic Variables in the Basin ........................................................... 40
4.4.6 Areal Probabilistic Rainfall ...................................................................................... 41
4.4.7 Estimation of PMP..................................................................................................... 41
4.4.8 Runoff analysis .......................................................................................................... 42
4.4.9 Effective Rainfall....................................................................................................... 42
4.4.10 Runoff coefficients ................................................................................................... 44

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4.4.11 Base Flow ................................................................................................................... 44

4.4.12 Excess Rainfall ........................................................................................................... 45
4.4.13 Effective runoff ......................................................................................................... 45

4.5 Hydrological analysis ............................................................................................................ 46

4.5.1 Hydrological Gauging stations ............................................................................. 46
4.5.2 Evaluation of the existing data ............................................................................. 47
4.5.3 Miscellaneous gauging .......................................................................................... 48
4.5.4 Low Flow Analysis ..................................................................................................... 49
4.5.5 Existing Water rights ................................................................................................. 49
4.5.6 Projects upstream of Radat dam site .................................................................. 49
4.5.7 Naturalized flow ....................................................................................................... 50
4.5.8 Flood Frequency analysis ....................................................................................... 56
4.5.9 Flood Characteristics .............................................................................................. 57
4.5.10 Inflow Design Flood ................................................................................................. 57

4.6 Estimated Design Flood using empirical formula ............................................................ 59

4.7 Probable maximum flood (PMF) ........................................................................................ 60
4.8 Basin Water Balance............................................................................................................. 62
4.8.1 Basin Water Yield ..................................................................................................... 62
4.8.2 Basin Groundwater Recharge .............................................................................. 63
4.8.3 Evapotranspiration .................................................................................................. 63
4.8.4 Net Evaporation from the Reservoir ..................................................................... 64

4.9 Sedimentation ........................................................................................................................ 65

4.9.1 Reservoir Sedimentation ......................................................................................... 65
4.9.2 Estimation of Sedimentation Level ....................................................................... 66

4.10 Hydrological Impacts of the proposed dams on the river basins ................................ 66

5 GEOLOGICAL STUDIES ................................................................................................. 67

5.1 Background Information ...................................................................................................... 67
5.2 Objective of Investigations .................................................................................................. 67
5.3 Scope of Works ...................................................................................................................... 67
5.4 Location of Project Area ...................................................................................................... 68
5.5 Geological Reconnaissance Investigations ..................................................................... 68
5.5.1 Review of Previous Geological Works ................................................................. 68
5.5.2 Review of Previous Geological Works ................................................................. 69
5.5.3 Geology of the General Project Area ................................................................. 70

5.6 Detailed Geology of the Project Area .............................................................................. 70

5.7 Structural Geology of the Project Area ............................................................................ 75
5.8 Seismic Activity in the General Project Area ................................................................... 76
5.9 Preliminary Geophysical Investigations ............................................................................. 82

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5.9.1 Overview of Geophysical Methods Applied ...................................................... 82

5.10 Geophysical Field Investigations ........................................................................................ 83

5.10.1 Results of Geophysical Investigations at Dam Site 1......................................... 83
5.10.2 Assessment of Proposed Dam Site 2 .................................................................... 89
5.10.3 Assessment of Proposed Dam Site 3 .................................................................... 94
5.10.4 Assessment of Proposed Dam Site 3 .................................................................. 103

5.11 Discussion .............................................................................................................................. 103

5.12 Preliminary Construction Materials Investigations ......................................................... 103
5.12.1 Overview of Constructions Materials Survey .................................................... 103
5.12.2 Soil Sampling by Trial Pits ...................................................................................... 103
5.12.3 Results of Laboratory Soil Testing ........................................................................ 104
5.12.4 Results of Laboratory Soil Testing ........................................................................ 105
5.12.5 Interpretation of Soil Testing Results .................................................................... 106
5.12.6 Other Soil Characteristics ..................................................................................... 108
5.12.7 Filter Materials (Sand) ............................................................................................ 109
5.12.8 Proposed Type of Dam ......................................................................................... 109

5.13 Conclusion and Recommendations ............................................................................... 110

5.13.1 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 110

5.14 Recommendations ............................................................................................................. 110

6 EVALUATION OF DAM OPTIONS................................................................................ 112

6.1 Proposed Dam Site ............................................................................................................. 112
6.1.1 Radat Dam Sites .................................................................................................... 112

6.2 Water Demand and Reservoir capacity requirements ............................................... 118

6.2.1 Irrigation demand .................................................................................................. 118
6.2.2 Domestic Water demand .................................................................................... 119
6.2.3 Environmental/Riparian release .......................................................................... 119
6.2.4 Total dam release .................................................................................................. 119
6.2.5 Hydro-power Generation ..................................................................................... 119

6.3 Optimisation of Reservoir capacity ................................................................................. 120

6.3.1 Hydrological modelling ........................................................................................ 120
6.3.2 Reservoir simulation ............................................................................................... 120
6.3.3 Transform Parameter ............................................................................................. 121
6.3.4 Optimization of the model ................................................................................... 122
6.3.5 Simulation Scenarios ............................................................................................. 122
6.3.6 Outcome of the simulation .................................................................................. 123

6.4 Hydropower generation .................................................................................................... 125

6.4.1 Reservoir Capacity ................................................................................................ 126
6.4.2 Proposed Dam site ................................................................................................ 126
6.4.3 Recommended Dam site .................................................................................... 126
6.4.4 Dam type ................................................................................................................ 127

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6.4.5 Proposed Dam ....................................................................................................... 127

6.4.6 Spillway Type, Location and Size ........................................................................ 128
6.4.7 Design inflow floods ............................................................................................... 129
6.4.8 Location ................................................................................................................... 129
6.4.9 Spillway type ........................................................................................................... 129
6.4.10 Proposed Spillway Type ........................................................................................ 131
6.4.11 Design Floods .......................................................................................................... 131
6.4.12 Hydraulic Design of Spillway ................................................................................ 132
6.4.13 Gross Freeboard ..................................................................................................... 133

6.5 Intake Works ......................................................................................................................... 133

6.6 River Diversion ...................................................................................................................... 133
6.7 Coffer Dam ........................................................................................................................... 134
6.8 Dam Instrumentation .......................................................................................................... 134
6.9 Ancillary Works ..................................................................................................................... 134

7 SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDIES .................................................... 135

7.1 Project Description .............................................................................................................. 135
7.1.1 Project Justifications .............................................................................................. 135
7.1.2 Project Location ..................................................................................................... 135
7.1.3 Perkerra River .......................................................................................................... 136
7.1.4 Proposed Dam ....................................................................................................... 136

7.2 Study Methodology ............................................................................................................ 136

7.2.1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 136
7.2.2 Desk Study ............................................................................................................... 138
7.2.3 Site Visits ................................................................................................................... 138
7.2.4 Baseline Socio Economic Survey ........................................................................ 139
7.2.5 Public Consultations .............................................................................................. 139
7.2.6 Engineering Studies ............................................................................................... 140
7.2.7 Constraint and Limitation ..................................................................................... 140

7.3 Overview of Environmental Baseline Conditions .......................................................... 141

7.3.1 Physical Environment ............................................................................................ 142
7.3.2 Climate and Topography .................................................................................... 142
7.3.3 Land use: ................................................................................................................. 143
7.3.4 Geology and Soils .................................................................................................. 144
7.3.5 Hydrology and Drainage ..................................................................................... 145
7.3.6 Vegetation .............................................................................................................. 145
7.3.7 Water Resources .................................................................................................... 146
7.3.8 Energy ...................................................................................................................... 147

7.4 Alternatives including the Proposed Action .................................................................. 147

7.4.1 Project Alternative ................................................................................................. 147
7.4.2 The No Action Alternative .................................................................................... 147

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7.4.3 Alternative design and technology ................................................................... 147

7.5 Public Participation ............................................................................................................. 147

7.5.1 Legal Requirement ................................................................................................ 147
7.5.2 Approach to the Consultations .......................................................................... 148
7.5.3 Modalities for Stakeholder Consultation ........................................................... 148
7.5.4 Highlights of the stakeholder meetings ............................................................. 149
7.5.5 Environmental and Socio-Economic Survey .................................................... 151
7.5.6 Consultations with Stakeholders in Government ............................................. 152
7.5.7 Brief on the arising issues discussed in the meetings ....................................... 153

7.6 Key findings from stakeholder consultation ................................................................... 154

7.6.1 Project Implementation ........................................................................................ 154
7.6.2 Land.......................................................................................................................... 154
7.6.3 Timely, equitable compensation ........................................................................ 154
7.6.4 Employment ............................................................................................................ 155
7.6.5 Grievances .............................................................................................................. 155
7.6.6 Benefits..................................................................................................................... 155
7.6.7 Stakeholder involvement ..................................................................................... 155
7.6.8 Conclusion of the Public Consultation Findings ............................................... 155

7.7 Anticipated Environmental Impacts................................................................................ 156

7.7.1 List of potential Impacts ....................................................................................... 156
7.7.2 Anticipated Negative Impacts during Construction ...................................... 156
7.7.3 Anticipated Positive Impacts during Operation .............................................. 157
7.7.4 Anticipated Negative Impacts during Operation .......................................... 158

7.8 Anticipated Socio Economic Potential Impact ............................................................ 159

7.8.1 Positive Impact ....................................................................................................... 159
7.8.2 Negative Impacts and their Mitigation ............................................................. 160

7.9 Mitigation and Monitoring Programs ............................................................................... 164

7.9.1 Interference with the physical setting ............................................................... 164
7.9.2 Interruption of key installations ............................................................................ 164
7.9.3 Land take ................................................................................................................ 165
7.9.4 Noise, dust and vibration ..................................................................................... 165
7.9.5 Disposal of excavated soil ................................................................................... 166
7.9.6 Water demand ...................................................................................................... 166
7.9.7 Accidents and hazards ........................................................................................ 166
7.9.8 Raw materials extraction and their efficient use ............................................. 166
7.9.9 Solid waste management.................................................................................... 166
7.9.10 Flora and fauna disturbance .............................................................................. 167
7.9.11 Operation and Maintenance Philosophy ......................................................... 167
7.9.12 Reduced downstream flows on Perkerra River ................................................ 167
7.9.13 Energy management............................................................................................ 167

7.10 Mitigation of Decommissioning Phase Impacts ............................................................ 167

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7.11 Socio-Economic Management Plan (SMP).................................................................... 168

7.12 Socio-Economic Impact Mitigation Measures .............................................................. 169

8 PROJECT COST ESTIMATES AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION .................................. 196

8.1 Cost Estimates ...................................................................................................................... 196
8.2 Project Financial And Economic Evaluation .................................................................. 197
8.2.1 Basic Assumptions .................................................................................................. 197
8.2.2 Project Costs ........................................................................................................... 197
8.2.3 Project Benefits ....................................................................................................... 198

8.3 Cash Flow Analysis in Financial Terms .............................................................................. 200

8.4 Sensitivity Analysis ................................................................................................................ 201
8.4.1 Approach ................................................................................................................ 201
8.4.2 Sensitivity Tests ........................................................................................................ 201

8.5 Conclusions and Recommendations .............................................................................. 202

8.5.1 Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 202
8.5.2 Recommendations ................................................................................................ 202
8.5.3 The Project and its justification ............................................................................ 203

APPENDICES ...................................................................................................................... 205

Appendix I: Drawings .................................................................................................................. 206
Appendix II: Cost Estimates ........................................................................................................ 207

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 3:1: Project Area by Sub-county, District, Division, Ward, Location and Sub-
Location ........................................................................................................................ 18
Table 3:2: Project Area Population ............................................................................................ 19
Table 3:3: Current and Projected Number of Households in the Project Area ................. 19
Table 3:4: Distance to the Nearest Health Facility in the Project Area ............................... 23
Table 3:5: Cost of Medicine ......................................................................................................... 23
Table 3:6: Annual Gross Income ................................................................................................. 25
Table 3:7: Business Activities Now Present at the Market Centres ....................................... 26
Table 3:8: The Average Price of Basic Commodities .............................................................. 27
Table 4:1 Dam sites – location and catchment areas .......................................................... 30
Table 4:2 Basins details ................................................................................................................ 30
Table 4:3 Mean monthly rainfall (mm) at Perkera station .................................................... 36
Table 4:4 Temperature Perkera irrigation scheme ................................................................. 37
Table 4:5 Meteorological stations within the project area ................................................... 37
Table 4:6 Mean monthly rainfall in the project area ............................................................. 38
Table 4:7 Other climatic data for Perkera irrigation scheme (altitude 1148 m) ............... 40
Table 4:8 Climatic data for Marigat Met Station .................................................................... 40
Table 4:9 Design rainfall in the project areas based on Perkera station ........................... 41
Table 4:10 Design rainfall (mm) (75 %) and runoff at the dam sites ..................................... 42
Table 4:11 Effective monthly and annual rainfall in the project area (mm) ....................... 43
Table 4:12 Basic Infiltration rates for various soils ...................................................................... 43
Table 4:13 Generalized Values of run-off factor....................................................................... 44
Table 4:14 Flow characteristics at the three dam sites ........................................................... 45
Table 4:15 Effective runoff in the project area (mm) based on Perkera scheme rainfall 45
Table 4:16 Hydrological network in the Perkera river basin .................................................... 46
Table 4:17 River gauging stations on Emining River catchment ........................................... 46
Table 4:18 River gauging stations on Eldama Ravine River catchment .............................. 47
Table 4:19 The last five years current meter gauging at Perkera 2EE07 .............................. 48
Table 4:20 Water rights in the Perkera Rivers ............................................................................. 49
Table 4:21 Naturalized flows mean monthly discharge at the dam sites ............................ 50
Table 4:22 The monthly mean flows at the dam sites .............................................................. 52
Table 4:23 The annual accumulated mean flows at the dam sites ..................................... 53
Table 4:24 Flow reliability at Perkera 2EE07 ................................................................................ 54
Table 4:25 FDC characteristics at Perkera River basin and at the dam sites (m3/sec) .... 54
Table 4:26 Design Floods of Perkera River at 2EE07 ................................................................. 56
Table 4:27 Design floods at the dam sites ( m3/sec) ............................................................... 57
Table 4:28 Classes of dams ........................................................................................................... 58
Table 4:29 Recommended design periods for the design of spillway ................................ 58
Table 4:30 Probable maximum flood at the dam sites ........................................................... 61
Table 4:31 Summary of flood estimates based on empirical formula .................................. 61
Table 4:32 Diversion floods ( m3/sec) ......................................................................................... 61

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Table 4:33 Flow reliability at the Perkera 2EE07 and dam sites .............................................. 62
Table 4:34 Basin/ dam site water yields ...................................................................................... 63
Table 4:35 Mean monthly Evapotranspiration (mm) at Kari research station Met. ........... 64
Table 4:36 Perkera River at RGS 2EE04 rating equation of suspended load and its volume
........................................................................................................................................ 65
Table 4:37 Estimated sedimentation rates at the dam sites .................................................. 65
Table 5:1 Coordinates and Elevation VES Points (HERP 1 & 2 in Dam site 1) .................... 83
Table 5:2 Interpreted Geophysical Results for VES on HERP Line 1 (Main Dam Axis) ...... 85
Table 5:3 Interpreted Geophysical Results for CVES 25 on HERP Line 1 (Main Dam Axis)
........................................................................................................................................ 86
Table 5:4 Interpreted Geophysical Results for VES on HERP Line 2 (50m downstream
main axis) ...................................................................................................................... 88
Table 5:5 Interpreted Geophysical Results for Dam SITE 2 (VES on HERP Line 1 Main Dam
Axis) ................................................................................................................................ 89
Table 5:6 Geophysical Results for Dam SITE 2 (VES on HERP Line 1 Main Dam Axis)-
contd. ............................................................................................................................ 90
Table 5:7 Interpreted Geophysical Results for Dam SITE 2 HERP Line 2 (50m Downstream
Axis) ................................................................................................................................ 91
Table 5:8 Geophysical Results for Dam SITE 2 HERP Line 3 (50m Upstream of Main Axis)
........................................................................................................................................ 92
Table 5:9 Coordinates and Elevation of VES Points (HERP 1 - 3 in Dam site 3) ................. 97
Table 5:10 Interpreted Geophysical Results for Dam SITE 3 HERP Line 1 (Proposed .......... 98
Table 5:11 Geophysical Results for Dam SITE 3 HERP Line 2 (50m Downstream of Dam
Axis) .............................................................................................................................. 100
Table 5:12 Geophysical Results for Dam SITE 3 HERP Line 3 (50m Upstream of Dam Axis)
...................................................................................................................................... 101
Table 5:13 Coordinates of Trial Points ....................................................................................... 104
Table 5:14 Summary of Laboratory Soil Testing Results .......................................................... 106
Table 6:1 Dam sites physical characteristics ......................................................................... 112
Table 6:2 Spillway design floods .............................................................................................. 129
Table 6:3 Design Flows ............................................................................................................... 132
Table 7:1 Project Area by Sub-county, District, Division, Ward, Location and Sub
Location ...................................................................................................................... 135
Table 7:2 Socio-Economic Problems Experienced Around the Proposed Dam Area .. 168
Table 7:3 Socio-Economic Impact Mitigation Measures of the Dam Sub-Project......... 169
Table 7:4 Socio-Economic Impact Mitigation Measures of the Hydropower Production
Sub-Project ................................................................................................................. 170
Table 7:5 Socio-Economic Impact Mitigation Measures of the Irrigation Sub-project . 170
Table 7:6 Socio-Economic Impacts Management Plan ..................................................... 172
Table 8:1 Estimated Project Cost ............................................................................................. 196
Table 8:2 Gross Margins for Food and horticultural crops in the region. ......................... 199
Table 8:3 Results of Sensitivity Analysis for Radat Dam Site 1 ............................................. 201
Table 8:4 Results of Sensitivity Analysis for Radat Dam Site 2 ............................................. 201

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List of Figures
Figure 1:1 Dam Location Map .................................................................................................... viii
Figure 4:1 The Perkera River basin .............................................................................................. 32
Figure 4:2 Rainfall distributions in the Perkera basin ................................................................ 35
Figure 4:3 Perkera catchment land cover map ...................................................................... 36
Figure 4:4 Mean monthly rainfall at Perkera Agricultural research station ........................ 38
Figure 4:5 Mean monthly rainfall at Baringo F.T.C ................................................................... 39
Figure 4:6 Mean annual rainfall spatial distribution in the Perkera basin ........................... 39
Figure 4:7 Map of gauging stations on the Perkera River basin. .......................................... 47
Figure 4:8 Rating curve for Perkera River at 2EE07 .................................................................. 49
Figure 4:9 Location of RGS 2EE07 in the Perkera river basin. The mean month average 51
Figure 4:10 Mean monthly River flow at Perkera 2EE07 ............................................................ 52
Figure 4:11 Flow duration curve for Perkera River at 2EE07 ..................................................... 55
Figure 5:1 Location of Proposed Radat Dam Project Area .................................................. 69
Figure 5:2 A geological map of the general proposed Radat project area is shown in
Figure 2.1. ...................................................................................................................... 71
Figure 5:3 Geological map of the general project area (extract from J. Walsh, 1969) .. 72
Figure 5:4 Geological map of Proposed Radat Dam Site Area ........................................... 75
Figure 5:5 Map of Structural Pattern of Radat Project Area Proposed Radat Project
Area ............................................................................................................................... 76
Figure 5:6 Seismic Zoning Map of Kenya (I. S. Loupekine, 1971 ............................................ 78
Figure 5:7 Modified Mercalli Scale (1956) of Intensities .......................................................... 79
Figure 5:8 Distribution of Earthquake Epicentres in Kenya (I. S. Nyambok, 1982) ............. 80
Figure 5:9 Map of Widely Felt Earthquakes in Kenya (I. S. Nyambok, 1982) ...................... 81
Figure 5:10 Schematic Schlumberger Configurations of Electrodes ..................................... 83
Figure 5:11 Layout Plan of HERP and VES in Radat Proposed Dam Site 1 ............................ 84
Figure 5:12 HERP Field Data ........................................................................................................... 85
Figure 5:13 Geological correlation cross section along Profile Line 1 ................................... 87
Figure 5:14 Layout plan of HERP and VES in Radat Proposed Dam Site 2 ............................ 89
Figure 5:15 Geological Correlation map of Proposed Dam Site 2 Area .............................. 94
Figure 5:16 Layout plan of HERP and VES in Radat Proposed Dam Site 2 ............................ 95
Figure 5:17 HERP Field Data ........................................................................................................... 96
Figure 5:18 : Layout of HERP and VES in Dam Site 3 Kipting Bridge Area (in 3D) ................. 96
Figure 5:19 Generated 2D Geophysical Model of Selected Radad Dam Site (Kipting
Bridge Area) ................................................................................................................. 97
Figure 5:20 Geological correlation cross section along Profile Line 1 (Radad Site 3) ........ 98
Figure 5:21 Geophysical investigations in progress at Dam site 3 ........................................ 102
Figure 5:23 A Layer of Red Clay Soil in Tuffs and Sediments (Soil sample collected here)
...................................................................................................................................... 105
Figure 5:24 A Layer of Red Clay Soil – same above sowing overlying Basalts ................... 105
Figure 5:25 Plasticity Chart for Samples analyzed ................................................................... 107

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Figure 5:26 Plasticity Chart for the Samples Analyzed ............................................................ 108
Figure 6:2 Reservoir Storage and dam height- Scenario 1 (64m) ...................................... 123
Figure 6:3 Reservoir Storage and dam height- Scenario 2 (64m) ...................................... 124
Figure 6:4 Reservoir Storage and dam height- Scenario 3 (64m) ...................................... 124
Figure 6:5 Reservoir Storage and dam height- Scenario 5 (56m) ...................................... 125
Figure 6:6 Reservoir Storage and dam height- Scenario 6 (48m) ...................................... 125

Abbreviations
CAAC Catchment Area Advisory Committee
CFRD Concrete Faced Rockfill Dam
DEM Digital Elevation model
DTM Digital terrain Model
EAEC East African Engineering Consultants
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EMCA Environmental Management and Coordinating Act
FEAM Federal Emergency Management Agency
IDD Irrigation and Drainage Department
IPCC International Panel on Climate Change
ITCZ Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone
NCWSC Nairobi City Water and Sewerage Company
NIB National Irrigation Board
NEMA National Environmental Management Authority (of Kenya)
NGO Non-Government Organisation
PAPs Project Affected Persons
RBDA River Basin Development Authorities
RGS River Gauging Station
ToR Terms of Reference
UNESCO the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
WRMA Water Resources Management Authority
WRUA Water Resource Users Association
WSP Water Services Board

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Summary

The service contract for “Consultancy Services for Feasibility Study, Detailed
Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Radat Dam, Baringo County”
The contract
was signed between the National Irrigation Board (NIB) and an association of
East African Engineering Consultants and Batch Associates Ltd., (The
Consultant) on 13th January 2014.

The objective of the Radat dam project is to harness, conserve, and control
and utilize the flood waters of Perkerra River. The project main target is to
enhance development of the expanded Perkerra Irrigation Scheme through
the construction of Radat dam, a multipurpose dam with a primary purpose of
regulating Perkerra river flow to enhance irrigation development, flood control
and hydropower generation. This development will contribute to increase in
Radat Dam irrigation area and subsequently agricultural production, improvement of the
project livelihoods of farmers in the Baringo County and enhanced food self-
sufficiency in Kenya as a whole. The proposed dam should meet the
expanded irrigation demand of Perkerra irrigation project of 280,000m3/day.

Pre-Feasibility study identified 5 sites and recommended Radat Dam sites for
further investigations. During this stage, focused studies were carried out at the
proposed Radat dam site while limited generally studies were carried on the
four other sites.

The scope of Consultancy Services shall comprise;

a) Feasibility studies at the potential dam sites to select the better

Scope of alternative and to allow for the design of the dam to determine:
Services b) carry out detailed investigations and designs of a dam at the
selected site in line with established best practice worldwide, and
c) Prepare pre-qualification and tender documents for all civil and
supply works arising out of the detailed design including
civil/structural works and power plants.
The present report, the feasibility Study reports, presents findings of the
preliminary field activities and investigations carried out at the proposed dam
sites and the project area. The report details the outcome of the following;

(a) Socio Economic Study

(b) Hydrological and Water Resources study

This report
(c) Geological and soils surveys,

(c) Topographical surveys and site evaluation studies

(d) Environmental screening of sites,

(e) Cost estimation and economic evaluation

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The report comprise the main report and three annexes;

Annex I: Socio Economic Study and ESIA Screening Report

Annex II: Hydrological Study Report

Annex III: Geological and Geophysical Investigation Report

Perkerra Irrigation Scheme is situated 100Kms North of Nakuru near Marigat

Township in Marigat District. The scheme derived its name from the River
Perkerra, which is the source of Irrigation Water, and the only permanent river
Perkera in the District.
Irrigation
Scheme
The Perkerra Irrigation Scheme Expansion Project Study, (Bhundia Associates
2012), proposed to expand the scheme irrigation area to 2020 hectares. The
proposed expansion will increase the area currently under irrigation by eight
times. To achieve this, water sources with a daily yield of 280,000m 3) is required.
The current source of Perkerra irrigation water, the Perkerra River, can meet
irrigation demand of upto 35,424m3/day.

The river Perkera and its tributaries form the Perkera River basin which originates
from Maji Mazuri ,Timboroa, Lembus, Chemorogok and Metkei forests. The
Perkerra River Perkera irrigation scheme falls within the area drained by the Perkera River and
Basin its tributaries with a catchment area of about 1,411 km2. The river basin falls
under the Rift valley drainage basin 2E, Kerio Valley sub-basin in the Rift Valley
basin. Perkerra borders Molo river basin to the west and to east by Tapuchara
river basin, which joins Perkera River at Marigati to form the Tigeri river basin.

The pre-feasibility study identified five dam sites; Koipokaplelach, Kapng’etuny,

Kaplelwo, Radat and Kipkabei dam sites. Radat site was recommended for full
feasibility, detailed investigations and designs. The sites are taken to be
indicative only; further investigation may vary or confirm the sites. Two of the
sites Radat and Kaplelwo are located on the main Perkerra River;
Koipokaplelach site is located on Tapuchara River while Kapng’etuny is
located Ainopno River, all tributaries of the main Perkerra River.

During this feasibility study, three possible locations were investigated at the
Radat sites, Radat site 1, Radat site 2 and Radat site 3.
Dam Sites
Estimation of storage potentials of the proposed dam site was determined
using contours generated from existing topographic information and
topographic survey at the dam sites. Site storage/height/areas were
generated for the four sites. The key features of the dam site are summarized
here blow.
Dam Site Estimated Storage Reservoir Embankment
Storage Height Area Length (m)
potential (Mm3) (m) (Ha)
Kaplelwo 30.7 45 138 1,150
Kopokaplelach 15.0 35 126 685
Kapng’etuny 5.6 45 40 500
Radat Site 1 267 95 907 415

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Radat Site 2 228 85 833 435

Radat Site 3 157 70 686 300

The result of both reconnaissance geological survey and preliminary

geophysical investigations shows that the geology of the proposed Radat dam
project area is composed of volcanic rocks of Miocene to Pliocene age. Tuffs
intercalated with sediments of the same age are also present in this area but
with limited.

The rocks are highly weathered and only slightly fractured. The deeper
foundation rocks composed of basalts of Samburu type are more weathered
than the upper horizons. The general project area has been affected by grid
faulting but the nearest observed fault zone is around Radat Trading Center
but it disappears as one approaches dam site 1 (the lower dam site). It
significant to note that at the sites rocks on the right bank of Perkerra River are
part of downthrown block of younger rocks that abut on older rocks on the left
hand side of Perkerra River: This may mean that the older faulting may have
been obscured the younger lava flows.
Site Geology
The foundation rocks in the three dam sites have undergone almost similar
pattern and intensity of weathering however, dam site 1 (the lower dam site)
has apparently more stable foundation compared to the other two. The
project area is characterized by abundance of rocks that can readily be used
for rock-fill dam. The recent deposits in are composed of a thin layer greyish
brown soil with cobbles and stones derived from the parent volcanic rocks.

Finally it is concluded that proposed dam sites are suitable for a rock fill dam.
However, further detailed geological investigations including core drilling and
rock testing for strength will be necessary. The structural condition of the
foundation rocks will also be necessary using seismic profiling.

Around proposed dam site 3 (about 5km from dam site 1) a layer of red clay
was observed with the tuffs and sediments that underlie Kwaibus olivine basalts
in that area. The thickness and areal extent of this horizon may be of interest as
source for impervious core material.

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From the sites hydrological studies, evaluation of the potential dam sites and
dam optimisation study, a reservoir with a net storage capacity of 124Mm3 will
satisfy the objective of the proposed development project. This reservoir will
regulate the river flow to guarantee irrigation abstraction of 3.25m 3/s
development to 2020Hectares of irrigation area. Full development of the
irrigation area to 2020Ha, will be progressively attained between the second
Recommend and the third year to allow impoundement. Dam parameters for the three
ed Reservoir Radat sites meeting the 120Mm3 are summarised below.
Capacity
Dam Site Storage Embankment Reservoir Crest Level
Height (m) Length (m) Area (Masl)
(Acres)
Radat Site 1 75 415 1,218 1450
Radat Site 2 75 435 1,279 1445
Radat Site 3 70 300 1,374 1460

The proposed dam sites are underlain by rocks highly weathered volcanic
rocks (basalts and phonolites that have affected by faulting in the general).
Further seismic profiling proposed during detailed geological investigations will
shed more light on the conditions the foundation. The prevailing site
geological conditions favour a zoned rock-fill dam with an impervious core. In
Dam Type view of the above considerations, a zoned rock dam is suggested.

Construction materials in form red clay soil for an impervious core is apparently
available within the dam site, but shell material will be readily available for
both rock-fill and Rip Rap. Red clay soils will be further assessed at Radat Dam
Site 3 area which also the preferred dam site for this project.

The size of the proposed dam has been determined from the storage is curves
and the reservoir simulation results. A rock fill embankment dam with a clay
core of a reservoir capacity of 124Mm3 and storage height of around 60m.

The embankment geometry at this preliminary stage has been taken as 1:.1.75
Proposed and 1:2.25 for upstream and downstream slopes respectively. A 10.0m crest
Dam width is suggested and a footbridge across the side spillway is proposed.
structure
The overall downstream slope will be flatter than this because of the provision
of 6.0 m wide berms at the coffer dam level running the entire length of
embankment at the 25 m height from the embankment crest. These will also
serve as the main artery for delivering fill materials from the excavation lots to
the dam.

The 124Mm3 at the proposed site will flood sections of five sub locations of the
project area as summarised below. It is worth noting, the larger part of the
Land areas in within the river reserve.
requirement

Sub-Location Site 1 (Acres) Site 2 (Acres) Site 3 (Acres)

Radat 432 377 117

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Kimose 94 108 184

Tinomoi 401 345 359
Cheberen 0 0 8
Tebei 505 639 979
Total 1,431 1,469 1,647

It is proposed that the regulated irrigation release of 3.25m3/s to the river be

used for hydropower generation immediately downstream of the dam. The
irrigation oft-take to Perkerra scheme is located substantially downstream of
Hydropower the dam making it possible to release back the water for irrigation.
Generation
With the reservoir, the river flows can be regulated and they can be released
through the power house (turbines) in such a manner as to maintain a uniform
power generation. Using the available flow, 1.0MW of power can be uniformly
generated throughout the year.

Estimated Costs

The estimated preliminary cost for the three Radat dam sites are summarised below. The cost
includes cost of resettlement and related land acquisition costs.

Description of Works Radat Site 1 Radat Site 2 Radat Site 3

A.1 PRELIMINARY WORKS 300,000,000 300,000,000 300,000,000
A.2 DIVERSION WORKS 83,250,000 83,250,000 83,250,000
A.3 DAM WORKS 8,933,286,990 8,879,472,490 7,042,419,267
A.4 SPILLWAY 370,562,500 356,125,000 356,125,000
A.5 RESERVOIR 251,250,000 260,015,000 280,015,000
A.6DAM ANCILLARY WORKS 1,532,500,000 1,561,500,000 1,440,000,000
A.7 HYDROPOWER GENERATION 500,000,000 500,000,000 500,000,000
A.8 Detailed Design and 299,271,237 298,509,062 250,045,232
Construction Supervision (2.5%)
A.9 Contingencies and Price 598,542,474 597,018,124 500,090,463
Adjustments (5%)
A.10 TOTAL COST 12,868,663,201 12,835,889,676 10,751,944,962
Add 16% VAT 2,058,986,112 2,053,742,348 1,720,311,194
A.11 NET COST 14,927,649,314 14,889,632,025 12,472,256,155
The proposed Radat dam is expected to regulate flow in Perkerra to
guarantee irrigation requirement of 3.25m3/s requirements to expand the
Perkera irrigation scheme. The project will augment food security, reduce
poverty level among the population in the project area as well as enhance
Project and its commercial agricultural production. These will directly answer to the Vision
justification 2030 for this country and the Worlds MDGs. The project will make
contribution to increased employment opportunities in the project area,
during construction and when operational. The latter particularly will be
realized through the labour intensive vegetable and rice production.
Employment will also be available throughout the construction period of
main and in-field irrigation systems. A number of secondary benefits will also

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be realized which include: Improvement of farm households’ nutrition;

Income and employment opportunities generated through the marketing of
farm produce; suppliers of crop inputs (seed, fertilizers and pesticides),
contract services (land preparation and transport) and the agro-processing
industry; and opportunities for employment local contractors during project
implementation.
Due to the high flow fluctuations and the water deficit in the Perkerra basin,
a dam with a large reservoir is required to regulate the river flow. The
consequence is a dam with a relatively high construction cost. From the
economic and financial analysis, the dam project is not viable at capital
discounting rates above 8%.
A 70m high with net reservoir capacity of 124Mm3 is proposed at the
Recommended proposed dam site 3. Thee regulated release of 3.25m 3/s will be used to
Dam generated hydro power of 1.0MW then released for irrigation downstream
of the dam.
The preferred dam site for the proposed Radat dam site is site 1. The site has
the most stable geological foundation. The site also has the high storage
potential of upto 257Mm3 making a good site for even further expansion.
The reservoir at this site will be confined to the river basin for around three
kilometres before spreading out to flood around 500Acres in Tebei sub
location. The dam and reservoir at this site will require 1,431 Acres of land
Recommended which is 200acres less compared to site 3. The only disadvantages are
Dam site submergence of the existing bridge crossing which is the only river crossing
on Perkerra river at this point. Even though the bridge will be replaced, it
may cause too much disruption. The site also has a wider valley that will
make the dam embankment construction more expensive. In view of the
above, Dam site 3 is recommended, The site has a potential for a 157Mm3
and will not submerge the existing bridge. The estimated construction cost
at this site is Kshs.12.5Billion

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Figure 1:1 Dam Location Map

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
The objective of the Radat dam project is to harness, conserve, and control and utilize
the flood waters of Perkerra River. The project main target is to enhance development
of the expanded Perkerra Irrigation Scheme through the construction of Radat dam, a
multipurpose dam with a primary purpose of regulating Perkerra river flow to enhance
irrigation development, flood control and hydropower generation. This development
will contribute to increase in irrigation area and subsequently agricultural production,
improvement of the livelihoods of farmers in the Baringo County and enhanced food
self-sufficiency in Kenya as a whole. The proposed dam should meet the expanded
irrigation demand of Perkerra irrigation project of 280,000m3/day.
Pre-Feasibility study identified 5 sites and recommended Radat Dam sites for further
investigations. During this stage, focused studies were carried out at the proposed
Radat dam site while limited generally studies were carried on the four other sites.

1.2 Perkerra Irrigation Scheme Expansion Project

Perkerra Irrigation Scheme is situated 100Kms North of Nakuru near Marigat Township in
Marigat Sub County. It derived its name from the Perkerra River, which is the source of
Irrigation Water, and the only permanent river in the District.
The construction of the irrigation Scheme started in 1954 after several feasibility studies,
which showed that the Ilchamus flats (Plains) was suitable for Irrigation. The conceptual
study was carried out in 1936 but due to financial constraints, construction was shelved
until the “state of Emergency” period, when detainees provided labour for
construction purposes. Marigat was one of the many detention Camps in the country
at that time.
It is estimated that approximately 13,000 people will directly and indirectly benefit from
the expanded project in Baringo and neighbouring Nakuru counties. . The Perkerra
Irrigation Scheme Expansion Project Study, (Bhundia Associates 2012), proposed to
expand the scheme irrigation area to 2020 hectares. The proposed expansion will
increase the irrigation area eight times the area currently under irrigation from 254Ha.
To achieve this, water sources with an annual yield of 280,000m3/day is required. The
current source of Perkerra irrigation water, the Perkerra River, cam meet irrigation
demands of up to 35,424m3/day.

1.3 Objectives and Scope of the study

The objective of this study is undertaken feasibility studies and detailed design of the
proposed Radat dam. The dam to be located in across Perkera river will regulate the in
the river while conserving flood flow for reliability utilisation for Perkerra irrigation
scheme.

1.4 Scope of the study

The scope of Consultancy Services shall comprise;
a) Feasibility studies at the potential dam sites to select the better alternative
and to allow for the design of the dam to determine:
b) carry out detailed investigations and designs of a dam at the selected site
in line with established best practice worldwide, and

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c) Prepare pre-qualification and tender documents for all civil and supply
works arising out of the detailed design including civil/structural works and
power plants.

1.5 The feasibility study

Preliminary studies at this stage were undertaken to identify the potential dam sites and
select the better alternative. The selected dam will go through detailed investigations
and design. The studies herein presented include the following;

1.5.1 Socio- Economic baseline Studies

 To conduct a social baseline in the project area.
 To conduct consultations with relevant stakeholders, including potentially
affected persons, to obtain their views and suggestions regarding the
environmental and social impacts of the proposed project.
 To identify potential negative and positive social impacts of the Project and
propose mitigation measures.
 To prepare an SIA report incorporating results of social analysis

1.5.2 Topographic study

Topographic layout maps of the potential dam sited were prepared from data
collected from topographic surveys. The maps are used delineate and to study the
dam potential using the digital terrain models.

1.5.3 Hydrology and water management study

Hydrological study involved evaluation basin hydro-meteorological information to
derive the following;
 Evaluation of the potential basin runoff yield and potential reservoir size at
proposed site
 Carry out water balance study taking into account the proposed irrigation
demand and other potential multi-purpose water usage
 Estimate maximum flood occurrences to be used in the reservoir water
evacuation structures such as spillway and diversion
 Estimate the reservoir yield and reliability to meet the various water uses
 Estimate sediment load, evaluate reservoir loss and the requirement from dead
storage

1.5.4 Geological and geotechnical study

 Undertake geological investigations and geophysical surveys to identify the
geological condition, estimate the vertical profile of the underlying strata,
identify ground weakness.
 Undertake preliminary material study to identify embankment materiel and
recommend a preferred dam type.
 Undertake preliminary geological analysis to recommend and prepare terms of
reference for detailed investigations and studies including core drilling, seismic
surveys and borrow pit investigations.

1.5.5 Preliminary dam layout and design

Provide preliminary layout and design of the proposed dam at the recommended site.

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1.5.6 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) study

 Conduct baseline socio-environmental study of the dam site, reservoir area and
hydropower plant.
 Identify potential socio-environmental impacts of the project.
 Propose impact mitigation measures.
 Prepare a comprehensive environmental and social impact assessment ESIA
study.
 Identify project affect persons and the need for resettlement (especially as the
result of reservoir impounding).

1.6 Outline of the Feasibility Study Report

The Feasibility Report has been prepared to reflect the requirements of the Terms of
Reference. The report is divided into ten sections as follows:-

Section 1 Introduction
This section covers the project outline, defines the scope of the study and
extent of study area, and outlines the current water supply situation

Section 2 General Background Information

This section describes the location, climate, topography, geology and
soils, water resources, administration, settlement and socio-economic
aspects, natural resources and infrastructure of the project area.

Section 3 Socio-economic Studies

This section presents the findings of the socio-economic studies carried
out for the project.

Section 4 Hydrology and Water Resources

This section reports on the hydrological and water resources study.
Available runoff, reservoir yields and storage requirement and the dam
regulation study is also covered.

Section 5 Geological and Geophysical Investigations

This section covers geophysical and geological investigation at the
proposed dam site and reservoir area.

Section 6 Evaluation of the Dam option

This section covers the recommended design for the proposed dam and
water supply project. It describes the proposed dam characteristic,
preliminary design of dam features

Section 7 Environmental Impact Assessment

This section outlines the findings of the initial environmental impact
assessment carried out for the various alternative dam sites in the project
area.

Section 8 Project Cost Estimates and Economic Evaluation

The section covers the estimated project cost of the proposed dam and
water supply system and implementation plan.

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2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

2.1 Project Location

The project area is under the administrative jurisdiction of Baringo County which
according to the Constitution of Kenya has authority for Agriculture, Water and
Irrigation which form some of the core objectives of the Project. In the project area, the
Perkerra River forms the boundary between Baringo District/Sub County on the
Northern bank and Mogotio District / Mogotio Sub County on the Southerly bank. In
total five sub-locations spread across two administrative districts /sub counties of
Baringo Central and Mogotio. The sub-locations affected are as follows: Kimose Sub-
Location, Cheberen Sub-Location and Radat Sub-Location in Mogotio District/Sub
County while in Baringo Sub County Tinomoi Sub-Location and Tebei Sub-Location are
affected. It is here noted that Tebei Sub-Location and Tinomoi Sub-Location, which are
administratively in Baringo Central Sub County and politically in Marigat Sub County.

2.2 Topography
Baringo varies in altitude between 3000m above mean sea level at its highest points
and nearly 700m above mean sea level at its low points. The County has the Kerio
Valley on the western part, Lake Baringo and Bogoria in the eastern part forming the
Loboi Plains which is covered mainly by the latchstring salt-impregnated silts and
deposits and the Tugen Hills where the proposed dam project is located. The trend of
the hills is north-south and mainly consists of volcanic rocks. The hills have steep slopes
with prominent gullies. On the eastern and western parts of the hills are escarpments.
River Perkerra flows in the hills in very deep gorges thus its suitability for the proposed
project.

2.3 Rainfall
In general rainfall in the Koibatek and Baringo districts is seasonal and fairly reliable,
with long rains coming between March and July with maxims occurring in May and the
short rains occurring between September and November with the maxims in October.
Minimum rain occurs in January. The average total rainfall per annum ranges between
800mm in the lowlands to 1200mm in the highlands. The mean average temperature is
30oC in the lowlands and 24oC in the highlands.
Most of the river water comes from the hill slopes, where annual rainfall is from 1,100
millimetres to 2,700 millimetres. The region around the Lake Baringo is semi-arid, with
annual rainfall of 450 millimetres and annual evaporation rates of 1,650 millimetres to
2,300 millimetres.

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2.4 Geology and Soils

The dam sites area lies within the East African Rift Valley which is bounded
physiographically by the Elgeyo Escarpment to the west and Laikipia Escarpment to
the east. The Tugen Hills stand out as a horst in the middle part of the main rift graben.
The oldest rocks found in the area belong to the basement system. Fluvial sediments
are deposited in the depressions of the basement. The general geological succession
in the section of the Perkerra River is complex as it consists of a series of lava groups
and one major tuff and sediment group all in unconformable relationship and
frequently faulted.
The landscape of the project area is characterized by steep slopes of the Tugen Hills.
The soils in the project area and Baringo in general are volcanic fluvisols of sandy/silty
clay loam texture, slightly acid to slightly alkaline, highly fertile with adequate, P,K,Ca,
Mg but low N and C.

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2.5 Geology and Soils

The dam sites area lies within the East African Rift Valley which is bounded
physiographically by the Elgeyo Escarpment to the west and Laikipia Escarpment to
the east. The Tugen Hills stand out as a horst in the middle part of the main rift graben.
The oldest rocks found in the area belong to the basement system. Fluvial sediments
are deposited in the depressions of the basement. The general geological succession
in the section of the Perkerra River is complex as it consists of a series of lava groups
and one major tuff and sediment group all in unconformable relationship and
frequently faulted.
The landscape of the project area is characterized by steep slopes of the Tugen Hills.
The soils in the project area and Baringo in general are volcanic fluvisols of sandy/silty
clay loam texture, slightly acid to slightly alkaline, highly fertile with adequate, P,K,Ca,
Mg but low N and C.

2.6 Hydrology and Drainage

The Perkerra River rises in the Mau Forest on the western wall of the Rift valley at 2,400
masl, dropping down to 980 masl at Lake Baringo. The river is formed from a union of
several streams from the Lembus forest highland, Maji Mazuri, Timboroa, Chemeorok
and Metkei forest. The river has several tributaries namely Tigeri (Chepkungur), Lelgal,
Eldama Ravine, Narosura and Esageri. The Perkekrra river catchment is characterised

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by very steep slopes on the hillsides and gentle slopes in the middle and lower reaches
where the surface is bear with very little undergrowth with a total catchment of
1,411km2. The the river flows into Lake Baringo whose drainage area is 6820 km2. The
Lake is a Semi-Arid Lake which and according to reports it has reduced its depth from
8m in 1973 to 2.5m in 2003 due to siltation resulting from high soil erosion rates in the
catchment which has affected the lakes turbidity.
Water quality in the area is mainly affected with silt due to poor land use practices
such as deforestation, poor land management practices and overstocking of livestock.
The area experience a water deficit for both domestic and livestock at 40m3/day and
50m3/day in the lower catchment due to high human and livestock population ,
irrigation and rainfall variability. The river flow has been reducing over the years and
conflicts always arise between downstream and upstream users over resource
development upstream for downstream usage.

2.7 Vegetation and Land use

2.7.1 Vegetation
The major vegetation types in the catchment are forest 26%, evergreen and semi-
deciduous bush land 37%, and deciduous and semi-deciduous bush land 37%
(Onyando et al., 2005). In general the vegetation of the upstream of the project area
consist mostly of woodlands in the hills and mountainous areas and dry woodland and
bush lands in the lower areas such as Kimose. The project area has over 130 plant
species spread in 50 families consisting of shrubs, herbs, climbers, grass, legumes, and
orchids etc. which are used as source of food, shelter, animal fodder and human
medicine. The main vegetation in the project area is acacia woodlands predominated
with the Acacia commiphorra sp which is being lost due to deforestation induced by
charcoal burning. Prosopis juliflora one of the world’s worst invasive alien species
according to the IUCN’s list is found on the downstream of the project area mainly in
Marigat. The invasive Cactus (Opuntia stricta), the medicinal Aloe turkanesis and the
sisal plant were predominantly seen around Kimose and Radat sub-location.
The project area is predominately privately owned with pieces of government owned
land but the County has conserved exotic and indigenous forests found in Kabarnet,
Kabartonjo, Tenges, Lembus, Saimo, Sacho and Ol’ Arabel and Eldama Ravine. The
main exotic species grown are Grevellea Rabusta, Cuppressus lusitanic and Eucalyptus
saligna. The forest closest to the project area is Tenges located upstream of the area
and is still in its natural state

2.7.2 Land Use

River Pekerra is located in a heterogenous catchment with a fragile ecosystem with
highlands with moderate climate and low lands with harsh climate. The project area is
arid and semi-arid and the inhabitants of the Perkerra Catchment are pastoralist thus
the land is mainly used as grazing land and for subsistence farming in the highlands as
the climate there is conducive for crop growing. The farmers in the highlands practice
conservation agriculture in order to reduce erosion but overstocking of livestock,
deforestation which is evidently seen through charcoal burning is causing degradation
of the catchment. Quarrying and sand harvesting is also starting to pick up in the area
due to the increase in construction activities. The natural forest in the region are being
exploited for timber, wood fuel and settlement

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2.7.3 Wildlife
The project area especially Radat and Kimose forms part of the spatial corridor for Lake
Baringo and Lake Bogoria National Game Reserve where the habitats of wild animals
like the tortoise, hares, impala, rare kudu, antelope, hyenas, snakes are found. Other
animals found in the lakes reserve are zebras, leopards, cheetahs, mongoose,
monkeys, baboons, birds, hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), crocodile
(Crocodylus niloticus), jackals and many other mammals, amphibians, reptiles and the
invertebrate communities. Lake Baringo is home to about 500 species of birds and
fauna, some of the migratory waterbird species being significant regionally and
globally. The lake also provides an invaluable habitat for seven fresh water fish species
one such species is Oreochromis niloticus baringoensis (Nile Tilapia) which is endemic to
the lake. Additionally the area is a habitat for many species of animals including the.
During the study the tortoise and snakes were the most encountered animals though
consultations with the community members and game wardens indicated that most
animals come out in the evening when the temperature is cooler. Wild animals could
be seen deep in the thickets under shades.

2.8 Water and Sanitation

The common source of domestic water in the area is the river (95.5%); Perkerra River
was identified as the only all-weather river with other rivers being seasonal. The area is
known to be a water deficit area with both for livestock and domestic use. The water

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quality is also low mainly due to high turbidity caused by high siltation. The project are
has water surplus during the rainy season and acute deficit during the dry seasons due
to the degraded environment and it is hoped that the development of the dam shall
help restore the water problem and environmental damages.

2.9 Energy
Primary data from field survey shows that wood fuel is the main source of cooking
energy in the entire project area standing at 94.7%. Further analysis shows that
Kerosene (94.8%) was the main source of fuel for lighting for majority of respondents in
the project area. Electrical power lines were seen to traverse the area but it is mainly
supplied in the urban areas. The area has high solar energy potential which can be
exploited during the project operation phase.

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3 SOCIO ECONOMIC STUDY

3.1 Background Information

This section presents the socio-economic assessment, and current project socio-
economic baseline situation formed through a combination of primary survey data,
secondary data and stakeholder consultation. Knowledge of existing population,
infrastructure (such as roads), available healthcare services and prevalent diseases,
economic activity and literacy levels of the project area is essential to understanding
project affected communities, potential benefits to recipient communities and likely
challenges during project implementation.

3.1.1 Administrative Structures

The project areas are under administrative jurisdiction of respective decentralized local
governments which function with autonomy to formulate development objectives and
budgets in line with polices of the Central Government. This section briefly outlines the
administrative structure of Kenya, particularly those administrative levels relevant to this
Social Impact Assessment.

3.1.2 Location
The project area is under the administrative jurisdiction of Baringo County which
according to the Constitution of Kenya has authority for Agriculture, Water and
Irrigation which form some of the core objectives of the Project. In the project area, the
Perkerra River forms the boundary between Baringo District/Sub County on the
Northern bank and Mogotio District / Mogotio Sub County on the Southerly bank. In
total five sub-locations spread across two administrative districts /sub counties of
Baringo Central and Mogotio. The sub-locations affected are as follows: Kimose Sub-
Location, cheberen Sub-Location and Radat Sub-Location in Mogotio District/Sub
County while in Baringo Sub County Tinomoi Sub-Location and Tebei Sub-Location are
affected. It is here noted that Tebei Sub-Location and Tinomoi Sub-Location, which are
administratively in Baringo Central Sub County and politically in Marigat Sub County.
Administrative areas are presented in table below.
Table 3:1: Project Area by Sub-county, District, Division, Ward, Location and Sub-
Location
Serial Sub County District Division Ward Location Sub-
Location
1 Mogotio Mogotio Kipngorom Emining Cheberen Cheberen
2 Mogotio Mogotio Emining Emining Kimose Kimose
3 Mogotio Mogotio Emining Emining Koibosoi Radat
4 Baringo Baringo Tenges Marigat Bekibon Tinomoi
South Central
5 Baringo Baringo Tenges Marigat Tuluongoi Tebei
South Central

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3.2 Demographics of the Proposed Project Area

Table 3:2: Project Area Population

Popn Popn
Area Density Density
Sub- in sq. Population in 2009 per sq. Estimated Population per sq.
Serial Location km Census km in 2014 km
Male Female Total Male Female Total
1. Radat 78.39 948 1029 1,977 25.22 1133 1,230 2,363 33.97

2. Kimose 35.7 664 683 1,347 37.73 794 816 1,610 45.09
3. Cheberen 49.93 1,273 1,296 2,569 51.45 1521 1,549 3,070 61.49
4. Tinomoi 49.95 621 627 1,248 24.99 742 749 1,491 29.85
5. Tebei 30.93 468 439 907 29.32 559 525 1,084 35.05
Total 244.9 3,974 4,074 8,048 32.86 4,749 4,869 9,618 39.27

Source: KNBS, Population Census, 2009

Table 3:3: Current and Projected Number of Households in the Project Area
Serial Sub-Location No of Household in 2009 Est. No. of Households in
2014
1 Radat 452 540
2. Kimose 258 308
3. Cheberen 480 574
4. Tinomoi 240 287
5 Tebei 193 230
Total 1,623 1,939

Overall, the total population of all 5 sub-locations to be affected by the proposed

Radat Dam is estimated to be 9,618 people (up from 8,048 in the 2009 Census) Based
on the expected potential social impacts, their extent and significance, proposed
Radat Dam will affect property owners by way of land take, loss of structures, loss of
crops, economic displacement in some cases and impact on community resources
such as boreholes, schools, bridges and hospitals.

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3.2.1 Sample Population

Out of the total 1,939 total households in the project area of 5 sub-locations, 150
households were purposively sampled, constituting 8% of the population. Each sub-
location was allocation 30 households. Out of these, 14 households were non
responsive, and 136 households responded, constituting 91% of the respondents. The
average age of the respondent was 44 while the oldest respondent was 76 from Tebei
Sub-Location while the youngest was a 22 year old from Tinomoi Sub-Location.

3.2.2 Sex of Respondents

From the field survey, it is evident that a large percentage of the household heads
interviewed were male (88%) compared to female (12%) headed households. Further
analysis shows that in the entire project affected locations male respondents were the
majority compared to the female. This is because they own the land compared to the
women. The ratio of males to females is 1:1, consistent with both the 2009 KNBS Census
and the Baringo county CIDP.

3.2.3 Marital Status of the Respondents

With regard to marital status, most respondents were married at 90%, followed by
widower or widowed at 8% and single at 2%, while none were divorced. Of the total
population which declared itself married, 7% were in a polygamous marriage and 83%
monogamous. In the entire project affected districts the widowed respondents were
mainly female headed households compared to the male. Majority of the females who
were widowed had lost their spouses as a result of natural causes.

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3.2.4 Community Structure and Ethnicity

Ethnicity is one of the key considerations to be taken into account while designing
social mitigation strategies. The general project area is peopled mainly by the Tugen
Community, but with district sub-dialect variations across the five sub-locations. Radat
Sub-location comprises mainly of the Eldorois sub tribe of the Kalenjin Community. The
language predominantly spoken in the general project area is thus Tugen, with
corresponding inflection to represent the sub dialects of Eldorois and Samor. Most
residents speak Swahili and some communities such as Turkana, Kikuyu, Borana,
Samburu, Luhya, Pokot have also been assimilated by marriage.

3.2.5 Migration
According to the respondents, 99% consider the project area as their ancestral home
and have never moved to settle elsewhere. One percent (1%) of the population
moved in to buy land especially near market centres of Kimose, Radat, Tinomoi, Tebei,
and Cheberen. It was also revealed that a substantial number (at 70%) own pieces of
land elsewhere in Baringo County.

3.2.6 Education
There are only primary and nursery schools located within the project areas. The
secondary schools identified were very far away from the project area except for
Cheberen Sub-Location. The nearest secondary schools were more than 5 km at the
Northern Bank (Tebei and Tinomoi sub-locations) and around 2 km at Southern bank of
Perkerra River (Radat and Kimose Sub-Location). During the field survey, only five
primary schools were identified as being close to the project area in Tinomoi Sub-
location while 10 schools were in Cheberen Sub-location. In the general area, day
secondary schools were on average at least 5km from nearest homesteads. Thirty five
percent (35%) of the house heads reported to have completed primary school, while
26% had incomplete primary education. Thus 61% of the population has only basic
education at primary level and below.

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3.2.7 Settlement Patterns

Generally the project area is semi-arid. The population is thus sparsely settled. Table 3:2
above shows that Cheberen has the highest population density at 62 people per
square kilometer while Tinomoi is the least settled at 30 people per square kilometer.
Indeed, three of the five sub-locations have population densities in the thirties. Kimose
and Cheberen are the exception. The average population density is 40 people per
square kilometer.
The Population density in Baringo County is 55 people per square km (source: Baringo
County CIDP and the KNBS Census, 2009). The project area is thus considered sparse in
Baringo County, which is itself considered sparsely settled by national standards. The
distance from one household to the next is estimated at around 2 km.

3.2.8 Public Health

The entire project affected area has a sparse infusion of medical facilities. There is a
dispensary in each of the sub Locations which are ill equipped. The most common
ailments are malaria and hygiene related medical conditions such as cholera and
typhoid. There is a notably high incidence of dental problems. This can be explained
by the extremely low presence of pit latrines. Almost 90% of households have no pit
latrines.

3.3 Leading Health Problems in the Project area

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Table 3:4: Distance to the Nearest Health Facility in the Project Area
Distance (Km) Total Sub-Location
Cheberen Tebei Radat/Radat Tinomoi Kimose
Total 85 4 23 13 18 27
Mean 5 7 2 3 5 9
Range 18 6 4 4 13 17
Maximum 17 9 4 6 14 18
Minimum 1 3 1 2 1 1
Source: Field Survey Data.

As demonstrated in Table 3:4, Tebei and Cheberen have fairly near health facilities,
while Tinomoi and Kimose have distant medical facilities. Respondents revealed that
the average distance travelled to the nearest medical facility is 5km. The five Health
Centres identified include, Radat Dispensary, Tebei Dispensary, Bekibon Health Centre,
Emining Health Centre and Cheberen Dispensary. The health centres were adjudged
to be not well stocked with medicines and staff. 80 % of the respondents felt that the
medicines were often unavailable at the health facilities they frequented and they had
to procure externally

Table 3:5: Cost of Medicine

Sub-Location
Total Cheberen Tebei Radat Tinomoi Kimose
Total 115 9 26 27 25 28
100% 8% 23% 23% 22% 24%
Free 34 0 0 17 11 6
30% 0% 0% 15% 10% 5%
Affordable 62 7 13 9 13 20
54% 6% 11% 8% 11% 17%
Expensive 17 2 11 1 1 2
15% 2% 10% 1% 1% 2%
Very 2 0 2 0 0 0
Expensive
2% 0% 2% 0% 0% 0%
Source: Primary data from field survey

As shown in the figure above, 54% of respondents felt that the cost of medication was
affordable. 69% of respondents felt that medication could be found at the private
clinics and hospitals while 21% resorted to traditional medicine. With respect to HIV,
only 22 % of respondents felt it was a serious problem while 43% did not know whether it
was even a problem at all.

3.3.1 Gender Issues

The survey revealed that 12% of households in the project area were headed by
women mainly widowed. During the FGDs, the participants demonstrated that women
are not fully involved in decision making in the society. Land ownership and inheritance

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by women except through marriage is limited by culture and traditional practice. Men
expressed willingness to bequeath land to their daughters but seemed hesitant to allow
their sisters to inherit family land. Women who purchase land and property on their own
were however not disallowed. It also emerged in the FGD’s that women are
disadvantaged in access to education. Given the hardship weather conditions,
women face great hurdles accessing water, providing food for their children and
access to health services.

3.3.2 Livelihoods and Occupation

The project area is a semi-arid and the main source livelihood is agro-pastoralist for the
large part. The respondents indicated that 79% of their source of income is from
agriculture.16% of the population are self-employed while only 5% are on salaried
employment.

3.3.3 Employment Levels

As indicated, 5% of all incomes is earned from salaried employment. The total income
from employment averages at Ksh. 333,652 amounting to Ksh 7,673,996; this constitutes
10% of the total household incomes. The most common salaried job is primary school
teaching.

3.3.4 Income levels

As indicated above, agriculture constitutes 80% of household incomes. From the
respondents, 22.06% of incomes derive from rain fed agriculture, while irrigated
agriculture constitutes 5.04% while Fishing contributes 0.01% of incomes. Livestock
contributes the greatest source of family income at 23.53%.Other sources of income
are woodlots at 5.73% and fruit trees at 2.22%.Instructively, irrigated agriculture and
fishing is anticipated to go up when Radat Dam is fully constructed.
Subsistence farming is the principal source of livelihood and majorly within the areas
surveyed. Respondents reported growing a variety of crops ranging from food crops
like maize, rice, sweet potatoes, beans, cassava and ground nuts both for food and for
sale. Given the mixed nature of agriculture in the project area, majority of the

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households were found to be growing different kinds of crops and also rearing animals
in some cases. Maize was the most highly grown crop among household (26%), sweet
potatoes (21%), groundnuts (25%), cassava (20%), and beans. The above mentioned
crops doubled as both cash and food crops.
More to this respondents reported planting a variety of trees on their land. Trees are
planted for a wide range of reasons including: to demarcate plots; provide shade and
windbreaks; to provide a source of fuel and building materials; to produce fruit for sale
and household consumption; to provide fodder; for herbal or traditional medicine,
and, to improve soil moisture and fertility. The main fruit trees are jackfruit, avocado,
mango, oranges and pawpaw.
Livestock farming is also a major farming practiced within the project area but done on
a large scale with most households keeping not less than 5 cows, goats and poultry
.Entrepreneurs contribute 8.27% to the household income, while other miscellaneous
sources of income contribute 5%.
Respondents revealed that income from agricultural produce is used for procurement
of domestic requirements such as sugar, salt, and soap. More to this the income
earned helps to finance education for their children as well as access to healthcare
services.

Table 3:6: Annual Gross Income

Sub-Location
Total Cheberen Tebei Radat Tinomoi Kimose
Total 136 27 26 27 26 30
mean (Ksh) 688,873 1,651,259 673,154 667,030 257,323 230,017
range (Ksh) 25,958,000 25,870,000 2,300,000 4,454,000 899,000 1,611,000
maximum (Ksh) 26,000,000 26,000,000 2,370,000 4,505,000 941,000 1,661,000
minimum (Ksh) 42,000 130,000 70,000 51,000 42,000 50,000

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3.3.5 Business and Economic Activity in the Market Centers in the Project Area
This study involved taking a census of business infrastructure in the market centres
around the proposed Radat Dam. The centres considered are: Radat, Tinomoi, Tebei,
Cheberen and Kimose. Each centre bears the name of the sub-location.

Table 3:7: Business Activities Now Present at the Market Centres

Serial Business Enterprise Radat Kimose Tinomoi Tebei Cheberen Total
1 Retail shops 10 12 08 20 12 62
2. Wholesale shops - - - - - -
3. Grain shops 1 - 3 6 1 11
4. Agric Input Stores - - 1 - 1 2
5. Butcheries/ meat 2 1 2 3 2 10
shops
6. Eateries/ restaurants 1 1 3 3 5 13
7. Bars/ Pubs - 3 - 1 2 6
8. Hotels/ Guest Houses - 2 - - 1 3
9. Chemists - - - - 1 1
12 Rental/ Residential 6 8 4 10 10 38
Premises
13 Tailoring/ 2 5 2 2 5 16
Dressmaking
14 Posho Mills 3 3 3 7 5 21
15 Clothes Shop 1 2 3 2 3 11
16 ICT/MPESA - 1 - - 2 3
17 Barbershop 1 1 1 1 2 6
18 Salon 1 1 1 1 2 6
19 Informal Business 2 2 3 3 3 13
20 Dobi / Laundry - - 1 - - 1
21 Bookshops/ - - 2 - 2 4
Stationers
22 Private School - - - - 1 1
23 Process Industry - - - - 1 1

3.3.6 Prices of Basic Commodities

The most common produce around the project area are, milk, beans, ground nuts,
honey, millet, sorghum, soyabeans, livestock. (goats and zebu cattle) and some maize.
From Radat the main market of produce is Marigat. For Kimose, the main market is
either Marigat or Emining. Tebei and Cheberen take their produce to Tenges and
Emining, while Tinomoi considers mainly Marigat as the main market.

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Table 3:8: The Average Price of Basic Commodities

Unit of Av Price at Local Av. Price at External
Serial Commodity measure Market in Ksh Market in Ksh
1 Milk litre 40 65
2 Groundnuts kg 100 200
3 Millet kg 70 150
4 Honey Litre 250 500
5 Sorghum kg 100 250
6 Maize 2kg tin 100 200
8 Goat units 3,000 5,500
9 Zebu Cow unit 15,000 30,000
10 Goat Meat kg 360 450

3.4 Sand mining and Stone quarrying

Sand mining and stone quarrying is also identified a source of livelihood in the project
area. Salt licks are also leased out to livestock farmers within the quarry. The potential
for sand harvesting and quarrying has yet to be attained. During field survey, some
respondents especially those who are into mining business reported that it is a
profitable business which has attracted both men and youth who have opted
dropping out of school. On the banks of river Perkerra both in Radat and Tinomoi Sub-
location, in Mogotio and Baringo Central districts respectively, children usually descend
in the middle of the waters, scoop the sand which they transport and sell for Ksh 1000
per tonne. Most of the sand mined is sold to contractors and individuals who use it for
construction works.

3.5 Communication and Infrastructure

Access to social services and infrastructure are some of the indicators of wealth,
poverty and vulnerability. Access to services measured include, water and sanitation,
roads and energy sources. These are explained below.

3.5.1 Water and sanitation

The common source of domestic water was the river (95.5%). Perkerra Dam was
identified as the only all-weather river with other rivers being seasonal. The average
distance travelled to get water during the rainy season is 2km and during the dry
season is 6km. . According to women interviewed during focus group discussions,
majority revealed using water from the river for bathing, drinking, cooking food and
washing clothes. During the survey is was observed that some men bathed at the rivers
whereas women carried water on their heads from the rivers to their homes for
domestic use such for their husbands to bath, cooking, bathing small children and
washing utensils. Many children also go to the rivers to collect water and to swim/bath.
Most women wash cloths from the rivers to reduce water collecting trips they have to
make. Some even wash utensils from there.

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The respondents felt at 51% that the water sources were both inadequate and not
sufficiently available. The quality was also found to be dubious, according to the FGDs,
the water available was not safe and was often polluted
Energy
Primary data from field survey shows that wood fuel is the main source of cooking in the
entire project affected area standing at 94.7%. Further analysis shows that Kerosene
(94.8%) was the main source of fuel for lighting for majority of respondents in the project
area.

3.5.2 Transportation and road access to the site

For most of the project area there are no paved roads. Only 4wheel drive vehicles can
access the site. The Marigat – Nakuru road and the Emining – Tenges roads are
tarmacked but they are all on the boundaries of the project area. Consequently the
main mode of transport is motorcycle bodaboda. A few people use donkeys to
transport goods. Nevertheless since there are hardly any local access roads to the site,
implementation of the project will require construction of new roads and tracks to
provide the access to the dam site, as well as to the temporary facilities such as
cofferdams, quarries, batching and crushing plants, stockpiles, workshops and others.

3.5.3 Land ownership and Use

Land ownership in the project area is through title deeds held by the owners. All the
land in the five sub Locations has been adjudicated and most owners have title. Even
those who do not have physical title deeds, the leadership (Chiefs, Members of the
County Assemblies and Registrar of lands) assured that all that the titles are available
for collection. As indicated earlier land is used mainly for agro pastoralism. Zebu cattle,
goats and donkeys are reared. Subsistence farming is also carried out. There is a lot of
bee keeping across the entire project area. Honey and other wood lots constitute 6%
of annual income and there is some commercial quarrying and sand harvesting at the
shores of River Perkerra.

3.5.4 Vulnerable groups

The vulnerable groups in the project area were identified as the elderly widowed, and
persons with physical disabilities. People living with HIV/AIDS also qualify to be

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categorized as a vulnerable group due to the stigma associated with the disease and
discrimination, but due to lack of availability of data on them, they have not been
included in this study.

3.6 Cultural Property

Cultural resources to be affected were noted to be circumcision shrines and caves
mainly for historical reasons. Kolumkel in Tinomoi,Caves at Kaptolgugun,and others in
Kipng’eke and Kabarbarma were some of the traditional sites. It is notable that due to
the influence of the church most of these sites only has cultural and no spiritual value to
the community. All these sites are found along the Perkerra River. They were observed
to mainly tourist attraction

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4 HYDROLOGICAL STUDIES
The hydrology of the river basin is essential in planning and design of proposed dam on
the river. It is the river flows, its normal seasonal variations as well as its extreme flow
events that determine the reservoir capacity, the size and type of the dam and the
feasibility of the project. The hydrological study will estimate the river flows; minimum,
normal and flood flows to allow optimization of the dam design.
The basis of the hydrologic study is the available hydro-meteorological data. Historical
river flow data will form the primary data to be complimented by rainfall records when
data is sparse. Rainfall data is modelled to convert to river flows.

4.1 Dam sites

The four identified dam sites are on Perkera River and its tributaries in the middle
Perkera river catchment. This hydrological study of the dam sites, seeks to evaluate the
water availability to fill the proposed dam development project and to provide
adequate water for the proposed irrigation project. Table 4.1 below shows the site
location and the catchment sizes at the sites.

Table 4:1 Dam sites – location and catchment areas

Dam site River Dam catchment area ( Km2)
Radat Perkera 1,061.1
Kaplelwo Perkera/Ainopno 1,148.7
Kopokaplelach Kapuchara 40.8
Kapng’etuny Ainopno 143.4

4.2 Perkerra River Basin

The river Perkera and its tributaries form the Perkera River basin which originates from
Maji Mazuri ,Timboroa, Lembus, Chemorogok and Metkei forests. The Perkera irrigation
scheme falls within the area drained by the Perkera River and its tributaries with a
catchment area of about 1,411 km2. The river basin falls under the Rift valley drainage
basin 2E, Kerio Valley sub-basin in the Rift Valley basin. Perkerra borders Molo river basin
to the west and to east by Tapuchara river basin, which joins Perkera River at Marigati
to form the Tigeri river basin. The table below shows the characteristic of the three sub
basins forming the Perkerra river basin.
Table 4:2 Basins details
Name of river River sub-basins Catchment area (Km2) Length ( km)
Eldama/ Perkera 2ED 421 23
Emining 2EF 389 50
Perkera 2EE 601 80
Total 1,411 103

The proposed Radat dam is located in Radat area in Baringo County in the Northern
parts of former Rift Valley province. In terms of drainage, the scheme is within Emining

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sub-basin in the Perkera river catchment, in drainage area 2, the rift valley drainage
basin of Kenya.

The largest single drainage system in the project area is formed by the Perkera River
and its tributaries from upstream to downstream. The river Perkera catchment can be
divided into five sub catchments as follows.
River Perkera Sub – Catchment: this main catchment and it drains the eastern parts of
the basin. The main rivers tributaries include, Kureswa, Magirip, Kirer, Kipsarita, Perkera,
Eldama ravine and Kabiet. The main rivers originate from within the Kibimjor ranges
from Sekenwo, Sana and Mtarakwa forests, Perkera river drains the central parts of the
basin,
River Emining Sub – Catchment: this system drains the Western parts of the basin, the
main river tributaries are Narosura, which originates from Mochongoi forest, Esageri ,
which originates from Kilombe forest and Kipkura , which originates from Kibimoi area
and Isanda, which originates from Londian forest. The Emining River enters the Perkera
River at Tiggoi area.
River Ainapno Sub – Catchment: this system drains the Western parts of the basin, the
main river tributaries are Cheberena, which originates from Chemoge area, and
chebsaita, Kibigechi all of which originates from Mukobe forest, there is no gauging
station in this sub catchment.
River Lelgel Sub – Catchment: this system drains the Western parts of the basin, the
main river tributaries are Chelelach bei, which originates from Maji Mazuri forest, Leigel,
which originates from lembus forest and enters Perkera at siloi area.
River Chemususu Sub – Catchment: this system drains the Western parts of the basin,
the main river tributaries are Chemusus, Kaplakawa and Tuigoin, Toronga and Markisis,
all of which originates from the lembus forest, it enters the Perkera system at Kapchotoi
area, there is no river gauging in this sub-catchment.

4.3 Characteristics of the Perkera river basin

The primary watershed characteristics governing stream flow can be divided into four
categories: (i) Precipitation characteristics and basin area (ii) characteristics that affect
hydrologic abstractions and runoff volumes such as land use and vegetation (land
cover), soils, and antecedent moisture conditions (iii) topographic characteristics that
affect runoff response time, such as watershed shape, drainage pattern, watershed
slope, and stream channel slope and (iv) characteristics that affect the subsurface
base flow, such as soils, soil moisture, vegetation, channel bed materials, stream
channel length, geology and groundwater table. These characteristics affect different
aspects of stream flow hydrograph and therefore need to mention briefly in the study.
The characteristics of the Perkera river basin are as follows:

4.3.1 Topography and size

The Perkera basin is characterized by undulating terrain with highlands intersected by
several valleys. The scheme area is part of the central Rift Valley area and escarpments
occur in the East and West. In the upper areas of Emining catchment, some extinct
volcanoes rise sharply over the surrounding plateaus such as the Kibimjor range,
Tachasis escarpment, Kimata range, Mukobe range. The land slopes from about 3011
m a.s.l to 1000 m,a.s.l figure 4.1. The topography has a direct influence on surface
runoff for the Radat, Kaplelwo, Kopokaplelach and Kapng’etuny dam sites.

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Figure 4:1 The Perkera River basin

4.3.2 Vegetation and Land Cover

Vegetation affects the hydrologic abstractions and runoff volumes through canopy
interception, evaporation and evapotranspiration dynamics. The vegetation in the
Perkera basin varies from the source areas to downstream as follows: highlands are
covered by forest cover has been categorized into: plantation and indigenous,
followed by grassland and bush land. Most of the forests are Gazzeted forests and only
a few are not. The main exotic tree species found include Cypress, Eucalyptus and
Pinus, while Podo, Cedar, Oleafricana and Waibugia are the main indigenous species.
The vegetation of the basin was initially of savanna type, but now it is dominated by

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grassland with scattered forest stands of trees of herbs, shrubs acacia of woody
vegetation complex. The plains are dominated by swamp vegetation and acacia of
various species. The intense land use has reduced the original wood land to small
patches, heavily covered by grassland and bushland, see plates 4.1- 4.3. The ground
cover, together the soils influence the infiltration processes and subsequent runoff
coefficient and surface runoff.

Plate 4.1: The Radat dam site and catchment Plate 4.2: The Kopokaplelach dam site on
area, note sediment deposits on the river bed
Kapuchara river
and high water turbidity due to catchment
degradation.

Plate 4.3: Kapng’etuny dam catchment on Plate 4.4:Kapang’etuny dam site and
Ainpno River catchment area

4.3.3 Agro ecological and Land use

Land use and land cover affects the runoff characteristic of the basin, the land
treatment practices, affect infiltration processes and therefore affects groundwater.
The modification of land surface by the various land uses have varying effects on the
runoff characteristics of a given drainage area, as it affects the hydrologic abstractions
and runoff volumes. The land uses change from upstream to downstream as the
ecological conditions change. The Perkera basin falls within three agro-ecological

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zones and the sequence is as follows: The project area basin falls within the Sunflower-
Maize zone.

4.3.4 Climate of the Project Area

Climate is often considered the driving factor for stream flow, and it is spatially and
seasonally variable in the Emining catchment in the Perkera River basin. The climate of
the project area is heavily influenced by its geographical location and altitude. It varies
with from upstream to downstream as follows:
Rainfall upstream areas: The mean annual rainfall is 1241 mm, with 60 % of 1112 mm
reliability at Maji mazuri forest station at an altitude of 2331 m a.s.l. The lowest monthly
rainfall here is 41 mm in January and the highest is 201 mm in April, see figure 4.2.
Rainfall Midstream: The mean annual rainfall is 652 mm, with 60% reliability of 598 mm
at Perkera irrigation scheme at an altitude of 1066 m a.s.l. The lowest monthly is 41 mm
in January and the highest is 86 mm in August. Rainfall downstream: The mean annual
rainfall is 584 mm, with 60 % reliability of 467 mm at Nginyang health centre. The lowest
monthly rainfall is mm in January and the highest is 64 mm in May.
The physical characteristics of the sites are more less the same, especially the
topography, geology, soils and ground cover; these are the parameters which
influence the runoff coefficient and therefore surface runoff.

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Figure 4:2 Rainfall distributions in the Perkera basin

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Figure 4:3 Perkera catchment land cover map

Rainfall and Temperature

Rainfall distribution in the project area exhibits a bimodal pattern, long rains in the
months of March- April and short rains in June-August. April is the wettest month during
the long rains and July during the short rains period, see tables 4.3 and figure 4.4 for
Perkera scheme station.
Table 4:3 Mean monthly rainfall (mm) at Perkera station
Month J F M A M J J A S O N D

Mean 23.7 24.1 43.5 91.3 67.7 59.1 88.3 71.9 29.7 39.9 41.2 22.1
Minimum 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.0 6.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0

Temperatures: The temperatures at Perkera irrigation scheme are as follows: mean

maximum temperature ranges between 30.3 oc in July and 33.7oc, February, the mean
minimum temperature ranges between 16.2 oc in January and 18 oc in April, the mean
annual temperature ranges between 23.5 oc in August and 25.7 oc – 22oc, table 4.4.
Absolute temperature ranges between 10.2oc in June and December to 14.9 of in April,

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see table 4.4. Evaporation is very high ranging between 2100-2300 mm due low 35 %
relative humidity.
Table 4:4 Temperature Perkera irrigation scheme
Parameter Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean. 33.2 33.7 33.6 32.6 32.4 32.0 30.3 31.0 33.1 32.9 31.3 31.4 32.3
Max
Mean. 24.7 25.3 25.7 25.3 24.8 24.1 23.7 23.5 24.4 24.8 24.2 23.9 24.5
Temp
Mean. Min 16.2 17.0 17.8 18.0 17.2 16.3 17.1 16.1 15.7 16.8 17.2 16.5 16.8
Abs. Min 11.3 10.9 12.5 14.9 13.4 10.2 12.5 11.7 12.1 12.9 12.1 10.2 10.2

4.4 Rainfall Analysis

The purpose of rainfall data collection portion of the hydrological study of the project;
was to collect all the available data for parameter that significantly affect stream flows
in the basin. Historical rainfall conditions are the best guide to future stream flow
conditions in the basin. Because historical data will form the primary basis for predicting
future stream flows, in the basin, the rainfall data collection effort was one of the most
important steps in completing the hydrological analysis for the project.
To achieve these, data on all seven climatic parameters (rainfall, evaporation,
humidity, temperature, sun shine hours, wind, radiation,) were collected. The collected
data was then organized, processed and analysed.

4.4.1 Rainfall data source

The climatological evaluation was based on three rainfall stations, namely Perkera
scheme, Marigati, and Baringo farmers training centre (BFTC), see table 4.5.

Table 4:5 Meteorological stations within the project area

Station name code Type of station Elevation (m)

Perkera irrigation 8935163 Full met 1148
Marigati station 8936053 Full met 1000
Baringo F.T.C 8935193 Rainfall 2099

4.4.2 Supplementing of Missing Rainfall Data

The purpose of this task was to use the collected data and reliable data years, to fill in
the gap so as to as to develop continuous and consistent records of all parameters
needed to estimate the present and future stream flows in the basin. Accurate rainfall
analysis requires complete and consistent rainfall data at all critical points in the basins.

4.4.3 Analysis of Areal Rainfall

The rainfall obtained for particular stations relates to point rainfall. For runoff prediction
purposes, the catchment averaged rainfall is required. This will be less than point
rainfall; and it reduces as the catchment area increases. The catchment average
rainfall can be determined from the point rainfall by applying an area reduction factor

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or multiplier factor. The Transport and Road Research laboratory (TRRL) gives a
reduction factor formula which was used in this case as follows:
ARF = 1 – 0.044A0.275
A is the catchment area in km2 = 1,181 Perkera EE07 km2
ARF = (the reduction factor or multiplier factor).
From table 4.6, the mean annual rainfall at, Perkera and Baringo F.T.C stations is
1,295.8 mm and 452.64 respectively .

Table 4:6 Mean monthly rainfall in the project area

Met Station/Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Baringo F.T.C 58.90 72.20 115.90 152.90 296.50 132.70
Perkera Agricultural
24.84 18.63 38.64 52.44 53.82 38.64
research station
Met Station Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Baringo F.T.C 94.80 64.35 68.05 77.40 81.80 80.30
Perkera Agricultural
62.10 58.65 25.53 25.53 31.74 23.46
research station

4.4.4 Temporal Distribution of Rainfall

The rainfall analysis is based on actual storms although even design storms can be
used, storms differ in a number of characteristics which have a significant effect on the
hydrological design. The major characteristics are intensity, duration, volume and
frequency which are all interdependent. Rainfall distribution in the project area exhibits
a bimodal pattern, long rains in the months of March- April and short rains in June-
August. April is the wettest month during the long rains and July during the short rains
period, see figure 4.5 for Perkera Agricultural research station.
The rainfall distribution in the upstream parts of the catchment is represented by the
Baringo F.T.C, figure 4.6, note the bimodal nature of the distribution, with a single peak
in May.

Figure 4:4 Mean monthly rainfall at Perkera Agricultural research station

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Figure 4:5 Mean monthly rainfall at Baringo F.T.C

Figure 4:6 Mean annual rainfall spatial distribution in the Perkera basin

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4.4.5 The Other Climatic Variables in the Basin

Apart from rainfall, the other climatic parameters are equally important, are as shown
in table 4.7 and 4.8.

Table 4:7 Other climatic data for Perkera irrigation scheme (altitude 1148 m)
Temperature ( degree) Relative
humidity (%)
Month Daily Daily Extreme Extreme Daily Daily Daily Daily Monthly Monthly No.
max min high low max min Sunshine wind Evaporation Mean of
(hrs) Run(km) (mm) rainfall rainy
(mm) days
J 33.2 16.3 36.7 10.5 54 31 9.8 73.2 238 36 4
F 34 17 38.1 10.6 53 30 10.0 75.5 233 27 4
M 34 17.6 37.7 10.5 56 32 9.6 76.8 259 56 6
A 33.1 17.8 37.2 13.1 65 39 8.4 67.1 202 76 10
M 32.5 17 36.7 13.0 63 40 9.0 61.9 199 78 9
J 32.2 16.4 35.8 10.2 61 37 9.5 60.0 193 56 7
J 30.4 16.7 34.6 11.0 68 43 8.6 57.9 180 90 9
A 31.1 15.9 35.1 11.0 68 41 8.9 59.9 188 85 10
S 33 15.6 37.3 10.2 58 34 9.4 67.1 216 37 5
O 33.2 16.4 36.7 11.9 55 34 9.0 69.8 227 37 9
N 31.7 17.1 39 11.8 61 39 7.9 67.4 196 46 7
D 32.1 16.4 36.1 10.2 55 37 8.4 70.8 228 34 4
Total 390.5 200.2 441. 134.0 717 437 108.5 807.4 2559 656 84
Max 34 17.8 39 13.1 68 43 10.0 76.8 259 90 10
Min 30.4 15.6 34.6 10.2 53 30 7.9 57.9 180 27 4
Ave 32.5 16.7 36.8 11.2 59 36 9.0 67.3 213 54 7
Source: Climatological Handbook, KMD

Table 4:8 Climatic data for Marigat Met Station

Station: Marigat Altitude: 1000 m Position:
36.03 S, 0.5 E
Min
Temp Max Humidity Wind Sun Rad ETo Rain
Month [°C] Temp [°C] [%] [km/day] [hours] [MJ/m²/day] [mm/day] [mm]
January 16.5 33.1 48.45 120.86 10.36 24.64 5.12 48
February 17.0 33.6 46.75 120.6 10.24 25.31 5.45 20
March 18.0 33.8 50.35 120.6 9.57 24.56 5.41 57
April 18.5 32.2 57.11 112.32 8.66 22.47 4.82 64
May 17.0 32.6 59.21 103.68 9.86 23.05 4.67 83
June 16.0 32.0 55.7 112.32 9.93 22.34 4.51 39
July 17.0 30.0 60.48 103.68 8.56 20.64 4.17 77
August 16.0 30.8 59.28 103.68 9.21 22.64 4.48 87
September 15.60 32.5 52.91 112.22 9.81 24.48 4.97 38
October 16.80 33.0 53.15 112.32. 9.12 23.51 4.98 33
November 17.3 31.7 55.11 120.96 8.59 22.09 4.74 50
December 15.8 32.5 54.68 112.32 9.13 22.43 4.63 56
Average 4.83 54.33
Totals 57.9 652
Source: FAO CLIMWAT Database

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4.4.6 Areal Probabilistic Rainfall

The rainfall frequency for the project area depends on the season. It is high during the
long rains and low during the short rains season. The rainfall duration also follows the
same trend as the frequency, and all of these influence the availability of water supply.
Rainfall and runoff are correlated as the amount of rainfall affects runoff as indicated
by hydrograph trends, but watershed and channel processes affect the transformation
of rainfall to runoff.
Design rainfall is defined as the total amount of rain during the cropping season at
which or above which the catchment area will provide sufficient runoff to satisfy the
crop water requirements. If the actual rainfall in the cropping season is below the
design rainfall, there will be moisture stress in the plants; if the actual rainfall exceeds
the design rainfall, there will be surplus runoff which may result in damage to the
structures. The design rainfall is usually assigned to a certain probability of occurrence
or exceedance, see table 4.9.

Table 4:9 Design rainfall in the project areas based on Perkera station
Probability Rainfall Dam site
(%) of amounts
exceedance ( mm)
Perkera Radat Kaplelwo Kopokaplelach Kapng’etuny
station
95 3.7 3.33 3.59 0.11 0.44
90 8.6 7.74 8.34 0.26 1.03
80 14.6 13.14 14.16 0.44 1.75
75 19.2 17.28 18.62 0.58 2.30
60 34.9 31.41 33.85 1.05 4.19
50 44.0 39.6 42.68 1.32 5.28
40 58.0 52.2 56.26 1.74 6.96
30 73.4 66.06 71.20 2.20 8.81
20 99.8 89.82 96.81 2.99 11.98
10 131.8 118.62 127.85 3.95 15.82
5 165.7 149.13 160.73 4.97 19.88

From table 4.9, the monthly design rainfall (75%) exceedance rainfall is 19.2 mm for
Perkera station ,17.28 mm for Radat,18.62 mm for Kaplelwo,0.58 mm for Kopokaplelach
and 2.30 mm for Kapng;etuny dam site.

4.4.7 Estimation of PMP

The probable maximum precipitation is defined as the greatest or extreme rainfall for a
given duration that is physically possible over a station or basin. From the operational
point of view, PMP can be defined as that rainfall over a basin which would produce a
flood flow with virtually no risk of being exceeded.
There are two approaches for estimating the PMP: The first approach uses the
maximization and transposition of real or model storms which requires a large amount
of data, a situation not obtainable in the Perkera River catchment. However the PMP

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for any part of Kenya can be obtained from PMP Isohyetal map of probable maximum
precipitation, Obasi and Nimira, 1977), and for Perkera basin, it was estimated to be
200 mm.
The second approach utilizes the statistical analysis of the extreme rainfall. In the
statistical approach, the annual series of the observed maximum rainfall depths for
given duration are analysed to yield the mean and standard deviation. PMP is then
expressed as the mean of the series plus Κ times the standard deviation. This is the
approach to be taken to estimate the PMP for Radat dam catchment utilizing 24-hour
duration.
The PMP equation is of the form:
PMP = Ŷ + Κ x Sy
Where,
Ŷ – The mean of the 24hour maximum annual rainfall
Κ – A constant equal to 15 for highland areas (The study on the
National Water Master Plan, 1992)

Sy- Standard deviation of the maximum annual depths for the 24 hour
duration,

4.4.8 Runoff analysis

The amount of water harvested from the catchment area is a function of the amount
of runoff created by the rainfall on the area. This runoff, for a defined time scale, is
calculated by multiplying a "design" rainfall with a runoff coefficient. As not all runoff
can be efficiently utilized (because of deep percolation losses, etc.) it must be
additionally multiplied with an efficiency factor.
From the catchment topography and land cover evaluation, a runoff coefficient of C=
0.6, is appropriate for the perkera River catchment, and using this, the mean monthly
runoff can be estimated using the design rainfall (75% reliability, K = 0.6. Based on
Perkera station, the design rainfall is 19.2 mm and design runoff is 11.52 mm and at the
dam sites, table 4.10.

Table 4:10 Design rainfall (mm) (75 %) and runoff at the dam sites
Perkera station Radat Kaplelwo Kopokaplelach Kapng;etuny

Rainfal Runoff Rainfal Runoff Rainfa Run Rainfall Runoff Rainfa Runoff
l l ll off ll

19.2 11.52 17.28 10.37 18.62 11.1 0.58 0.35 2.30 1.38
7

4.4.9 Effective Rainfall

Effective Precipitation (EP) is the amount of precipitation that is actually added and
stored in the soil. During drier periods less than 5mm of daily rainfall would not be
considered effective, as this amount of precipitation would likely evaporate from the
surface before soaking into the ground. Effective precipitation enters the soil and

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becomes available to the plant. Effective rainfall (or precipitation) is equal to the
difference between total rainfall and actual evapotranspiration. It considers losses due
to runoff, evaporation and deep percolation. The equation used in the calculation is:
Effective Precipitation (mm) = (RAIN - 5) x 0.75, or (75 % probability rainfall).
Using this equation, the computation of the effective mean monthly and mean annual
rainfall for Perkera station and its corresponding amount at the dam site based on the
Perkera data and Marigat data are shown in table 4.11.

Table 4:11 Effective monthly and annual rainfall in the project area (mm)
item Perkera station Dam site Marigat Dam site
station
Mean monthly rainfall 54.83 48.25 54.33 47.81
Effective monthly rainfall 37.37 44.50 37.00 32.78
Mean annual rainfall 658 579.04 652 573.75
Effective annual rainfall 489.75 575.29 485.25 426.57

Infiltration Rate
Infiltration is governed by two forces: gravity and capillary action. While smaller pores
offer greater resistance to gravity, very small pores pull water through capillary action
in addition to and even against the force of gravity.
The rate of infiltration is affected by soil characteristics including ease of entry, storage
capacity, and transmission rate through the soil. The soil texture and structure,
vegetation types and cover, water content of the soil, soil temperature, and rainfall
intensity all play a role in controlling infiltration rate and capacity. For example, coarse-
grained sandy soils have large spaces between each grain and allow water to infiltrate
quickly. Vegetation creates more porous soils by both protecting the soil from
pounding rainfall, which can close natural gaps between soil particles, and loosening
soil through root action. This is why forested areas have the highest infiltration rates of
any vegetative types.
The top layer of leaf litter that is not decomposed protects the soil from the pounding
action of rain, without this the soil can become far less permeable. In chaparral
vegetated areas, the hydrophobic oils in the succulent leaves can be spread over the
soil surface with fire, creating large areas of hydrophobic soil. Other conditions that can
lower infiltration rates or block them include dry plant litter that resists re-wetting, or
frost. If soil is saturated at the time of an intense freezing period, the soil can become a
concrete frost on which almost no infiltration would occur. Over an entire watershed,
there are likely to be gaps in the concrete frost or hydrophobic soil where water can
infiltrate.
Once water has infiltrated the soil it remains in the soil, percolates down to the ground
water table, or becomes part of the subsurface runoff process. The basic Infiltration
rates of various soils are shown in Tables 4.12 and 13.

Table 4:12 Basic Infiltration rates for various soils

Soil Type Range of Basic Infiltration Rate (mm/hr)
Sand >30
Sandy Loam 20 to 30

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Soil Type Range of Basic Infiltration Rate (mm/hr)

Loam 10 to 20
Clay Loam 5 to 10
Clay 1 to 5

Table 4:13 Generalized Values of run-off factor

Catchment soil types Runoff factors (Kr)
Rocky and impermeable 0.8 to 1.0
Slightly permeable, bare 0.6 to 0.8
Slightly permeable, partly cultivated or covered 0.4 to 0.6
with the vegetation
Cultivated, absorbent soil 0.3 to 0.4
Sandy bare soil 0.2 to 0.3
Heavy forest 0.1 to 0.2
Source: Guidelines for design, construction and rehabilitation of small dams and pans in Kenya)

4.4.10 Runoff coefficients

The design of water harvesting schemes requires the knowledge of the quantity of
runoff to be produced by rainstorms in a given catchment area. It is commonly
assumed that the quantity (volume) of runoff is a proportion (percentage) of the
rainfall depth.
Runoff [mm] = K x Rainfall depth [mm]
An analysis of the rainfall-runoff relationship and subsequently an assessment of
relevant runoff coefficients should best be based on actual, simultaneous
measurements of both rainfall and runoff in the project area. As explained above, the
runoff coefficient from an individual rainstorm is defined as runoff divided by the
corresponding rainfall both expressed as depth over catchment area (mm):

But for the project area, the runoff coefficient has been estimated from the catchment
characteristics and using standard runoff tables, the catchment for the proposed dam
sites can be described as being slightly permeable, partly cultivated or covered with
the vegetation and k= 0.6, was adopted for the study.

4.4.11 Base Flow

Base flow (also called drought flow, groundwater recession flow, low flow, low-water
flow, low-water discharge and sustained or fair-weather runoff) is the portion of stream
flow that comes from "the sum of deep subsurface flow and delayed shallow
subsurface flow". It should not be confused with groundwater flow. It is the discharge
into a stream-flow from natural storages, particularly sustaining flow between rainfall
events. The base flow can be estimated using the equation:
Direct flow (DF) = total flow (TF) - Base flow (BF)

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The base flow can be estimated in two ways; by statistical method or modelling. Using
the statistical method, it is estimated using the base flow index (BFI), which is a measure
of the amount of low in a river during dry or low flows , used to characterize low flow and
groundwater recharge in a catchment. It is calculated as flows:
BFI = Base flow / total flow or Lowest mean monthly flow / mean annual flow x 100.
Using the this and the equation above, the base flow index for Perkera at 2EE07 was
estimated to be = 0.22, which the used in the equation; Direct flow (DF) = total flow (TF)
- Base flow (BF) , to estimate direct flows as 3.596 m3/sec and total flow 4.61 m3/sec.
These values were then transposed to dam sites using catchment area proportioning
method, see table 4.14.

Table 4:14 Flow characteristics at the three dam sites

Dam site Catchment Flows (m3/sec)
area ( km2) Total flow Direct flow Base flow
Perkera 2EE07 1,181 4.61 3.596 1.05
Radat 1,061.1 4.14 3.23 0.91
Kaplelwo 1,148.7 4.48 3.50 0.98
Kopokaplelach 40.8 0.16 0.12 0.04
Kapng’etuny 143.4 0.56 0.44 0.12

4.4.12 Excess Rainfall

Excess rainfall is the portion of the rainfall that contributes to direct surface runoff
(runoff that enters the stream during or soon after the storm). The excess rainfall is the
difference between the total rainfall (measured amount) and the rainfall (precipitation
losses) due to infiltration and interception (depression storage and canopy
interception), this is the rainfall responsible for the peak of the runoff hydrograph.
Excess rainfall = total rainfall – rainfall losses.

4.4.13 Effective runoff

Effective runoff is as a result of the effective rainfall, if the ground is saturated or the
catchment is impervious, then a high proportion of the rain becomes effective runoff,
see table 4.15.

Table 4:15 Effective runoff in the project area (mm) based on Perkera scheme
rainfall
item Perkera station Dam site
Radat Kaplelwo Kopokaplelach Kapng’etuny
Effecti Runoff Effectiv Runoff Effectiv Runoff Effectiv Runoff Effectiv Runoff
ve (mm) e (mm) e (mm) e (mm) e (mm)
rainfall rainfall rainfall rainfall rainfall
Mean 54.83 32.90 49.35 29.61 53.19 31.91 1.64 0.99 6.58 3.95
monthly
rainfall
Effective 37.37 22.42 33.63 20.18 36.25 21.75 1.12 0.67 4.48 2.69
monthly
rainfall

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Mean 658 394.8 592.2 355.32 638.26 382. 19.74 11.84 78.96 47.38
annual
rainfall
Effective 489.75 293.85 440.78 264.47 475.06 285.03 14.69 8.82 58.77 35.26
annual
rainfall

4.5 Hydrological analysis

Historical hydrological conditions are the best guide to predict future stream flow
conditions in the basin. Relevant historical hydrological data was obtained, reviewed
and processed for analysis. The specific hydrologic parameters or data elements
collected included, daily and monthly stream flow from existing and discontinued RGs
in the basin, daily or monthly diversion records from all significant diversions in the basin,
annual summaries, water right data in the basin, sediment transport data and water
quality data.

4.5.1 Hydrological Gauging stations

The gauging stations include Eldama 2ED01, 2ED02 and 2ED03, Perkera 2EE01, 2EE02,
2EE03, 2EE04, 2EE05, 2EE06, 2EE07, 2EE08 AND 2EE10 and Emining/Esageri 2EF01, 2EF02,
2EF03, Narosura 2EF04, and Esageri 2EF05 , see table 4.16 and figure 4.4. The analysis of
their hisrory and working conditions are shown in table 4.16.
Most of these stations were not visited as they were said to have been closed by
WRMA, as the organization started monitoring the main stations in the main rivers,
including Perkera 2EE07

Table 4:16 Hydrological network in the Perkera river basin

RGS River type condition Rating Catchment
code area (km2)
2EE02 Perkera Staff gauge Closed Rated unkown
2EE03 Perkera Staff gauge Closed rated 1,075
2EE04 Perkera Staff gauge Closed rated 1,339
2EE06 Perkera Staff gauge Closed Not unkown
rated
2EE07A Perkera A/ Staff operational rated 1,181
gauge
2EE08 Perkera rated 500
2EE09 Perkera Staff gauge operational rated 580
2EE10 Perkera Staff gauge closed Not rated 1,329

Table 4:17 River gauging stations on Emining River catchment

RGS River Type Condition Rating Catchment Data
code area (km2) period
2EF01 Esageri Staff Closed Rated 365 1956-77
2EF02 Esageri Staff Closed Not rated 257 1956-60
2EF03 Esageri Staff Closed rated 60 1956-
2EF04 Narosura Staff Closed rated 90 1956-

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Table 4:18 River gauging stations on Eldama Ravine River catchment

2ED01 Tiger Staff Closed Rated 135 1957-
2ED02 Tiger Staff Closed Rated 108 1991-
2ED03 Tiger staff Closed Rated 14 1979-

Figure 4:7 Map of gauging stations on the Perkera River basin.

Hydrological evaluation for this project was based on daily and monthly river flow data
from stations 2EE07 on Perkera, which captures all the flows from the upstream parts of
the two basins. This station is downstream of the dam sites and it is representative for
the hydrological conditions at the dam sites.

4.5.2 Evaluation of the existing data

The station RGS 2EE07 was selected because of the following reasons:

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 It had good quality and consistent data for some reasonable ( 28 years)
period, 1962-1989
 The data was fairly sufficient to give an indication of the water resources
situation in the project area.

4.5.3 Miscellaneous gauging

From the records, there are several current meter gaugings done on the Perkera River
at RGS 2EE07, at different times, ranges from 1962 to 2014. These data was used to
develop the most recent rating curve for the station, the most recent gaugings are
shown in table 4.19 and rating curve figure 4.8.

Table 4:19 The last five years current meter gauging at Perkera 2EE07
Serial No. Date Gauge height(m) Discharge (m3/sec).
1 12/2/2014 0.60 2.029
2 22/1/2014 0.65 3.146
3 31/1/2014 0.60 9.92
4 3/8/2013 1.09. 50.969
5 13/6/2013 0.65 9.245
6 13/5/2013 0.95 46.17
7 10/5/2013 1.22 60.366
8 8/5/2013 1.24 75.888
9 11/7/2012 0.78 24.570
10 14/6/2012 0.66 22.968
11 12/2/2012 0.48 1.15
12 12/1/2012 0.63 4.027
13 12/10/2011 0.68 3.055
14 3/12/20110 0.39 1.485
15 24/3/20110 0.76 18.24

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Figure 4:8 Rating curve for Perkera River at 2EE07

4.5.4 Low Flow Analysis

Flow duration curve were constructed to indicate the available water resources at
various time periods. Flood frequency analysis was also carried out, so as to give the
probability of occurrence of the various flood levels at the gauging and the dam sites.
Low flow analysis was carried out to estimate the low flows in the two Rivers. This is
important in the justification of the need for water storage in the two basins. The details
of the analysis of the data from the two stations 3CB07 and 3BD03 are discussed below.
The analysis evaluates the available historical hydrologic data for Perkera River basin to
deduce the hydrological trends in the project area.

4.5.5 Existing Water rights

There are a total of 25 water rights for Perkera, see table 4.20, a total of 10,692 m3/day
for normal and and 21,228 m3/day flood water abstractions, for Perkera River.
Table 4:20 Water rights in the Perkera Rivers

Name of river Normal flow water rights Flood water rights

Perkera m3/sec ( m3/day) m3/sec ( m3/day)
0.124 10,692 0.247 21,228

4.5.6 Projects upstream of Radat dam site

There are some projects upstream of the proposed dam site and this includes
 Chemususu dam
 Institutional water supplies
 Public water supplies
 Individual abstractor

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However more details about them were scanty from WRMA officials in Nakuru,
although promised to supply such information latter.

4.5.7 Naturalized flow

The naturalized river flows for the Perkera and at the dam sites are shown in table 4.21.

Table 4:21 Naturalized flows mean monthly discharge at the dam sites
Month flow m3/sec
Perkera Radat Kaplelwo Kopokaplelach Kapng’etuny
2EE07 site site site site
January 1.507 1.356 1.462 0.045 0.181
February 1.877 1.689 1.821 0.056 0.225
March 3.027 2.724 2.642 0.091 0.363
April 4.717 4.245 4.575 0.142 0.566
May 6.527 5.874 6.331 0.196 0.783
June 4.217 3.795 4.090 0.127 0.506
July 4.817 4.34 4.672 0.133 0.578
August 7.327 6.594 7.107 0.220 0.879
September 5.397 4.857 5.235 0.162 0.648
October 3.447 3.102 3.343 0.103 0.413
November 4.237 3.813 4.109 0.127 0.508
December 3.137 2.823 3.043 0.094 0.376

Hydrological Analysis for Perkera at 2EE07

This is a station on the Perkera River is located at coordinates latitude N 00o 27’27’’ E,
longtitude 35o 57’57’’ S, capturing water from upper and midstream of the basin and
its tributaries and has an effective area of about 1,180 km2, see figure 4.9. The station
was visited on 15/5/2014 at 11.45 am and the check reading was 0.58 m, giving a
discharge 0.61 m3/sec. The station was found to be a good condition, having been
rehabilitated in the year 2005 by WRMA.
According WRMA officials, the station was opened, a visit to the station indicated that
the station is presently in a working condition, having rehabilitated in the year 2005

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Plate 4.5: The first staff gauge at Perkera Plate 4.6:The second and third staff
2EE07, a check reading taken during the gauges at Perkera 2EE07
field visit to site was 0.56 m corresponding.

Figure 4:9 Location of RGS 2EE07 in the Perkera river basin. The mean month
average
Table 4:21 Monthly summary statistic at Perkera 2EE07
Month J F M A M J J A S O N D
Mean 1.63 2.00 3.15 4.84 6.65 4.34 4.97 7.45 5.52 3.57 4.36 3.26
Max 37.43 57.87 83.87 55.65 91.72 60.91 70.96 87.35 36.90 45.03 80.50 67.37
Min 0.23 0.15 0.14 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.21 0.01 0.28 0.28 0.25 0.18

From table 4.21, the mean monthly flow for Perkera River at 2EE07 is lowest 1.63 m 3/sec
in January and highest 7.45 m3/sec in July. The flows from 2EE07 were transposed to the
dam sites using the area proportioning method and the results are shown in table 4.22.

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RGS2EE07time series (1962-1988)

Figure 4:10 Mean monthly River flow at Perkera 2EE07

Table 4:22 The monthly mean flows at the dam sites

Month Mean flows at the sites ( m3/sec)
2EE07 Radat Kaplelwo Kopokaplelach Kapng’etuny
J 1.63 1.467 1.581 0.049 0.196
F 2.00 1.80 1.94 0.06 0.24

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M 3.15 2.835 3.056 0.095 0.011

A 4.84 4.356 4.695 0.145 0.038
M 6.65 5.985 6.451 0.200 0.798
J 4.34 3.906 4.210 0.130 0.521
J 4.97 4.473 4.821 0.149 0.596
A 7.45 6.705 7.227 0.224 0.894
S 5.52 4.968 5.354 0.166 0.662
O 3.52 3.168 3.414 0.106 0.422
N 4.36 3.924 4.229 0.131 0.523
D 3.26 2.934 3.162 0.098 0.391

Table 4:23 The annual accumulated mean flows at the dam sites
Month Mean flows at the sites ( m3/sec)
2EE07 Radat Kaplelwo Kopokaplelach Kapng’etuny
J 1.63 1.467 1.581 0.049 0.196
F 3.63 3.267 3.521 0.109 0.436
M 6.78 6.102 6.577 0.203 0.814
A 11.62 10.458 11.271 0.338 1.394
M 18.28 16.452 17.732 0.494 2.194
J 22.61 20.349 21.932 0.678 2.713
J 27.58 24.822 26.753 0.827 3.310
A 35.03 31.527 33.979 1.051 4.204
S 40.55 36.495 39.333 1.27 4.866
O 44.07 39.663 42.748 1.322 5.288
N 48.43 43.587 46.977 1.453 5.812
D 51.69 46.521 50.139 1.504 6.203

Based on the mean annual flow in table the table above, cumulatively a total of
46.521m3/s at Radat, 50.139m3/s at Kaplelwo, 1.504m3/s at Kopokaplelach and
6.203m3/s at kapng’etuny dam site.

Data gap filling and reliability analysis

The collected data from reliable years was used to fill gaps and develop continuous
and consistent records. Accurate hydrological analysis requires complete and
consistent stream flow data at all critical points in the basin.
The evaluation of the present water resource situation in the project area was carried
out by analyzing mean daily flows over the years. A flow duration curve shows
graphically the relationship between any given discharge and the percentage of time
that this discharge is equalled or exceeded. A flow duration curve is helpful to provide
answers to the following and related questions asked frequently.
 Does the river have uniform flow or does its flow fluctuate widely?
 What are the low-flow and high-flow river characteristics, i.e., is the river flashy?
 What percentage of the time does the river flow at certain discharge levels?
 If the river is to be used for, provide water supply, what percentage of time can
the river support such services?

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Flow duration analysis

The flow reliability analysis of the Perkera River at 2EE07 at various exceedance levels
(flow duration) results are shown in tables 4.23 and in figure 4.11.

Table 4:24 Flow reliability at Perkera 2EE07

Reliability (%) flow (m3/sec)
2 29.903
5 17.631
10 11.827
50 1.77
75 0.676
80 0.567
90 0.384
95 0.291

From table 4.23 and figure 4.11, at the (Q95) the environmental flow dry weather flow
or threshold discharge for river Perkera at 2EE07 0.291 m3/sec, Q80, normal flow is 0.567
m3/sec and the flood flow Q50 is 1.77 m3/sec, from the data analysed (1962- 1989),
see table 4.24)

Table 4:25 FDC characteristics at Perkera River basin and at the dam sites (m3/sec)
Threshold Description Basin Radat Kaplelwo Kopokaplelach Kapng’etuny
(%) site site site site
Q95 Reserve 0.291 0.262 0.282 0.009 0.035
Q80 Normal 0.567 0.510 0.545 0.017 0.068
Q75 O.676 0.608 0.656 0.020 0.081
Q50 Flood 1.77 1.593 1.717 0.0531 0.212

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Figure 4:11 Flow duration curve for Perkera River at 2EE07

The Drainage Area Ratio Method

This method was used to interpolate the river flow data from the gauging station at
2EE07 to the proposed dam sites. This method assumes that the stream flow at an
ungauged site for the same stream is the same per unit area or at least responds in the
same fashion as that of the nearby, hydrologically similar stream gauging station used
as an index, in this case 2EE07.
The dam catchment areas are estimated from the topographic maps, digital elevation
models or GIS, stream flow statistics were computed for the index stations 2EE07, the
statistics were then divided by the basin area to get the stream flow per unit area of
the index station, and the value obtained is multiplied by the areas of the ungauged
(dam catchments) to get the estimated statistics for the dam site. This method was
most suitable for the two basins because the dams are on the respective Rivers as the
index station, and has similarities in drainage area, basin characteristics and on
climatic characteristics; therefore the river flow per unit area is assumed to be the
same.
The general area ratio equation is:
Q ungauged = Q gauge (A ungauged /A gauge)
Where:
Q ungauged: is the flow at the ungauged site (proposed dam site)
Q gauge: is the flow at the gauged site
A ungauged: is the catchment area (km2) of the ungauged site
(upstream of the proposed dam in km2)
A gauge: is the catchment area upstream of gauging station (2EE07).

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This method allows the estimation of the availability of water at the dam site based on
historic long-term information of the gauging station s 2EE07. The catchment area for
the station 2EE07 is1,181 km2 and that of the dam sites were 1,061.1,km2, a ratio of =
0.9 for Radat, 1,148.7 km2, a ratio = 0.97 for Kaplelwo, 40.8 km2, a ratio = 0.03 for
Kopokaplelach and 143.4 km2, a ratio = 0.12 for Kapng’etuny. These area ratios were
then used to interpolate the flow data from the gauging station to the proposed dam
sites, see table 4.24.

4.5.8 Flood Frequency analysis

Perkera 2EE07
The objective of flood frequency analysis is to estimate a high (peak) flow
corresponding to a specific return period of occurrence, for dam design. This is to
ensure that the flood water to be released through the spillway should not create
flooding downstream. Thus a balance has to be worked out between the economy,
efficiency in regard to flood moderation and safety.
Flood analysis can be based on, (i) Annual maximum peak discharges, (ii)
Instantaneous peak flow), the runoff coefficient which is derived from the relationship
between recorded flood hydrographs and concurrent rainfall, table 4.16, shows the
flood frequency at Perkera 2EE07, based on river flows.
Different methods were used to ensure the results were reliable, as each method has its
own strengths and weaknesses based on the assumptions they make. The probability
distributions used in the analysis were, Gumbel and the Extreme value index (EVI), each
of this probability makes certain assumptions about the catchment’s characteristics
and hence slightly different results. The goodness of fit test was done using, standard
deviation, correlation coefficient and the Chi-square statistic, and the distribution with
the lowest standard deviation and highest correlation coefficient, was picked as the
best fit of flood data of the river, and was used to generated design floods for the sites,
the Gumbel had the best fit to the observed data and therefore gives the most reliable
results and was adopted for the study, see table 4.26.

Table 4:26 Design Floods of Perkera River at 2EE07

Gumbel EVI
Return period (Year:T)
(m3/sec) (m3/sec)
Q10,000 251.15 127.01
Q1,000 197.44 108.14
Q500 181.26 102.46
Q100 143.64 89.24
Q50 127.35 83.52
Q20 105.62 75.89
Q10 88.84 69.99
Q5 71.34 63.84
Q2 44.90 54.55
The estimated design floods at 2EE07 were then interpolated to the proposed dam sites
and the design flood data at the dam site are shown in table 4.26.

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Table 4:27 Design floods at the dam sites ( m3/sec)

Return Basin 2EE07 Radat Kaplelwo Kopokaplelach Kapng’etuny
period site site site site
(Years:T)
Q10,000 251.15 226.035 243.616 7.545 30.138
Q1,000 197.44 177.696 191.517 5.923 23.693
Q500 181.26 163.134 175.822 5.438 21.751
Q100 143.64 129.276 139.33 4.309 17.237
Q50 127.35 112.82 123.53 3.821 15.282
Q20 105.62 95.058 102.451 3.169 12.674
Q10 88.84 79.956 86.175 2.665 10.661
Q5 71.34 64.206 69.20 2.140 8.561
Q2 44.90 40.41 43.553 1.347 5.388

From table 4.26 the (Gumbel) results, which had the best fit on the flood data, the
Q100 year flood is 129.276 m3 /sec for Radat, 139.33 m3/sec for Kaplelwo, 4.309m3/sec
for Kopokaplelach and 17.237 m3/sec for Kapng;etuny site . The Q50 year flood is
112.82 m3 /sec for Radat, 123.53 m3/sec for Kaplelwo, 3.821 m3/sec for Kopokaplelach
and 15.282 m3/sec for Kapng’etuny dam site.

4.5.9 Flood Characteristics

Understanding the peak flood characteristics for the project area is a must for the
success of the dam project; the various design flood computation methods are
discussed as follows:

4.5.10 Inflow Design Flood

The criteria for selection of inflow design flood for safety of dam as per International
Standards are:

International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD)

This commission has laid down the norms for categorization as large dams.
 More than 15 m height measured from the lowest portion of the general
foundation area to the crest
 A dam between 10 m and 15 m height provided it complies with at least one
of the following conditions:
(a) Length of the crest of dam is not less than 500 m
(b) Capacity of reservoir formed by the dam is not less than 1 MCM
(c) Maximum flood discharge dealt by the dam is not less than 2000
m3/s
(d) The dam had specially difficult foundation problem
(e) The dam is of unusual design
(f) The dam is located on highly seismic zone

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Guidelines

Flood Selection for Design (or Evaluation): The selection of the design flood should be
based on an evaluation of the relative risks and consequences of flooding, under both
present and future conditions. Higher risks may have to be accepted for some existing
structures because of irreconcilable conditions. When flooding could cause significant

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hazards to life or major property damage, the flood selected for design should have
virtually no chance of being exceeded. If lesser hazards are involved, a smaller flood
may be selected for design. However, all dams should be designed to withstand
relatively large flood without failure even when there is apparently no downstream
hazard involved under present conditions of development.
Downstream Effects: Safety design includes studies to ascertain areas that would be
flooded during occurrence of the design flood and in the event of dam failure. The
areas downstream of the project should be evaluated to determine the need for land
acquisition, flood plain management, or other methods to prevent major damages.
Information should be developed and documented for disseminating to downstream
interests regarding the continuing risks of flooding.

Kenyan standards
In Kenya, the Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) recommends
minimum design floods for hydraulic design of dam spillways on the basis of risk
associated with drainage that may occur downstream on the event of embankment
failure. Classification of dams is also based on the height, reservoir impoundment area
and the dam catchment. The Tables below show the classification of dams and
recommendations for spillway design flood, as per WRMA regulations.

Table 4:28 Classes of dams

Class of dam Maximum depths of Reservoir Catchment area
water at NWL (m) Impoundment (m3) (m2)
A (Low risk) 0-4.99 <100,000 <100
B ( Medium risk) 5-14.99 100,000 – 1,000,000 100-1,000
C (high risk) >15.0 >1,000,000 >1,000
Source, Water management rules, draft-June 2006

Table 4:29 Recommended design periods for the design of spillway

Class of dam Minimum return period (Years)
A (Low risk) I in 50
B ( Medium risk) 1 in 100
C (high risk) 1 in 500
Source, Water management rules, draft-June 2006
The following criteria were adopted in previous studies in Kenya, (TNWS, Long Term
Development Plan, Hydrology, Chapter 9, HH, 1986):
 River diversion works – 50 year return period
 Temporary works during dam construction – 50 year return period
 Dam spillway structures – Probable Maximum Flood (PMF)

Data Availability
Due to non-availability of Instantaneous peak discharge records for gauging station in
the close proximity of dam site or even at Perkera gauging stations 2EE07, short interval

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meteorological data for the region, and hydro-meteorological method utilizing

catchments characteristics with rainfall was adopted during the study. Considering the
nature of data and current available information, the methodology for possible design
flood estimation will be as discussed in following section. The runoff coefficient of C =
0.6 was adopted for all the dam sites.

4.6 Estimated Design Flood using empirical formula

The design flood was estimated using different empirical formulae and the highest of
the results was adopted and used. Four different used are as follows:
(a) Dicken’s Formula
Qp = C A3/4
Where,
A = Catchment area (km2)
C = runoff coefficient
Qp= Peak Flood in m3/s

(b) Ryve’s Formula

Qp = C.A2/3
Where,
A = Catchment area (km2)
C = runoff coefficient
Qp= Peak Flood in m3/s

(c) Metcalf and Eddy Formula

Qp = C A0.73
Where,
A = Catchment area (km2)
C = runoff coefficient
Qp= Peak Flood in m3/s

(d) Fanning Formula

Qp = C A 4/5
Where;
C = runoff coefficient
Where, A = Catchment area (km2)
Qp= Peak Flood in m3/s
These formulae are more useful because they do not experience application
restrictions based on catchment size as the case with the rational formula.

(E) The rational formula

QpF = CIA
Where:
QpF is the flood peak in m3/s

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C is the runoff coefficient (proportion of precipitation that

contributes to runoff
I is the rainfall /storm intensity in mm/hr
A is the catchment area in km2
However this was not applicable to the study as the three of the four dam sites, had
catchment high above the 50 km2 limit for its application. The summary of estimated
peak flows using different methods are shown in table 4.30.
Table 4:30 Summary of peak flows estimates based on empirical formula
Empirical Peak discharge estimate ( m3/sec)
formula Radat site Kaplelwo Kopokaplelach Kapng’etuny site
site site
Dicken’s 111.55 118.39 9.69 24.86
formula
Ryve’s 63.89 67.37 7.20 16.71
Formula
Metcalf and 97.04 102.83 8.99 22.51
Eddy
Formula
Fanning 158.04 168.39 11.66 31.87
Formula

Based on empirical formulae results in table 4.30, the peak flow at the Radat dam site
ranges between 63.89- 158.04 m3/sec, and hence the higher value is adopted,
158.04m3/s. For Kaplelwo, the peak flow ranges between 67.37- 168.39 m3/sec and
168.39m3/s is adopted, for Kopokaplelach, the peak flow ranges between 7.2- 11.66
m3/sec and 11.66m3/s is adopted and for Kapng’etuny, the peak flow ranges from
16.71-31.87 m3/s, and 31.87m3/s is adopted.

4.7 Probable maximum flood (PMF)

Determination of PMF begins with the determination of the probable maximum
precipitation, the PMF is the flood which is a direct result of PMP or is the highest flood a
region will ever experience or Flood that may be expected from the most severe
combination of the critical meteorological and hydrological conditions that are
reasonably possible in a particular area.
PMF is the flood which is a direct result of PMP or is the highest flood a region will ever
experience or Flood that may be expected from the most severe combination of the
critical meteorological and hydrological conditions that are reasonably possible in a
particular area. According to Obasi and Nimira (1977), the probable maximum flood
PMF, is given by the following regression curve formulae:
PMF = (0.094 pmp –9.86) A 0.75
Where:
PMF: Probable Maximum Flood m3/s
A: Catchment area (km2) of the project.
PMP: Probable Maximum Precipitation for upper Perkera = 200 mm (obtained from PMP
Isohyets map Obasi and Nimira, 1977); m3/sec as the PMF for the project area, using
the above equation, see the results in table 4.31.

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Table 4:30 Probable maximum flood at the dam sites

Dam Site Catchment area (km2) PMF (m3/s)
Radat 1,061.1 1,662.09
Kaplelwo 1148.7 1,763.98
Kopokaplelach 40.8 144.32
Kapng’etuny 143.4 370.47

From table 4.25, Radat dam site has a peak flow of 158.04m3/s and a PMF of 1,662.09
m3/s, Kaplelwo dam site has a peak flow of 168.39 m3/sec and the PMF is 1,763.98 m3/s.
For Kopokaplelach, the peak flow is 11.66m3/s and the PMF is 144.32 m 3/s, for
Kapng’etuny, the peak flow is 31.87 m3/sec and the PMF is 370.47 m3/sec, see the
flood summary in table 4.32.

Table 4:31 Summary of flood estimates based on empirical formula

Dam Site Peak discharge estimate ( PMF ( m3/sec)
m3/sec)
Radat 158.04 1,662.09
Kaplelwo 168.39 1,763.98
Kopokalelach 11.66 144.32
Kapng’etuny 31.87 370.47

Diversion Flood
Designing the discharge capacity of the diversion works may be thought of in terms of
an optimization calculation taking safety into account. Optimization aims at minimizing:
 The construction cost of the diversion works
 The cost of the damage that would result from under design not only at the
construction site itself but also for property downstream in the event of sudden
failure.
As per BIS 14185: 2000, Criteria for Diversion Capacity for Embankment Dams is as
follows:

For Small and Intermediate Dams

5 to 20 years flood frequency flood is taken to decide the capacity of diversion works.
In case the diversion arrangements like tunnels are to be used subsequently as
permanent structure like tunnel spillway, the capacity may be equal to the discharging
capacity of the permanent structure, see table 4.33.

Table 4:32 Diversion floods ( m3/sec)

Dam Site 5 year flood estimate ( 10 year flood ( 20 year flood ( m3/sec)
m3/sec) m3/sec)
Radat 64.21 79.96 95.06
Kaplelwo 69.20 86.18 102.45

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Kopokalelach 2.14 2.67 3.17

Kapng’etuny 8.56 10.66 12.67
The return period adopted between 5 year and 20 years depends on the flow
characteristic during the diversion time.

B: For Large Dams

For large dams it is desirable that 100 years flood should be adopted for diversion
works, table 4.34.
Table 4.34: Diversion floods for large dams ( m3/sec)

Dam Site 100 year flood estimate ( m3/sec)

Radat 129.28
Kaplelwo 123.53
Kopokalelach 4.31
Kapng’etuny 12.67
From table 4.28, the 100 year flood for radat is 129.28 m3/sec, Kaplelwo 139.33 m3/sec,
Kopokalelach 4.31 m3/sec and Kapng’etuny 12.67 m3/sec.

4.8 Basin Water Balance

The water balance of the Perkera river basin at the dam sites is shown in table 4.35.

Table 4:33 Flow reliability at the Perkera 2EE07 and dam sites
Reli Flows (m3/sec)
abil
ity
lev
el
2EE07( m3/sec) Radat Kaplelwo Kopokaplelach Kapng’etuny
Existing availa Existi availa Existin availab Existin available Existing availa
ble ng ble g le g ble
Q5 1.77 1.523 0.053 -0.194 0.212 -0.035
0 1.593 1.346 1.717 1.47
Q7 0.676 0.552 0.02 -0.104 0.081 -0.043
5 0.608 0.484 0.656 0.532
Q8 0.567 0.443 0.017 -0.107 0.068 -0.056
0 0.51 0.386 0.545 0.421
Q9 0.291 0.291 0.009 0.009 0.035 0.035
5 0.262 0.262 0.282 0.282
Given the existing water rights in the basin, the dam sites at Kopokaplelach and
Kapng’etuny will experience water deficits, while there is water surplus in the Radat
and Kaplelwo dam sites.

4.8.1 Basin Water Yield

The water yield of a watershed may either be measured directly on a single outlet on
the main stream or be calculated through empirical equations based on important
physical properties of a particular watershed. Using the directly measured runoff values
is, of course, the best way, but since it takes a long time and investments are delayed,
the empirical method is preferred in applications.
The annual water yield expressed in the Turc method as reported by Shaw:

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V = h.A.10

Where, V is the annual water yield of the basins (m3 year-1), A is the area of the basin
(hectare) and h = -1,903 is the surface runoff height that occurred in the basin (mm
year-
The surface runoff height is calculated as:

h = P – ET

ET is the areal evapotranspiration (mm year-1) and P is the mean precipitation (mm
year-1). The estimated basin water yields at the dam sites aere shown in table 4.36.

Table 4:34 Basin/ dam site water yields

River/ dam site Basin area Basin area (ha) Water yield (m3/year)
(km )2

Perkera 2EE07 1181 118,100 -1,152,632,380

Radat 1,061.1 106,110 -1,035,612,378
Kaplelwo 1,148.7 114,870 -1,121,108,226
Kopokalelach 40.8 4,080 -39,819,984
Kapng’etuny 143.4 14,340 -14,054,175
From table 4.330, it is evident that the Perkera basin as a whole experiences large
water deficits as water losses through evaporation at 1,631.98 mm annually, is far more
compared to annual precipitation of 656 mm at the Kari met station.

4.8.2 Basin Groundwater Recharge

Groundwater recharge has been defined as the process of addition of water to the
saturated zone. Because it is almost impossible to measure directly, recharge is usually
estimated by indirect means. The Relationship of Krishna Rao was used as follows:
Krishna Rao gave the following empirical relationship to determine the ground water
recharge in limited climatological homogenous areas, the equation is: R = K (P - X)
R is net recharge (mm) and P is mean annual precipitation (mm)The following relation is
stated to hold good for different rainfall amounts; R = 0.20 (P - 400) for areas with P
between 400 and 600 mm R = 0.25 (P - 400) for areas with P between 600 and 1000 mm
R = 0.35 (P - 600) for areas with P above 2000 mm where, R & P are expressed in
millimeters
P = 656 mm
R = 0.20(656-400)
R = 51.2 mm (the net ground water recharge(R ) in the project area is 51.2 mm)

4.8.3 Evapotranspiration
Evapotranspiration (ETo) is the total amount of water lost through evaporation in the
soil and transpiration ("breathing") of the plants. The annual evapo-transpiration is
1631.98 mm, see table 4.30.

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This is quite high water losses, which has an implication on the water availability in the
basin.

Table 4:35 Mean monthly Evapotranspiration (mm) at Kari research station Met.
Month ET0
mm/month
January 158.72
February 152.6
March 167.71
April 162.3
May 144.77
June 135.30
July 129.27
August 134.30
September 149.10
October 154.38
November 142.38
December 143.53
Total 1,631.98

4.8.4 Net Evaporation from the Reservoir

Because of its nature, evaporation from water surfaces is rarely measured directly,
except over relatively small spatial and temporal scales (Jones 1992). Evaporation from
water is most commonly computed indirectly by one or more techniques. These
include:
 pan coefficients × measured pan evaporation,
 water balance,
 energy balance,
 mass transfer,
 a combination of energy balance and aerodynamic techniques

The selection of the "best" technique to use for a particular computation is largely a
function of the data availability, type or size of the water body, depth and the required
accuracy of the estimated evaporation.
The most commonly used method in the Kenya for estimating evaporation from small,
shallow water bodies, is to measure evaporation from a standard pan and then
multiply by a coefficient.

Evaporation Pan Method:

E = Kp Epan
A pan Where Kp is the pan coefficient, = 0.7 and Epan is the evaporation from A Class.
Based in the above equation, the net evaporation for the dams sites is 1631.98 x 0.7 =
1,142.4 mm, based on the Kari station and 2559 x 0.7 = 1,791.3 mm based on Perkera
scheme station.

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4.9 Sedimentation
The rate of sedimentation rate depends on the soil erodability of the soils of the basin,
precipitation and the river capacity.

4.9.1 Reservoir Sedimentation

There is little existing records of sediment flow rates for Perkera River at RGS 2EE07 and
none at the proposed dam sites and hence the sediment loading rate used in the
study was estimated from another RGS on Perkera 2EE04. The National Water master
plan (1992) Sectorial report B: on hydrology, provides sedimentation rates for major
rivers in the country. The equation for the Perkera River basin is as follows:
Qs = aQb ,
Where:
Qs: is suspended load (ppm)
Q: is the discharge (cms)
a and b are constants, derived from data,

Table 4:36 Perkera River at RGS 2EE04 rating equation of suspended load and its
volume
RGS River Catchment Annual Rating Mean Annual
area (km2) mean equation (ppm) (ton/year
discharge
(m3/sec)
a b
2EE04 Perkera 1,334 2.8 1197.201 1.01 3,387 390,033
0

From the table 4.35, the annual suspended load discharge at from the Perkera basin at
2EE04 is 390,033 tonnes/ year. Since the area of the Perkera basin is at 2EE04 is 1,334
km2, then the mean sediment yields for Perkera basin at 2EE07, with an area of 1,181
km2, is 345,299.08 tons/year or is 292.4tones/km2/yr. When this is transposed to the dam
sites, the results are as shown in table 4.36.

Table 4:37 Estimated sedimentation rates at the dam sites

Site Catchment Sediment load Yield (tones/km2/yr)
area ( km2) (m3/year)
Perkera at 2EE07 1,181 345,299.08 292.4
Radat site 1,061.1 310,769.82 292.87
Kaplelwo site 1,148.7 334,940.11 291.58
Kopokaplelach site 40.8 10,358.97 253.90
Kapng’etuny site 143.4 41,435.89 288.95
From table 4.36, Radat dam site experiences sedimentation rates of 310,769.82
m3/year or 292.4 tones/km2/year, Kaplelwo 334,940.11 m3/year or 292.87
tonnes/km2/year, Kopokaplelach 10,358.97 m3/year or 253.9 tonnes/km 2/year and
Kapng’etuny 41,435.89 m3/year or 288.95/km2/year.

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4.9.2 Estimation of Sedimentation Level

The sedimentation levels in the Perkera basin and at the proposed dam sites are quite
high and hence siltation problems for the dams is real and there is need for increased
efforts in catchment conservation. During the field visits, there was evidence of serious
watershed degradation evidenced by intensive charcoal burning as witnessed by
several bags of charcoal along the roads in the area.

4.10 Hydrological Impacts of the proposed dams on the river basins

There are several hydrological impacts of dam construction in a river basin, this
includes;
 Magnitude of the extremes: Dams are quite effective at accomplishing what
they were designed to do as the most dramatic shifts occur in the decreased
magnitude of 1-day maximum flows. A somewhat different pattern emerges for
minimum flows, minimum flows tend to increase following impoundment, but
this is most true for the longer duration events.
 Changes in hydrograph variability equally profound effects have occurred in
parameters associated with the shape of the hydrograph. The characteristics of
the hydrograph, as revealed by show significant changes in the number of
reversals and in mean rise rates and fall rates. Besides greatly modifying the
sequencing of hydrograph peaks, the day-to-day rate of change is also
dramatically affected, especially for the rise rate of the hydrograph.
 The pulsing response of flows serves critical riparian functions, Changes in the
frequency and duration of flows of a particular stage and discharge can
significantly disrupt terrestrial and aquatic ecology.
 Changes in the timing of flows whether these dams are flood control, irrigation,
or hydropower, they are all associated with storing water for subsequent
releases. This storing component significantly affects the release timing and
greatly disrupts the pre-impact natural flow regime’s expected timing of flows.
This effect occurs on the scale of total monthly stream flow and in the timing of
extreme maximum and minimum flows in the river, especially during rain
seasons, as they reduce to allow reservoir storage (filling).
 Modifies temperature and local climatic conditions, like temperature

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5 GEOLOGICAL STUDIES

5.1 Background Information

The Perkerra Irrigation Scheme Expansion Project Study proposed to expand the
scheme irrigation area to 2020 hectares, which will be eight times its present area. Such
expansion will require 25Mm3 90 day storage dam project. The Terms of Reference
require the Consultant to review a pre-feasibility report on the proposed dam project.
The Consultant has carried out reconnaissance surveys in the project area to gather
relevant information in order to produce a feasibility study report for the proposed dam
project.
The proposed Radat Dam project is on Perkerra River. Four (4) dam sites (Radat,
Kaplelwo. Koipokaplelach and Kapng’etuny) were initially proposed. However, Radat
Dam site at a proposed dam height of 80m has been identified as the best option to
meet the potential of the proposed dam project.
The current feasibility study carried out reconnaissance geology and preliminary
geophysical investigations on Radat Dam site. Initial soil investigations by trial pits were
also done at this site. The proposed Radat Dam project has three sites which have
potential to meet the estimated storage of up to 260Mm3. The three sites were studied
to establish the geological conditions of the foundation rocks in order to select the
most suitable site for detailed geological investigations.

5.2 Objective of Investigations

The general objective of the reconnaissance geological survey and preliminary
geophysical investigations was to study the geological aspects of the general project
area and evaluate the foundation conditions at the proposed dam site. The specific
objectives were to:
1. Study of the geological conditions of the general project area.
2. Evaluate the structural geological conditions in relation to foundation stability.
3. Evaluate foundation conditions and the nature of overburden at the dam site.
4. Evaluate geological lateral variations within the dam site area.
5. Select possible sites for core drilling to evaluate geological variations with
depth.
6. Evaluate the need for foundation treatment and the mode of foundation
treatment.
7. Assess availability of construction materials within close proximity to the dam
sites.

5.3 Scope of Works

The TOR for the feasibility study requires the Consultant to carry out reconnaissance
geological survey and preliminary geophysical investigations within the Radat
proposed dam project area. The scope of work entailed desk study of available
geological, hydrogeological and soil survey reports of the general project area. This
was followed by reconnaissance geological investigations for ground-truthing of the
information in reviewed reports.

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Preliminary field geophysical investigations were carried out at using geo-electrical

resistivity method in order to:
i. Establish the depth to bedrock at the dam site(s);
ii. Study lateral geological variations along the proposed dam axis;
iii. Determine the presence of buried geological features such as fractures, local
faults and lithological changes, e.g. buried paleao-river beds that would be
highly permeable;
iv. Select the most suitable dam site for further detailed geological and
geophysical investigations; and
v. Determine the thickness of overburden at the dam site and the nature of cut-off
to be done.
The field work also included initial evaluation of availability of suitable construction
materials by excavation of trial pits to collect soil samples from the dam general
project area. This was to evaluate the suitability of the soils as embankment
construction fill materials. The field investigations were carried out from 24th through
30th April 2014.

5.4 Location of Project Area

The proposed Radat dam project area is 30km south-west of Marigat Township, in
Koibatek District of Baringo County. The proposed dam project is a zoned rock fill dam
with an impervious core to be constructed across Perkerra River whose upper reaches
is the Mau Escarpment Hills. The location of the proposed Radat project area is shown
on Figure 5.1.

5.5 Geological Reconnaissance Investigations

5.5.1 Review of Previous Geological Works

The most comprehensive study of the geology of the general project area is covered
by Report No. 83 of the Mines and Geological Department, “Geology of the Eldama
Ravine-Kabarnet Area” by J. Walsh (1969). The project area is in Radat-Marigat plains
with low lying volcanic hills. The Perkerra River has deeply incised into the almost relief
forming steep gorges. Review of previous geological studies of the general project has
been covered in depth in that Report No. 83.
The geology of the general Radat project area is composed of volcanic rocks of
Miocene to Pliocene period. Rock exposures of the volcanic rocks and some tuffs with
intercalating sediments are found at river valley flanks and the floodplain. Previous
geological studies have been done by many geologists who had interest in the
formation of Great Rift Valley system.

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Figure 5:1 Location of Proposed Radat Dam Project Area

Upper Radat Dam site Middle Radat dam site Lower Radat dam site (main)

5.5.2 Review of Previous Geological Works

The most comprehensive study of the geology of the general project area is covered
by Report No. 83 of the Mines and Geological Department, “Geology of the Eldama
Ravine-Kabarnet Area” by J. Walsh (1969). The project area is in Radat-Marigat plains
with low lying volcanic hills. The Perkerra River has deeply incised into the almost relief

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forming steep gorges. Review of previous geological studies of the general project has
been covered in depth in that Report No. 83.
The geology of the general Radat project area is composed of volcanic rocks of
Miocene to Pliocene period. Rock exposures of the volcanic rocks and some tuffs with
intercalating sediments are found at river valley flanks and the floodplain. Previous
geological studies have been done by many geologists who had interest in the
formation of Great Rift Valley system

5.5.3 Geology of the General Project Area

The geology of the general project area is composed of volcanic rocks of Miocene to
Recent age. The oldest volcanic in the succession are basalts of the Samburu Basalt
series (Tvb1). The Samburu basalts are largely hard, fine-grained and non-porphyritic.
These basalts area deeply weathered and exist only as fragments solid rock in clayey
formation.
The next oldest volcanic rocks in the succession are non-porphyritic phonolites of the
Lower non-porphyritic phonolite series (Tvp1). Together with upper porphyritic
phonolites they are described as the Uasin Gishu phonolites.
The next oldest rocks in the succession are the Eldama Ravine tuffs and sediments (Tvf2)
that rest on the Uasin Gishu phonolites or the Samburu basalts (as was observed both
at proposed dam site 2 and dam site 3).The sediment are riverine in origin and wedge
out near Radat.
The next oldest rocks in the succession are basalts of the Kwaibus olivine basalts (Tvb3)
that overlie the Eldama Ravine tuffs and sediments. These basalts are grey, fairly
coarse-grained with macroscopic phenocrasts of feldspar, olivine and pyroxene.
The next oldest rocks in the succession (the youngest unit in the area) are phonolites of
the Lower porphyritic Lake Hannington Phonolites unit (Tvp3). These rocks are exposed
on the right hand side of Perkerra River valley at Radat area where they are faulted
with a down to the east. They directly abut on the phonolites (Uasin Gishu phonolites).
The succession of the rocks in the project area is as summarized here below:
1. Lower porphyritic Lake Hannington Phonolites unit (Tvp3).
2. Kwaibus olivine basalts (Tvb3).
3. Eldama Ravine tuffs and sediments (Tvf2).
4. Uasin Gishu phonolites.
5. Samburu Basalt series (Tvb1).

5.6 Detailed Geology of the Project Area

The geology of project area is composed of volcanic rocks of Miocene to Recent
period. The volcanic rocks exposed in the proposed Radat project area have been
variously weathered and only slightly fractured. The oldest rocks the Samburu basalt
have been intensely weathered and can only be observed as solid fragments in
weathered clayey formation. The younger volcanic rocks are also variously weathered
and slightly fractured with the youngest Kwaibus basalts forming discontinuous scarps
on the upper flanks of the steep river valleys (see Plate 2.1).

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Radat
project
area

Figure 5:2 A geological map of the general proposed Radat project area is shown
in Figure 2.1.

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Figure 5:3 Geological map of the general project area (extract from J. Walsh,
1969)

The ground surface is strewn with cobbles and boulders with very thin layer of soils
derived from the weathering of the parent rocks. Also significant is the presence of
volcanic breccia which is the product of faulting activity in the area.

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Plate 5.1(a): Highly weathered Samburu Plate 5.1(b) Phonolites resting weathered
basalts upstream of the bridge site basalts near the Bridge (dam site 3)

The rocks have disjointed lateral extent leading to absence of continuous bedrock as
observed in geophysical investigations. Eldama Ravine tuffs and sediments are well
exposed in proposed dam site 3 where sediments are intercalated with tuffs (Plate 2.4).

Plate 5.1(c): Intercalated tuffs and Plate 5.1(d): Intercalated tuffs and
sediments Dam site 3 area Sediments resting on basalts (Dam site 3
area)

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Plate 5.1 (e) Steep-sided left bank at Radat dam Plate 5.1 (f): Young Basalts resting on
site 1 completely weathered Old basalts
(Samburu basalts)

A map of detailed reconnaissance geology of the proposed Radat dam project area
is shown Figure 5.4.

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Figure 5:4 Geological map of Proposed Radat Dam Site Area

Proposed Dam Site 3 Proposed Dam Site 2 Proposed Dam Site 1
(Kipting’ Bridge)

Geological Key

PLIIOCENE AGE

5.7 Structural Geology of the Project Area

The structural geology Radat dam project is characterized by intense faulting that
especially affected the young volcanic rocks during the formation of the Great Rift
Valley during Quaternay times. Of particular interest during the design process of the
proposed Radat dam would nature of faulting and to what extent the foundation
rocks have been affected faulting. The general project area has undergone grid-

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faulting, but around the proposed Radat has only experienced minor faulting that dies
out south-westwards. A map of the structural pattern the general project area is shown
Figure 2.3.

Figure 5:5 Map of Structural Pattern of Radat Project Area Proposed Radat Project
Area

5.8 Seismic Activity in the General Project Area

The seismicity of the project area can be assessed from existing reports. Due to the
highly faulted nature Radat project area it is deemed prudent for seismic survey to be
carried out in this area. This will produce useful information which will be necessary for
during the design of the proposed dam.
In the seismic zoning map of Kenya (Loupekine, 1971) the project area lies in Zone VIII -
IX in the Modified Mercalli Scale of earthquake intensities. The seismic zoning map of
Kenya is given in Figure 5.6, while the Modified Mercalli Scale of earthquake intensities
is summarized in Figure 5.7.

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In accordance to available data on earthquake parameters, other areas with similar

geological setting have applied the following design parameters:
 Design Basis Earthquake (DBE): amax = 0.20g;
 Maximum Credible Earthquake (MCE): amax = 0.45g.
We believe a design basis earthquake (DBE) loading of amax = 0.25g and maximum
credible earthquake (MCE) of amax = 0.45g can be applied in stability analysis during
the designing of the Radat dam.
Consideration is also made on other earthquake factors that may have influence on
dam stability, namely close proximity to earthquake epicentres and the historical
background of earlier earthquakes. The distribution of earthquake epicentres in Kenya
is shown Figure 2.6. A map of widely felt earthquakes in Kenya is presented in Figure 2.7:
the project area is located about 50 km from the estimated epicentre of the major
shocks of the 1928 Subukia earthquake (M=7) with estimated peak ground
acceleration of 50cm/sec2 or 0.05g.
Other considerations are the effects of the filling of the dams: in a number of reported
cases the filling of dam reservoirs has resulted in induced seismicity. The mechanism
behind induced seismicity is generally thought to be:
 The triggering effect of additional stresses from the weight of the water, and
 The reduced friction along faults because of increased pore water pressure.
Historical data have shown that no induced earthquake of magnitudes greater than 5
have occurred for dams lower than 100m height. The filling of Radat dam of 80m is not
expected to result in induced earthquake.

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Figure 5:6 Seismic Zoning Map of Kenya (I. S. Loupekine, 1971

Proposed Radat Dam Project Area

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Figure 5:7 Modified Mercalli Scale (1956) of Intensities

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Figure 5:8 Distribution of Earthquake Epicentres in Kenya (I. S. Nyambok, 1982)

Project Area o - Epicntre

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Figure 5:9 Map of Widely Felt Earthquakes in Kenya (I. S. Nyambok, 1982)
Proposed Radat Dam Project Area

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5.9 Preliminary Geophysical Investigations

5.9.1 Overview of Geophysical Methods Applied

In the effort to study the subsurface geological conditions of the dam site, geo-
electrical resistivity methods were employed by use of ABEM SAS 300B Terrameter and
GEOTRON at Radat dam site. The machines used employ geo-electrical principles and
have reliable efficacy. The equipment is of high resolution and therefore quite effective
in subsurface exploration.
Two approaches were applied which include: Horizontal Electrical Resistivity Profiling
(HERP) and Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES). The profiling and soundings were
designed to capture certain areas of in the proposed dam site. The layout of the profile
lines was influenced by the geomorphology of the dam site area and construed
general strike of the underlying rocks. The profile lines were carried out perpendicular to
the drainage pattern in order to investigate the lateral variations of the subsurface
features (this being underlain by volcanic rocks, subsurface features vary very
frequently and at small distances). The soundings (VES) were carried out at points
noted to have deep weathering or weaknesses detected by profiling. The aim of
vertical electrical soundings (VES) was to probe the variations of rocks with depth and
also to establish the depth to bedrock.
In this method electric current is introduced into the ground using current electrodes (A
and B), thus creating an electric field between them and the potential difference in
that field is measured using potential electrodes (M and N). According to Ohm’s Law,
the resistance of rock formations (as the conductor) is obtained by dividing the
potential difference (at any point in that field) by the electric current. The property that
determines the conducting nature of any material is known as resistivity which
obtained by multiplying the measured resistance with a geometric coefficient K. The
geometric coefficient is dependent on the configuration of the electrodes. The
Wenner configuration was used for profiling technique while the Schlumberger
configuration was used for vertical electrical soundings (VES) with the array of
electrodes as shown in Figure 3.1.
The resistivity ρa is obtained as follows:
ρa = K*∆V/I
where: K = π (AB/2)2 – (MN/2)2
MN
ρa – Apparent resistivity in Ohm.m
K – Geometric coefficient
π – Pie constant = 3.142
AB – Current electrodes separation
MN – Potential electrodes separation.

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Figure 5:10 Schematic Schlumberger Configurations of Electrodes

5.10 Geophysical Field Investigations

Preliminary field geophysical investigations were carried out from 25th to 30th April 2014
in three proposed dam sites. Proposed Dam Site 1 is about 1km from Radat Trading
Center; Proposed Dam Site 2 is about 2km Radat Trading Center; and Proposed Dam
Site 3 is about 5km (near the bridge to Kenamoi).

5.10.1 Results of Geophysical Investigations at Dam Site 1

The layout plan of geophysical profiles (HERPS) and vertical electrical soundings (VES)
at Radat Proposed Dam Site 1 shown on Figure 5.11. The coordinates of the vertical
electrical sounding (VES) locations are in Table 5.1.

Table 5:1 Coordinates and Elevation VES Points (HERP 1 & 2 in Dam site 1)
HERP LINE No. VES No. X Y Elevation (m)
RADAT HERP I RAD1-1VES 1 0823943 0031073 1368
RAD1-1VES 2 0823918 0031087 1369
RAD1-1VES 3 0823884 0031104 1375
RAD1-1VES 4 0824085 0031055 1408
RAD1-1VES 5 0824047 0031069 1396
RAD1-1VES 6 0824008 0031079 1375
RADAT HERP 2 RAD1-2VES 7 0824019 0031174 1373
RAD1-2VES 8 0824059 0031165 1384

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RAD1-2VES 9 0823938 0031192 1403

RAD1-2VES 10 0824123 0031129 1415

Figure 5:11 Layout Plan of HERP and VES in Radat Proposed Dam Site 1

The river valley at this is very rocky and with steep cliffs so that only two horizontal
electrical resistivity profiles (HERP) were carried out. Six vertical electrical soundings
(VES) were selected on the profiles and done. Detailed results of interpreted
geophysical investigations are given in the Appendices.

Interpretation of Geophysical Investigations Results

Due to the rugged nature of the topography production of results in 2D and 3D
tomography presented challenges because of many gaps resulting extrapolations. We
have generated a 2D tomography of the foundation using the electrical profiling and
vertical electrical data obtained in the field. The field HERD field data were plotted as
in Figure 5.12.

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Figure 5:12 HERP Field Data

The interpreted geophysical investigations results for Proposed Dam Site 1 are
presented in Tables 5.2 and 5.3.

Table 5:2 Interpreted Geophysical Results for VES on HERP Line 1 (Main Dam Axis)
HERP No. VES No. Depth (m) Thickness Resistivity Formation Description
(m) (Ohm-m)
RAD- RAD1- 0.0 – 1.4 1 24 Top soil composed of fine
HERP 1 1VES 1 sands and silts
1.4 – 6.5 5 30 Wet sandy clay with silts
6.5 – 7.7 1 28 Wet sandy clay with silts
7.7 – 24.0 16 9 Wet clay
24 – 47.0 23 17 Wet clay with fine sands and
silts
> 47 10 Wet clay with silts
RAD1- 0.0 – 1.4 1 152 Top soil composed of
1VES 2 weathered rock
1.4 – 3.9 1.5 15 Wet clay with fine sands and
silts
3.9 – 7.3 3 43 Wet clayey sands with silts
7.3 – 10.6 3 20 Wet sandy clay with silts
10.6 – 26.3 16 16 Wet clay with fine sands and
silts
26.3 – 26.7 0.5 15 Wet clay with fine sands and
silts
> 26.7 20 Wet sandy clay with silts
RAD1- 0.0 – 1.3 1 110 Top soil of weathered rock-
1VES 3 gravelly sands
1.3 – 1.9 0.5 9 Thin layer of wet clay
1.9 – 5.3 3 19 Wet sandy clay with silts

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HERP No. VES No. Depth (m) Thickness Resistivity Formation Description
(m) (Ohm-m)
5.3 – 15.7 10 13 Wet clay with silts
15.7 – 16.6 1 30 Wet clayey sands with silts
> 16.6 40 Wet clayey sands with silts
RAD1- 0.0 – 3.3 3 39 Top soil of wet clayey sands
1VES 4 with silts
3.3 – 7.4 4 2500 Fresh volcanic rock – basalts
7.4 – 9.5 2 550 Slightly weathered volcanic
rock-basalt
9.5 – 12.0 2.5 750 Slightly fractured volcanic
rock-phonolite
12.0 – 24.0 12 640 Slightly weathered volcanic
phonolite
> 24.0 2000 Fresh volcanic rock - phonolite
RAD1- 0.0 – 1.4 1 33 Top soil of clayey sands with
1VES 5 silts
1.4 – 1.5 0.1 9 Thin layer of clay
1.5 – 11.2 9 8 Wet clay
11.2 – 12.9 1 82 Thin layer of wet sands
12.9 – 28.0 15 13 Wet clay with silts
28.0 – 30.0 2 10 Wet clay with silts
> 30 500 Slightly weathered volcanic
rock
RAD1- 0.0 – 1.0 1 18 Wet/moist top soil of sandy
1VES 6 clay with silts
1.0 – 2.3 1 8 Wet clay
2.3 – 4.6 2 6 Wet clay
4.6 – 9.4 5 8 Wet clay
9.4 – 21.5 12 5 Wet clay
> 21.5 10 Wet clay with silts

A deep vertical electrical sounding (VES) was done as control at the top of the right
abutment at proposed dam site 1 (RADAT1-CVES 25) in order to evaluate the
succession of rock formations from the top: The position of this VES is X: 0824275 (E), Y:
0031075 (N) at elevation 1475m. The data for this VES is included in Table 5.3 for
correlation with VES on HERP Line 1.

Table 5:3 Interpreted Geophysical Results for CVES 25 on HERP Line 1 (Main Dam
Axis)
HERP VES No. Depth Thicknes Resistivity Formation Description
No. (m) s (m) (Ohm-m)
RAD- RAD1- 0.0 – 1.2 1 389 Top soil composed of
HERP 1 CVES weathered rocks

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HERP VES No. Depth Thicknes Resistivity Formation Description

No. (m) s (m) (Ohm-m)
25 1.2 – 4.7 3.5 36 Clayey sands with silts
and cobbles
4.7 – 18.9 14 87 Wet sands with gravel
and cobbles
18.9 – 43.9 25 18 Wet sandy clay with silts
43.9 – 78.1 34 60 Wet sands with gravel
and cobbles
78.1 – 122 44 12 Wet clay with silts
> 122 100 Wet highly weathered
volcanic rock

Figure 5:13 Geological correlation cross section along Profile Line 1

Geological correlation cross section was done for only VES on HERP Line 1, however the
interpreted geophysical results for VES on HERP Line 2 (50m downstream of the main
proposed dam axis) are given in Table 5.4

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Table 5:4 Interpreted Geophysical Results for VES on HERP Line 2 (50m downstream
main axis)
HERP No. VES No. Depth Thickness Resistivity Formation Description
(m) (m) (Ohm-m)
RADAT1- RAD1- 0.0 – 1.6 1.5 218 Top soil composed of sands
HERP2 2VES 7 and gravel
1.6 – 3.2 1.5 22 Wet clay with fine sands and
silts
3.2 – 6.6 3.5 11 Wet clay with silts
6.6 – 7.0 0.5 9 Wet clay
7.0 – 12.4 5.5 8 Wet clay
12.4 – 23.4 11 7 Wet clay
> 23.4 10 Wet clay with silts
RAD1- 0.0 – 0.9 1 581 Slightly weathered volcanic -
2VES 8 basalts
0.9 – 1.6 0.5 8 Thin layer of wet clay
1.6 – 5.2 4 50 Wet sands
5.2 – 6.1 1 9 Wet clay
6.1 – 11.0 5 4 Wet clay
11.0 – 14.0 3 9 Wet clay
14.0 – 37.5 23.5 1935 Fresh volcanic rocks –
phonolites
> 37.5 200 Slightly weathered volcanic
rock
RAD1- 0.0 – 1.7 2 119 Top soil composed of
2VES 9 weathered rocks
1.7 – 7.9 6 20 Wet clay with fine sands and
silts
7.9 – 12.8 5 13 Wet clay with fine sands and
silts
12.8 – 19.2 6 12 Wet clay with silts
19.2 – 32.0 12 14 Wet clay with fine sands and
silts
32.0 – 63.9 32 11 Wet clay with silts
> 63.9 20 Wet clay with fine sands and
silts
RAD1- 0.0 – 1.1 1 169 Top soil composed of
2VES 10 weathered rocks
1.1 – 1.2 0.1 5 Wet clay
1.2 – 8.9 8 6 Wet clay
8.9 – 9.0 0.1 5 Wet clay
9.0 – 9.1 0.1 4 Wet clay
9.1 – 115.4 106 3 Wet clay
115.4 5 Wet clay

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5.10.2 Assessment of Proposed Dam Site 2

Geological correlation cross section (Figure 5.18) shows that the foundation rocks at
Radat Proposed Dam Site 2 are highly weathered and fractured. However, different
rock formations have been differently affected by weathering. The foundation rocks
may also have been affected by a minor transverse fault that is notable at Radat area
but not well observed at the site. The weathering and faulting actions have resulted in
highly fragmented foundation rocks producing volcanic breccia, with clayey fine
sands and silts leading in low resistivity values.
The deep control vertical electrical sounding (RADAT1-CVES 25) done at the top of the
right abutment gives a more complete picture of the vertical geological variation at
this site. A reconnaissance geological map of proposed Radat dam site area is shown
on Figure 3.4.

Figure 5:14 Layout plan of HERP and VES in Radat Proposed Dam Site 2

The interpreted geophysical investigations results for Proposed Dam Site 2 are
presented in Tables 5.5 – 5.8. Geological correlation cross section along Profile Line 1
(HERP 1 – proposed Dam Axis) is presented in Figure 5.18.

Table 5:5 Interpreted Geophysical Results for Dam SITE 2 (VES on HERP Line 1 Main
Dam Axis)
HERP VES No. Depth Thickness Resistivity Formation Description
No. (m) (m) (Ohm-m)
RADAT2- RAD2- 0.0 – 1.9 2 1598 Dry top soil with volcanic

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HERP VES No. Depth Thickness Resistivity Formation Description

No. (m) (m) (Ohm-m)
HERP1 1VES 1 boulders
1.9 – 5.6 4 266 Dry soil with volcanic cobbles
5.6 – 13.0 7 32 Wet/moist sandy clay with silts
13.0 – 29.3 16 100 Weathered volcanic rock
> 29.3 50 Wet sands
RAD2- 0.0 – 1.4 1 435 Top soil of sands and cobbles
1VES 2 1.4 – 5.4 4 30 Wet/moist sandy clay with silts
5.4 – 6.5 1 7 Wet clay
6.5 – 18.7 12 13 Wet clay with silts
18.7 – 20.7 2 7 Wet clay
> 20.7 5 Wet clay

Table 5:6 Geophysical Results for Dam SITE 2 (VES on HERP Line 1 Main Dam Axis)-
contd.
HERP No. VES No. Depth Thickness Resistivity Formation Description
(m) (m) (Ohm-m)
RADAT2- RAD2- 0.0 – 1.1 1 20 Top soil of moist clay and silts
HERP1 1VES 3 1.1 – 4.0 3 5 Wet clay
4.0 – 4.1 0.1 9 Wet clay
4.1 – 10.0 6 19 Wet clay with silt
> 10.0 3 Wet clay
RAD2- 0.0 – 1.0 1 67 Top soil composed of sands
1VES 4 and sits
1.0 – 1.1 0.1 8 Wet clay soil
1.1 – 11.1 10 7 Wet clay
11.1 – 56.0 46 4 Wet clay
56.0 – 66.8 11 6 Wet clay
> 66.8 5 Wet clay
RAD2- 0.0 – 2.0 2 181 Top soil composed of sands
1VES 5 and gravel
2.0 – 3.3 1 74 Wet sandy soil
3.3 – 4.7 1 86 Wet sandy soil
4.7 – 10.7 6 41 Moist/wet sandy clay with silts
10.7 – 59.2 48.5 7 Wet clay
59.2 – 74.6 15 8 Wet clay
> 74.6 20 Wet clay with silt
RAD2- 0.0 – 1.6 1.5 35 Top soil composed of fine
1VES 6 sands
1.6 – 5.9 4 96 Wet sandy formation

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HERP No. VES No. Depth Thickness Resistivity Formation Description

(m) (m) (Ohm-m)
5.9 – 7.8 2 83 Wet sandy formation
7.8 – 12.1 4 7 Wet clay
12.1 – 26.9 15 11 Wet clay with silts
> 26.9 30 Wet sandy clay with silts
RAD2- 0.0 – 1.2 1 27 Top soil composed of sandy
1VES 7 clay
1.2 – 8.0 7 31 Wet/moist sandy clay with
silts
8.0 – 25.9 18 15 Wet clay with silts
> 25.9 40 Wet clayey fine sands silts
RAD2- 0.0 – 3.1 3 206 Top soil composed of sands
CVES26 and gravel
3.1 – 5.3 2 175 Weathered formation- sands
and gravel
5.3 – 13.7 8 157 Weathered formation- sands
and gravel
13.7 – 25.1 12 47 Moist/wet clayey sands with
silts
25.1 – 35.2 10 23 Wet clay with silt
35.2 – 74.8 40 18 Wet clay with silts
> 74.8 10 Wet clay

Table 5:7 Interpreted Geophysical Results for Dam SITE 2 HERP Line 2 (50m
Downstream Axis)
HERP No. VES No. Depth Thickness Resistivity Formation Description
(m) (m) (Ohm-m)
RADAT2- RAD2- 0.0 – 2.1 2 1063 Dry top soil with volcanic
HERP 2 2VES 1 boulders
2.1 – 2.2 0.1 216 Dry soil with volcanic cobbles
2.2 – 23.4 21 126 Weathered volcanic rock
23.4 – 56.8 33 52 Wet sands
> 56.8 5000 Compact fresh volcanic rocks
RAD2- 0.0 – 1.2 1 59 Top soil composed of sands
2VES 2 and sits
1.2 – 2.6 1 11 Wet/moist clay with silt
2.6 – 6.0 3 33 Moist sandy clay with silts
6.0 – 40.9 35 8 Wet clay
> 40.9 100 Weathered volcanic rock -
basalts
RAD2- 0.0 – 1.2 1 36 Top soil composed of fine
2VES 3 sands and sits

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HERP No. VES No. Depth Thickness Resistivity Formation Description

(m) (m) (Ohm-m)
1.2 – 4.3 3 9 Moist clay with silt
4.3 – 8.4 4 19 Wet clay with silt
8.4 – 16.1 8 9 Wet clay
16.1 – 56.7 41 3 Wet clay
56.7 – 56.8 0.1 4 Moist clay
> 56.8 10 Wet clay with silt
RAD2- 0.0 – 2.5 2.5 42 Top soil composed of fine
2VES 4 sands
2.5 – 5.2 3 50 Wet/moist sands
5.2 – 6.3 1 9 Wet clay with silt
6.3 – 43.3 37 7 Wet clay
> 43.3 10 Wet clay with silt
RAD2- 0.0 – 1.2 1 344 Top soil of sands and cobbles
2VES 5 1.2 – 2.3 1 36 Moist/wet sandy clay with silts
2.3 – 3.0 1 24 Wet clay with silts
3.0 – 5.5 2.5 184 Slightly weathered volcanic
rock
5.5 – 7.7 2 79 Wet/moist sands
7.7 – 19.3 12 42 Wet clayey fine sands silts
19.3 – 21.8 2.5 43 Wet clayey fine sands silts
21.8 – 31.4 10 128 Weathered volcanic rock -
basalts
> 31.4 200 Slightly weathered volcanic
rock
RAD2- 0.0 – 0.7 0.7 185 Dry soil with volcanic cobbles
2VES 6 0.7 – 3.1 2 153 Weathered volcanic rock
3.1 – 15.5 12 9 Wet clay
15.5 – 19.4 4 157 Slightly weathered volcanic
rock
> 19.4 500 Slightly weathered volcanic
rock

Table 5:8 Geophysical Results for Dam SITE 2 HERP Line 3 (50m Upstream of Main
Axis)
HERP No. VES No. Depth Thicknes Resistivity Formation Description
(m) s (m) (Ohm-m)
RADAT2- RAD2- 0.0 – 1.7 2 1168 Dry top soil with volcanic
HERP 3 3VES 1 boulders
1.7 – 2.2 0.5 212 Dry soil with volcanic cobbles
2.2 – 4.2 2 540 Slightly weathered volcanic
rock

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HERP No. VES No. Depth Thicknes Resistivity Formation Description

(m) s (m) (Ohm-m)
4.2 – 13.1 9 68 Weathered formation
composed of sand
13.1 – 17.9 5 30 Moist/wet sandy clay with silts
17.9 – 28.5 10.5 62 Wet sands
28.5 – 56.4 28 50 Wet sands
> 56.4 200 Slightly weathered volcanic
rock
RAD2- 0.0 – 1.5 1.5 1841 Dry top soil with volcanic
3VES 2 boulders
1.5 – 2.8 1 966 Dry top soil with volcanic
boulders
2.8 – 11.4 9 165 Slightly weathered volcanic
rock
11.4 – 14.1 3 52 Wet sands
14.1 – 26.9 3 25 Wet clay with silts
> 26.9 10 Wet clay with silts
RAD2- 0.0 – 1.2 1 162 Top soil composed of sands
3VES 3 and silts
1.2 – 7.7 6.5 14 Wet clay with silt
7.7 – 14.6 7 37 Moist/wet sandy clay with silts
14.6 – 26.6 12 26 Wet clay with silts
26.6 – 34.0 7 165 Slightly weathered volcanic
rock
> 34.0 1000 Fresh volcanic rock – phonolite
RAD2- 0.0 – 2.8 3 45 Top soil composed of fine
3VES 4 sands and sits
2.8 – 3.5 1 133 Weathered volcanic rock
3.5 – 4.1 0.5 9 Moist clay with silt
4.1 – 17.4 13 3 Wet clay
17.4 – 30.8 13 7 Wet clay
30.8 – 379 348 3 Thick layer of wet clay
> 379 6 Wet clay
RAD2- 0.0 – 2.1 2 42 Top soil composed of fine
3VES 5 sands and sits
2.1 – 2.7 0.5 16 Wet clay with silt
2.7 – 8.5 6 37 Moist/wet sandy clay with silts
8.5 – 9.4 1 18 Wet clay with silt
9.4 – 22.7 12 8 Wet clay
> 22.7 20 Wet clay with silts
RAD2- 0.0 – 1.4 1 280 Top soil of sands and cobbles
3VES 6 1.4 – 2.4 1 5 Wet clay

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HERP No. VES No. Depth Thicknes Resistivity Formation Description

(m) s (m) (Ohm-m)
2.4 – 8.3 6 6 Wet clay
8.3 – 16.0 8 4 Wet clay
16.0 – 22.5 6.5 8 Wet clay
> 22.5 30 Wet sandy clay with silts

The deep control vertical electrical sounding (RADAT2-CVES 26) done at the top of the
right abutment gives a more complete picture of the vertical geological variation at
this site. A geological correlation cross section of proposed dam site 2 area is shown on
Figure 3.6.

Figure 5:15 Geological Correlation map of Proposed Dam Site 2 Area

5.10.3 Assessment of Proposed Dam Site 3

Geological correlation cross section (Figure 5.20) shows that the foundation rocks at
Radat Proposed Dam Site 3 are highly weathered and fractured. However, different
rock formations have been differently affected by weathering. The foundation rocks
may also have been affected by a minor fault that is notable at Radat area but not
well observed at the site. The weathering and faulting actions have resulted in highly
fragmented foundation rocks producing volcanic breccia, with clayey fine sands and
silts leading in low resistivity values.

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The deep control vertical electrical sounding (RADAT1-CVES 26) done at the top of the
right abutment gives a more complete picture of the vertical geological variation at
this site.
Reconnaissance geological and preliminary geophysical investigations were also
carried out at Proposed Radat Dam Site 3 upstream of the Bridge (Kipting’) on the road
to Kenomoi, about 5km from Radat Trading Center. The layout plan of HERP and VES in
Radat Proposed Dam Site 3 is shown in Figure 5.19 (field HERP Data is Shown Figure
5.20), while the same layout in 3D is given in Figure 5.21. The geological Correlation
cross-section of Proposed Dam Site 3 Area is given on Figure 3.22. The coordinates and
elevation of the VES in Radat Proposed Dam Site 3 are given in Table 5.9.

Figure 5:16 Layout plan of HERP and VES in Radat Proposed Dam Site 2

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Figure 5:17 HERP Field Data

Figure 5:18 : Layout of HERP and VES in Dam Site 3 Kipting Bridge Area (in 3D)

Due to the rugged nature of the topography production of results in 2D tomography

presented challenges because of many gaps resulting in extrapolations. We have
generated a 2D tomography of the foundation using the electrical profiling and
vertical electrical data obtained in the field. The generated 2D tomography is
presented in Figure 3.9..

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Table 5:9 Coordinates and Elevation of VES Points (HERP 1 - 3 in Dam site 3)
HERP LINE No. VES No. X Y Elevation (m)
RADAD3 HERP I RAD3-1VES 1 0821970 0029976 1450
RAD3-1VES 2 0821963 0029954 1436
RAD3-1VES 3 0821925 0029907 1400
RAD3-1VES 4 0821860 0029852 1386
RAD3-1VES 5 0821842 0029814 1401
RAD3-1VES 6 0821794 0029716 1446
RADAD3 HERP 2 RAD3-2VES 1 0822019 0029953 1443
RAD3-2VES 2 0821998 0029924 1437
RAD3-2VES 3 0821954 0029862 1412
RAD3-2VES 4 0821893 0029811 1391
RAD3-2VES 5 0821840 0029709 1440
RAD3-2VES 6 0821811 0029651 1453
RADAD3 HERP 3 RAD3-3VES 1 0821882 0030047 1464
RAD3-3VES 2 0821874 0030025 1456
RAD3-3VES 3 0821872 0029968 1434
RAD3-3VES 4 0821827 0029880 1386
RAD3-3VES 5 0821770 0029767 1426

Figure 5:19 Generated 2D Geophysical Model of Selected Radad Dam Site (Kipting
Bridge Area)

Notes:
1. 1) The foundation at the middle (center) this profile is underlain by
clayey fine sandy formation (resistivity values 11.2 – 52.2 ohm.m). This is

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the riverbed area. At depth the formation turns highly clay due to
highly weathered older basalts of Saburu Type.
2. On the Left Hand Side a block relatively high resistivity values (52.2 – 522
ohm.m) was detected: this is of localized extent and it is due the young
basalt exposed in this area overlying phonolites.
3. Further up on the left bank (resistivity values 5.2 – 112 ohm.m) is
weathered phonolites resting/abutting on tuffs and sediments of
Eldama Ravine Series (these were observed in the field (see Plate 2.4a
above).
4. On the right hand side (Right Bank from riverbed area) the foundation
is composed of weathered phonolites overlain by a thin layer of young
basalts (Kwaibus type). The phonolites are underlain/abutting on tuffs
and sediments (Eldama Ravine Type). The resistivity values
progressively from 52.2 ohm.m to 2.42 ohm.m (from clayey sands to
highly clay formation)
The evaluations compare very well with the geological correlation cross-section
obtained from resistivity sounding (VES) data in Figure 3.13 below. The interpreted
geophysical investigations results for Proposed Dam Site 3 are presented in Tables 5.10 –
5.12.

Figure 5:20 Geological correlation cross section along Profile Line 1 (Radad Site 3)

Table 5:10 Interpreted Geophysical Results for Dam SITE 3 HERP Line 1 (Proposed
HERP No. VES No. Depth Thickness Resistivity Formation Description
(m) (m) (Ohm-m)
RADAT3- RAD3- 1.0 – 1.5 1.5 1841 Top very slightly fractured
HERP 1 1VES 1 volcanic rock

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HERP No. VES No. Depth Thickness Resistivity Formation Description

(m) (m) (Ohm-m)
1.5 – 2.8 1 966 Slightly Afractured rocks
2.8 – 11.4 9 165 Weathered volcanic rock –
moist
11.4 – 14.1 3 52 Weathered wet volcanic
sandy formation
14.1 – 26.9 3 25 Wet clay with fine sands
and silts
> 26.9 10 Wet clay with silt
RAD3- 0.0 – 1.2 1 162 Weathered volcanic rock –
1VES 2 moist
1.2 – 7.7 6.5 14 Wet clay with silt
7.7 – 14.6 7 37 Wet clay with fine sands
14.6 – 26.6 12 26 Wet clay with fine sands
and silts
26.6 – 34.0 7 165 Slightly weathered wet
volcanic rock
> 34.0 1000 Fresh volcanic rocks -
phonolites
RAD3- 0.0 – 2.8 3 45 Top soil composed of
1VES 3 clayey fine sands
2.8 – 3.5 1 133 Slightly weathered volcanic
rock
3.5 – 4.1 0.5 9 Thin layer of wet clay
4.1 – 17.4 13 3 Wet clay
17.4 – 30.8 13 7 Wet clay
30.8 – 379 348 3 Thick layer of wet clay
> 379 6 Wet clay
RAD3- 0.0 – 2.1 2 42 Top soil composed of
1VES 4 clayey fine sands
2.1 – 2.7 0.5 16 Wet clay with silt
2.7 – 8.5 6 37 Wet clayey fine sands and
silts
8.5 – 9.4 1 18 Wet clay with fine silts
9.4 – 22.7 12 8 Wet clay
> 22.7 20 Wet clay with fine sands
and silts
RAD3- 0.0 – 1.4 1 280 Slightly weathered volcanic
1VES 5 rock
1.4 – 2.4 1 5 Wet/moist clay
2.4 – 8.3 6 6 Wet/moist clay
8.3 – 16.0 8 4 Wet clay
16.0 – 22.5 6.5 8 Wet clay

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HERP No. VES No. Depth Thickness Resistivity Formation Description

(m) (m) (Ohm-m)
> 22.5 30 Wet clayey fine sands and
silts
RAD3- 0.0 – 1.2 1 45 Top soil composed of
1VES 6 clayey fine sands
1.2 – 2.2 1 25 Wet clay with silt
2.2 – 2.7 0.5 43 Wet clayey fine sands and
silts
2.7 – 6.8 4 172 Slightly weathered volcanic
rock
6.8 – 14.8 8 66 Wet sandy formation
14.8 – 35.5 21 580 Very lightly fractured
volcanic rock
35.5 – 44.1 9 193 Slightly weathered volcanic
rock
> 44.1 1000

Table 5:11 Geophysical Results for Dam SITE 3 HERP Line 2 (50m Downstream of Dam
Axis)
HERP VES No. Depth Thickness Resistivity Formation Description
No. (m) (m) (Ohm-m)
RADAT3- RAD3- 0.0 – 2.0 2 45 Top soil composed clayey
HERP 2 2VES 1 fine sands
2.0 – 2.1 0.1 3 Wet clay
2.1 – 6.3 4 5 Wet clay
6.3 – 87.5 81 3 Wet clay
> 87.5 10 Moist clay with silts
RAD3- 0.0 – 1.0 1 20 Top soil composed clay
2VES 2 1.0 – 7.2 6 7 Moist/wet clay
7.2 – 11.9 4 9 Wet clay
11.9 – 12.0 0.1 7 Wet clay
12.0 – 19.9 8 6 Wet clay
19.9 – 50.0 30 7 Wet clay
> 50.0 3 Wet clay
RAD3- 0.0 – 1.1 1 271 Loose top soil composed of
2VES 3 boulders
1.1 – 3.6 2.5 27 Moist clay soil
3.6 – 14.1 10.5 95 Moist sand formation
14.1 – 251 137 8 Wet clay
> 251 15 Wet clay with silts and fine
sands
RAD32- 0.0 – 2.0 2 98 Loose top soil – sandy

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2VES 4 2.0 – 2.5 0.5 47 Moist clayey fine sands and

silts
2.5 – 6.3 4 83 Wet/moist sands
6.3 – 17.4 11 43 Moist clayey fine sands and
silts
17.4 – 51.0 34 66 Wet sands
51.0 – 55.0 4 45 Wet clayey fine sands and
silts
> 55.0 1000 Fresh volcanic rocks
(phonolites)
RAD3- 0.0 – 1.4 1 119 Top loose and dry soil
2VES 5 1.4 – 3.2 2 9 Moist clayey soil
3.2 – 7.2 4 41 Wet/moist clayey fine sands
and silts
7.2 – 25.2 18 28 Wet sandy clay with silts
25.2 – 26.0 1 20 Wet sandy clay with silts
26.0 – 78.3 52 8 Thick layer of wet clay
> 78.3 40 Wet clayey fine sands and
silts
RAD3- 0.0 – 1.4 1 38 Top moist clayey soil
2VES 6 1.4 – 2.4 1 13 Moist clayey soil
2.4 – 20.6 18 28 Wet sandy clay with silts
20.6 – 22.2 2 20 Wet sandy clay with silts
22.2 – 43.8 22 15 Wet clay with silts
> 43.8 40 Wet clayey fine sands and
silts

Table 5:12 Geophysical Results for Dam SITE 3 HERP Line 3 (50m Upstream of Dam
Axis)
HERP No. VES No. Depth Thickness Resistivity Formation Description
(m) (m) (Ohm-m)
RADAT3- RAD3- 0.0 – 1.8 2 76 Moist loose top soil (clayey
HERP 3 3VES 1 fine sands)
1.8 – 6.2 4 53 Wet sands and silts
6.2 – 22.5 16 9 Wet Clay formation (deep
weathering)
22.5 – 51.1 29 9 Wet Clay formation (deep
weathering)
> 51.1 30 Wet sandy clays and silts
RAD3- 0.0 – 1.5 1.5 45 Moist loose top soil (sands
3VES 2 clay)
1.5 – 2.3 1 13 Wet sandy clays with silts
2.3 – 14.6 12 3 Wet Clay from (deep

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HERP No. VES No. Depth Thickness Resistivity Formation Description

(m) (m) (Ohm-m)
weathering)
14.6 – 20.3 6 8 Wet Clay formation (deep
weathering)
> 20.3 50 Wet sands and silts
RAD3- 0.0 – 1.5 1.5 174 Top unconsolidated soil will
3VES 3 boulders
1.5 – 5.7 4 18 Wet sandy clays with silts
5.7 – 14.6 9 59 Wet sands
14.6 – 31.1 17 19 Wet sandy clays with silts
> 31.1 40 Wet clayey sands and silts
RAD3- 0.0 – 1.1 1 61 Top loose clayey soils
3VES 4 1.1 – 2.8 2 9 Wet Clay formation (deep
weathering)
2.8 – 8.7 6 18 Wet sandy clays with silts
8.7 – 10.7 2 14 Wet sandy clays with silts
10.7 – 25.0 14 68 Wet sands- aquiferous
> 25.0 800 Slightly fractured volcanic
rocks
RAD3- 0.0 – 1.3 1 118 Loose top soil with weathered
3VES 5 boulders
1.3 – 8.9 7.5 45 Wet clayey sands and silts
8.9 – 10.0 2 61 Wet sands- aquiferous
10.0 – 19.2 9 25 Wet Clayey fine sands and
silts
19.2 – 44.7 25.5 15 Wet sandy clays with silts
> 44.7 40 Wet clayey sands and silts

Figure 5:21 Geophysical investigations in progress at Dam site 3

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5.10.4 Assessment of Proposed Dam Site 3

Geological correlation cross section (Figure 5.20) shows that the foundation rocks at
Radat Proposed Dam Site 3 are highly weathered and fractured. However, different
rock formations have been differently affected by weathering. The foundation rocks
may also have been affected by a minor transverse fault that is notable at Radat area
but not well observed at the site. The weathering and faulting actions have resulted in
highly fragmented foundation rocks producing volcanic breccia, with clayey fine
sands and silts leading in low resistivity values. Of particular interest is thick layer of clay
observable at the riverbed area at this site.

5.11 Discussion
Both field geological reconnaissance survey and preliminary geophysical investigations
have indicated that the foundation rocks at the three proposed Radat dam sites are
highly weathered and slightly fractured. The geological correlation cross sections at the
three proposed dam sites are generally similar:
 The foundation at the riverbed is composed of clayey fine sands and silts with a
thickness of over 80m (in all the three dam sites);
 The foundation on the abutments is composed highly weathered volcanic rocks
(basalts of Samburu Basalt Series) which are mainly clayey sands gravel;
 At dam site 1 the right hand side abutment (the upper section) the foundation
is composed of fresh volcanic rocks (basalts of Kwaibus series) – these basalts
are observable on the detailed reconnaissance map (Figure 3.4);
 At dam site 2 the upper section composed of fresh volcanic rocks is absent; the
foundation is composed of highly weathered rocks with fragments underlying
parent rocks;
 The foundation on left hand side abutment is similar in all the three dam sites
and is composed of highly weathered basalts of Samburu basalt series; and
 The foundation at dam site 3 the river bed area is underlain by a very clay layer
of 100m.
A general observation is that the at depth the foundation is composed of clays with silts
and clayey fine sands which are deemed to be products of weathering of the oldest
rock in this area – the Samburu basalts (these well exposed at dam site 3).

5.12 Preliminary Construction Materials Investigations

5.12.1 Overview of Constructions Materials Survey

During reconnaissance visits it was observed that soils suitable for in an earth fill dam
were apparently absent. It was therefore proposed that since the project area is
replete with rocks can be used for a rock fill dam, preliminary survey to identify areas
with potential rock fill construction materials.
During the current preliminary survey observations were made at areas with potential
as source areas for impervious core identified.

5.12.2 Soil Sampling by Trial Pits

Preliminary soil sampling by trial pits was done at areas with potential as source areas
for impervious core materials. It was noted that in most localities the soils were shallow

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grey and brownish clayey silts and fine sands with gravel and cobbles derived from the
weathering the underlying volcanic rocks.
Seven trial pits (TP) were dug and samples collected: One (1) at Radat Dam Site 1, Four
(3) at Radat Dam Site 2 and Three (3) at Radat Dam Site 3. The coordinates of points
the where the samples were collected are given in Table 5.13. Test was also made on a
rock sample collected from the riverbed area.

5.12.3 Results of Laboratory Soil Testing

The soils have been taken for laboratory but the full results have not been
received.
Table 5:13 Coordinates of Trial Points
Coordinates
Dam Site TP No. X Y Remarks
RADAT SITE 1 TP2- Rad 1 (LB) 0823922 (E) 0031111 (N) On Figure 3.
RADAT SITE 2 TP1-Rad 2 (LB) 0822994 (E) 0030664 (N) On Figure
TP2- Rad 2 0823440 (E) 0030083 (N) On Figure
TP3- Rad 2 0823782 (E) 0031178 (N) On Figure
RADAT SITE 3 TP1- Rad 3 0821969 (E) 0029972 (N) On Figure 3.7
TP2- Rad 3 0822020 (E) 0029700 (N) Plate 4.1
TP3- Rad 3 0822120 (E) 0029512 (N) On Figure 3.7
One particular soil sample seems to have promising characteristics was collected from
TP near the Bridge (Kipting). This area is recommended detailed soil investigation by
auger method. A spot of this area is shown in the figures below

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Figure 5:22 A Layer of Red Clay Soil in Tuffs and Sediments (Soil sample collected
here)

Figure 5:23 A Layer of Red Clay Soil – same above sowing overlying Basalts
Kwaibus Basalts (Tvb3) Red Clay Soil at the top of Tuffs and Sediments
(Tvf2)

5.12.4 Results of Laboratory Soil Testing

The samples were submitted for laboratory analyses to the “Soil Mechanics Laboratory,
of Civil & Construction Engineering of University of Nairobi”. The results of laboratory
testing are summarized in Table 4.2.

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Table 5:14 Summary of Laboratory Soil Testing Results

Atterberg Limits Compaction Triaxial Permeability

Sample 2.5kg Sieve
LL PL PI SL MDD OMC C ø K Analysis
% % % % g/cm3 % Kg/cm deg cm/sec
2 .
TP2- Rad 1 (LB) 34 I8 16 5.7 1576 19.6 0.04 260 7.939 x 10-5 See graph
TP1-Rad 2 (LB) 1414 25.1 0.08 260 1.020 x 10-4 See graph
TP1-Rad 2 (RB) 0.08 250 5.021 x 10-4 See graph
TP2- Rad 2 (0.9m) 53 28 25 10 1559 18.5 0.13 230 1.250 x 10-3 See graph
TP3- Rad 2 1685 16.1 0.12 230 4.486 x 10-5 See graph
TP1- Rad 3 1498 23.3 0.07 270 3.836 x 10-4 See graph
TP2- Rad 3 1712 13.6 0.10 240 7.931 x 10-4 See graph
TP3- Rad 3 1256 34.4 0.08 270 2.707 x 10-4 See graph
Notes: Results of the following tests are attached in the soil Laboratory test
results Appendix.
a. Results for Sieve Analysis – the grading curve graphs are given separately.
b. Pin Hole Test indicated that all the samples are NON DISPERSIVE.
c. Consolidation and UCS presented separately

5.12.5 Interpretation of Soil Testing Results

Particle Size Grading (sieve analysis)

The sieve analyses for eight (8) samples and one rock sample indicate percentage
passing Sieve No. 200 (grain size for fine sand) is more than 60% for nearly all the soil
samples and that the percentage retained is less than 50%. This means that all the
samples are fine grained and further classification can be done using Atterberg Limits
(results on Atterberg Limits were received for two samples only). These will be analysed
using Plasticity Chart in order to get a further representative classification of the soils in
the project area. Otherwise the soils in the project area are clayey fine sands with
some gravel. The fact that the soils are non-dispersive is an indication that the silt
content is low. The grading curves are presented in Figure 4.1a to 4.1h

Comments:

1) Curve for sample TP1-Rad2 (LB) is CLAYEY fine SAND with some gravel.
2) Curve for sample TP1- Rad 2 (LB) is fine SAND with gravel.
3) Curve for sample TP1- Rad 2 (LB)-taken from100m from riverbed is silty sand with
gravel.
4) Curve for sample TP2- Rad 2 is fine SAND with gravel.
5) Curve for sample TP2- Rad 2 (0.9m) from upper zone (0.9m depth) is fine silty
SAND with very little gravel.
6) Curve for sample TP1- Rad 3 – in Kipting area is fine SAND with gravel and some
silt.

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7) Curve for sample TP2- Rad 3 is SAND with some silt and some little gravel.
8) Curve for sample TP3- Rad 3 (Kipting near the Bridge) is fine SAND with some silt
little gravel.
9) Curve for rock sample taken from the riverbed is sand with gravel.
All samples indicate they are fine SANDS with gravel and a few with silt. The FINES will
be classified using Plasticity Charts.

Atterberg Limits
In using Atterberg Limits to classify the fine grained soils a Plasticity Chart was drawn
and Plasticity Indices are plotted against the Liquid Limits for all the samples analyzed.
Clays plot above the A-line while Silts plot below it.
The soils samples analyzed for Radat Dam Site plot above A-line, indicating that the
soils are Clays with some fine sand and some silt. This is a good finding because silts are
incompressible and also tend to cause piping. The Plasticity Chart for samples analyzed
is presented on Figure 4.2.
The suitability of the soils as fill material is also confirmed by the relatively high Plasticity
Index for the individual (seven greyish browm) soil samples. By definition Plasticity Index
of a soil is ‘the range of moisture content over which soil is plastic or malleable’. In the
given soil samples the Plasticity Index lies between 18 % and 35 % with an average of
25%. This consideration excludes results for sample of rock collected from the riverbed
area.

Figure 5:24 Plasticity Chart for Samples analyzed

Note: All samples plot above “A” – Line, the FINES are Clay

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The soils are clearly fine SAND with some FINES. A further refined classification may be
used, combining the use of A-line and U-line. This is used when LL = 45% and PI = 25%.
The samples collected have average LL = 43.5% and PI = 20.5%. The equation for A-line
is PI = 0.73(LL-20), while for the U-line it is PI = 0.9(LL-8). The final further classification is
shown on Figure 4.3.

Figure 5:25 Plasticity Chart for the Samples Analyzed

TP2 TP2-Rad 2 Sample (RB) at the top

From these evaluations the soils are clayey fine SANDS (SCI to SCH) of intermediate to
high plasticity with some gravel.

5.12.6 Other Soil Characteristics

Compaction Tests (Proctor Test)

Compaction tests indicate that Maximum Dry Density (MDD) ranges between
1256g/cm3 and 1712g/cm3 (with an average of 1529 g/cm3) and Optimum Moisture
Content (OMC) ranges between 13.6% and 34.4% (with an average of 21.5%). This
means that the soils are compactible but the rather low OMC means low requirement
of water due to the sandy nature of the soil.

Shear Box Tests

Shear Box test results indicate that the Cohesion Coefficient C varies between 0.04 and
0.13kg/cm2 with an average of 0.09kg/cm2. This is due to the presence of fine sand
but the Cohesion Coefficient C is acceptable. The angle shearing, ø has range of 23°
to 27° with an average of 25° which acceptable although ideally it should be in the
range 18° – 24°.

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Permeability K
The soils have a high permeability Coefficient K ranging between 6.213 x 10-5 and
1.250 x 10-3 cm/sec. In equivalent terms this is in the range of 51.8 – 833.3 lugeon
values. This is rather very high permeability that will require foundation treatment by
grouting.

5.12.7 Filter Materials (Sand)

No investigations were conducted for evaluation of filter materials. However, there is
sand along the riverbed which needs to be tested and evaluated for suitability for use
as filter material. The dam site is replete with rocks and boulders of volcanic origin that
will require to be tested for suitability as rock-fill dam construction and also for
construction aggregate. Any filter sand must satisfy the following criteria:
 D15filter/D15base ≥ 5, and
 D15filter/D85base ≤ 5;
 where: D15filter = sieve opening size that allows 15% of the filter material to
pass;
o D15base = sieve opening size that allows 15% of the base material to
pass; and
o D85base = sieve opening size that allows 85% of the base material to
pass.
These are the criteria to be checked for sand samples, especially sand in relation to the
embankment fill material which will be used as the base material (these requirement
criteria may be varied for a rock-fill dam).

5.12.8 Proposed Type of Dam

On evaluation of the geological setting of the project area (the structural geology and
the tectonics), we note that the area is underlain by rocks highly weathered volcanic
rocks (basalts and phonolites that have affected by faulting in the general). The
seismicity is taken into account in deciding a design basis earthquake (DBE) loading of
amax = 0.30g and maximum credible earthquake (MCE) of amax = 0.45g in stability
analysis during the designing of Radat dam. Further seismic profiling proposed during
detailed geological investigations will shed more light on the conditions the foundation.

Construction materials in form red clay soil for an impervious core is apparently
available within the dam site, but shell material will be readily available for both rock-fill
and Rip Rap. Red clay soils will be further assessed at Radat Dam Site 3 area which also
the preferred dam site for this project.

We therefore proposed a zoned rock-fill dam with an impervious core. The only
materials to be evaluated in detail to estimate the quantity is the red clay soils. The
aggregate and sand for construction of the diversion channel (and other concrete
works) can be sourced within the dam site area.

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5.13 Conclusion and Recommendations

5.13.1 Conclusion
The results of both reconnaissance geological survey and preliminary geophysical
investigations have confirmed findings of desk study that the geology of the proposed
Radat dam project area is composed of volcanic rocks of Miocene to Pliocene age.
Tuffs intercalated with sediments of the same age are also present in this area but with
limited.
The rocks the project area are highly weathered and only slightly fractured. The deeper
foundation rocks composed of basalts of Samburu type are more weathered than the
upper horizons. The general project area has been affected by grid faulting but the
nearest observed fault zone is around Radat Trading Center but it disappears as one
approaches dam site 1 (the lower dam site). It significant to note within the proposed
Radat dam project area rocks on the right hand side of Perkerra River are part of
downthrown block of younger rocks that abut on older rocks on the left hand side of
Perkerra River: This may mean that the older faulting may have been obscured the
younger lava flows.
The foundation rocks in the three dam sites have undergone almost similar pattern and
intensity of weathering however, dam site 1 (the lower dam site) has apparently more
stable foundation compared to the other two. The project area is characterized
abundance rocks that can readily be used for rock-fill dam. The recent deposits in are
composed of a thin layer greyish brown soil with cobbles and stones derived from the
parent volcanic rocks.
Finally it is concluded that proposed dam site 1 (the lower dam site) is suitable for a
rock fill dam. However, further detailed geological investigations including core drilling
and rock testing for strength will be necessary. The structural condition of the
foundation rocks will also be necessary using seismic profiling.
Around proposed dam site 3 (about 5km from dam site 1) a layer of red clay was
observed with the tuffs and sediments that underlie Kwaibus olivine basalts in that area.
The thickness and areal extent of this horizon may be of interest as source for
impervious core material.

5.14 Recommendations
The observations and inferences made from the preliminary investigations have led us
to recommend the following:
1. Detailed geological including core and testing of the rock strength at the
proposed Radat dam site 1. Three sites for core drilling are proposed as follows:
 Borehole No. 1 at river bed (RADAT1-1VES 6) – right bank (Coordinates X:
0824008 (E); Y: 0031079 (N); El. 1375m above mean sea level);
 Borehole No. 2 at RADAT1-1VES 4 – right bank (Coordinates X: 08224085
(E), Y: 0031055 (N); El. 1408m above mean sea level); and Borehole No. 3
at RADAT1-1VES 3 – left bank (Coordinates X: 0823884 (E); Y: 0031104 (N);
El.1375m above mean sea level).
2. Geophysical investigations by seismic profiling to establish the structural
conditions of the foundation to check presence of older faults, and

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3. Fully fledged materials survey that should include identification of suitable

quarries for the rock fill and laboratory testing of the rocks. The extent of the
clay soils observed during this survey will need to be tested using auger method.

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6 EVALUATION OF DAM OPTIONS

6.1 Proposed Dam Site

The pre-feasibility study identified five dam sites; Koipokaplelach, Kapng’etuny,
Kaplelwo, Radat and Kipkabei dam sites. Radat site was recommended for full
feasibility, detailed investigations and designs. Two of the sites Radat and Kaplelwo are
located on the main Perkerra River; Koipokaplelach site is located on Tapuchara River
while Kapng’etuny is located Ainopno River, all tributaries of the main Perkerra River.
During this feasibility study, three possible locations were investigated at the Radat sites,
Radat site 1, Radat site 2 and Radat site 3.
Estimation of storage potentials of the proposed dam site was determined using
contours generated from existing topographic information and topographic survey at
the dam sites. Site storage/height/areas were generated for the four sites. The key
features of the dam site are summarized here blow. The dam sites locations is shown on
the site layout map, Drawing Appendix.

Table 6:1 Dam sites physical characteristics

Dam Site Estimated Storage Reservoir Embankment
Storage Height Area Length (m)
potential (Mm3) (m) (Ha)
Kaplelwo 30.7 45 138 1,150
Kopokaplelach 15.0 35 126 685
Kapng’etuny 5.6 45 40 500
Radat Site 1 267 95 907 415
Radat Site 2 228 85 833 435
Radat Site 3 157 70 686 300
The sites have storage potential ranging from 5.6Mm 3 up to 267Mm3 for dam heights of
between 35-90mm height.

6.1.1 Radat Dam Sites

Radat Site 1
Three potential sites were investigated within the area. The first sites 1, is located 2.5 km
upstream of Radat shopping centre. The river valley at the site is approximately 95 deep
with a reservoir potential of up to 267Mm3. The reservoir will be confined to the river
valley for around 3.5km before spreading to a wider area. The site Storage/Area/Depth
Curve is shown in the figure below.

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A dam of maximum reservoir potential at this site will cover an area of 2240 acres
and will submerge the existing bridge that connects the river banks, an important
river crossing. The dam and reservoir characteristics are summarized below.
Description Parameter

Optimal Dam Height (m) 95

Optimum Storage (Mm3) 267.2
Fetch at maximum height (km) 8.0
Total Reservoir surface Area (Acres) 2240
Basin Catchment at Site (km2) 1,061.1
Mean Annual flow (m3?s) 3.88
Public Facility/Institution to be submerged Bridge.

Radat Site 2
The dam site 2 is located approximately 1.0km upstream of site 1 on a narrow section of
the river. The site has a potential for 85 high with a reservoir potential of up to 228Mm3.
The site Storage/Area/Depth Curve is shown in figure below.

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A dam of maximum reservoir potential at this site will cover an area of 2060cres
and will also submerge the existing bridge that connects the river banks, an
important river crossing. The dam and reservoir characteristics are summarized
below.
Description Parameter

Optimal Dam Height (m) 85

Optimum Storage (Mm3) 228.0
Total Reservoir surface Area (Acres) 2060
Basin Catchment at Site (km2) 1,061.1
Mean Annual flow (m3) 3.88
Public Facility/Institution to be submerged Bridge.

Radat Site 3
The proposed dam site 3 is located slightly downstream of the confluence of Perkera
river and several streams that join the main river form Tenges side. The side will be
upstream of the main bridge linking the two sides of Perkera River. The site has a
potential for a 70m high with a reservoir potential of up to 158Mm3. The site
Storage/Area/Depth Curve is shown in figure below.

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A dam of maximum reservoir potential at this site will cover an area of 1694acres
and will also submerge the existing bridge that connects the river banks, an
important river crossing. The dam and reservoir characteristics are summarized
below.
Description Parameter

Optimal Dam Height (m) 70

Optimum Storage (Mm3) 157
Total Reservoir surface Area (Acres) 1,694
Basin Catchment at Site (km2) 1,061.1
Mean Annual flow (m3) 3.88
Public Facility/Institution to be submerged Bridge.

Kaplelwo Site
The kaplelwo site is located on a narrow river valley immediately downstream of the
confluence of Perkerra and Ainopno rivers. The river valley at the site is approximately
45 deep with a reservoir potential of up to 30.7Mm3. The site Storage/Area/Depth Curve
is shown in the figure.

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A dam of maximum reservoir potential at this site will cover an area of 340acres.
The dam will not interfere with any existing public institution. The dam and
reservoir characteristics are summarized below.

Description Parameter

Optimal Dam Height (m) 85

Optimum Storage (Mm3) 228.0
Total Reservoir surface Area (Acres) 2060
Basin Catchment at Site (km2) 1,148.7
Mean Annual flow (m3) 4.18
Public Facility/Institution to be submerged None

Kopokaplelach
Kopokaplelach site is located on Kapuchara River slightly upstream of the
Marigat/Perkera river crossing. The site has a potential for a 35m dam with a
potential storage of approximately 15mM3. The site Storage/Area/Depth Curve is
shown in figure below.

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A dam of maximum reservoir potential at this site will cover an area of 310acres.
The dam will not interfere with any existing public institution. The dam and
reservoir characteristics are summarized below.

Description Parameter

Optimal Dam Height (m) 35

Optimum Storage (Mm3) 15
Total Reservoir surface Area (Acres) 310
Basin Catchment at Site (km2) 40.8
Mean Annual flow (m3) 0.13
Public Facility/Institution to be submerged None

Kapng’etuny
Kopokaplelach site is located on Ainopno River slightly upstream of the
Marigat/Perkera river crossing. The site has a potential for a 35m dam with a
potential storage of approximately 15mM3. The site Storage/Area/Depth Curve is
shown in the figure below.

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A dam of maximum reservoir potential at this site will cover an area of 310acres.
The dam will not interfere with any existing public institution. The dam and
reservoir characteristics are summarized below.

Description Parameter

Optimal Dam Height (m) 35

Embankment Length (m) 650
Optimum Storage (Mm3) 15
Dam Catchment at Site
Total Reservoir surface Area (Acres) 310
Basin Catchment at Site (km2) 143.4
Mean Annual flow (m3) 0.44
Public Facility/Institution to be submerged None

6.2 Water Demand and Reservoir capacity requirements

6.2.1 Irrigation demand

The Perkerra Irrigation Scheme Expansion Project Study, (Bhundia Associates 2012),
proposed to expand the scheme irrigation area to 2020 hectares. The proposed
expansion will increase the area currently under irrigation by eight times. The irrigation
water availability for irrigation use for the two project scenarios (with or without storage)
are summarised below.
Irrigation Available water, m3/day Water Net irrigable area, ha
Method demand,
Without With
m3/ha/day
Storage Storage
Without With Storage
Storage

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Surface 35,424 280,800 139.03 254. 2020

To achieve this expansion, water sources with a daily yield of 280,000m 3 is required. The
current source of Perkerra irrigation water, the Perkerra River, can meet irrigation
demand of up to 35,424m3/day. To improve reliability Irrigation guidelines normally
recommend one day on-farm storage or either 90day or 180 day storage at the water
source. The 90 and 180 day irrigation storage for the proposed development is 25.3m3
and 50.6m3 respectively.

6.2.2 Domestic Water demand

The existing water rights on the Perkerra River are 0.124m s/s and 0.247m3/s for normal
and flood flow respectively. These demand are projected to rise with time, however
due to lack of sufficient information to project on current demand (location of
schemes, estimated and projected population, kind of water schemes) , allowance has
been made for future demand based on the rivers Q95 equivalent to 0.291m 3/s.

6.2.3 Environmental/Riparian release

General guidelines propose to allocate 15% of the mean stream flow to the
environmental water rights. With mean flow of 3.88 m 3/s at the proposed dam site,
0.56m3/s is allocated to the environment flow requirement.

6.2.4 Total dam release

The estimated total (optimal) dam release for the proposed irrigation development,
domestic water demand and environmental rights is 4.12m3/s.

6.2.5 Hydro-power Generation

The theoretically power available from falling water can be expressed as
Pth= ρ q g h
Where;
Pth= power theoretically available (W)
ρ = density (kg/m3) (~ 1000 kg/m3for water)
q = water flow (m3/s)
g = acceleration of gravity (9.81 m/s2)
h = falling height, head (m)

Efficiency
Due to energy loss the practically available power will be less than the theoretically
power. Practically available power can be expressed as
P = 1000 μ q g h
Where;
P = power available (W)
μ = efficiency (in general ranging 0.75 to 0.95)
Equation (2) can be simplified to express practically available hydropower in kW
P ~ 10 μ q h (kW)

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The proposed dam will be between 60-70m high, considering the other water release
scenario, evaluation of the hydro-power generation potential has several limitations
when considered concurrent to the downstream release. However considering that the
dam will regulate river flow for use substantially downstream of the dam, it is proposed
that power generation using the design release from the reservoir (simulation below).be
considered immediately downstream of the dam.

6.3 Optimisation of Reservoir capacity

A rigorous reservoir modelling and yield analysis was undertaken to determine the
required capacity of the dam to meet the estimated water demands. The analysis was
based on the daily base inflow derived from the naturalised stream flow. A water
balance approach was used to balance the inflow, storage and release to meet the
project ultimate release of 4.12m3/s. Losses due to evaporation and seepages and
downstream release and demand abstractions are the key parameter for the analysis.

6.3.1 Hydrological modelling

The objective of this hydrological modelling is to try and simulate the anticipated
hydrological occurrences through the dam during its operation. The other objective of
the modelling was to obtain consistent and reliable flow series at dam in order to
evaluate properly the water resources available at the dam site.
The reservoir simulation is undertaken using daily records measured at the Marigat KARI
meteorological Station and calibrated using river flow data form RGS 2EE07. None of
the streams discharging into the dam is currently gaged making modelling to entirely
depend on rainfall data form the Marigat station and RGS 2EE07. The simulation was
undertaken between the period of January 1970 and November 1988. This is the period
with consistent flow data at RGS 2EE07 and rainfall data to allow calibration.
The dam catchment assumed as a single basin comprising of three sub basins
discharging at the proposed dam, the catchment physical parameters are presented
in the table below following physical characteristics.

Parameter Perkera Emining Kapuchoi

Length (km) 80 50 12.5
Highest Elevation (Masl) 2135
Elevation at Dam site (Masl) 935
Slope (m/m) 0.04 0.02 0.01
Area (km2) 601 289 69

6.3.2 Reservoir simulation

To simulate flow through the dam, the hydrological software HEC-HMS was used.
Different models enable rainfall-runoff simulation. The following choices have been
made:
 The Soil Moisture Accounting model has been chosen to calculate runoff
volume. It is the recommended model for long term modelling.
 To model the direct runoff, the Clark hydrograph is also the best fitting
method in this case.

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 To model the groundwater flow, the linear reservoir method is to be

associated to the Soil, Moisture Accounting

The Soil Moisture Accounting enables to calculate the volume of water ending in the
river from precipitation through four transit layers;
 Vegetation (canopy)
 Surface (depressions)
 Soil
 Aquifers

The Clark hydrograph is used to calculate the direct runoff, by staggering the
precipitation volume. The groundwater flow is assumed to be linear.

6.3.3 Transform Parameter

The transform parameters
 The time of concentration, Tc
 The storage coefficient, R

There are different ways to calculate the time of concentration, Kirpich equation,
presented below, is used for the modelling.

L0.77
Tc  0.0189 *
S 0.385 c
Where:
 L is the length of the longest flow path
 I is the average slope in m/m
 A is the area of the basin in km2. Values for the sub-basins are:

Catchment Perkera Emining Kapuchoi

L (km) 80.00 50.00 12.50
I (m/m) 0.04 0.02 0.01
A(KM2) 601.00 289.00 69.00
Tc (hr)-
Kirpich 6.69 6.08 2.73
R-Kirpich 2.87 2.61 1.17

First estimation for the storage coefficient can be calculated. For the Clark unit
hydrograph method, the ratio R/(TC+R) has been found to be constant on a regional
basis. For a value of this ratio of 0.1, the hydrograph rises steeply and might be
representative of the response of an urban basin. For a value of 0.7, the unit
hydrograph is much more attenuated and might be representative of a flat swampy
basin. Here, an average value of 0.3 will be used.

R
 0.3
Tc  R

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6.3.4 Optimization of the model

First manual calibration was done to eliminate excessively high floods, or too weak base
flow. The most sensible parameters were determined:
 Soil capacity (mm)
 Soil infiltration and soil percolation (mm/hr)
 Groundwater (1 and 2) capacities (mm)
 Groundwater percolation (mm/hr)
 Groundwater coefficient (hr)

The soil parameters influence more the time of reaction of the basin, and the volume of
peak flows (due essentially to direct runoff). The groundwater parameters have more
influence on base flow.

6.3.5 Simulation Scenarios

The reservoir simulations calculate the operation of the dam take into consideration:
 The inflow (water resources from precipitation and base flow upstream of the
dam)
 The release of water for irrigation, environmental requirement and existing
water rights
 Available outflow that could be used for to meet the various water uses

Irrigation Water demand

The irrigation demand from the dam is assumed to be realised progressively to allow
development of irrigation areas to the envisaged 2020Hectares in between two to four
years depending on the simulated scenario. This allows the dam to impounded water
to as safe storage thereby avoiding draining the dam complete. It is envisaged that
irrigation development will progressive to achieve the full 2020Hecatares. The dam is
considered to be on not good reliability when it drains out during the simulations.

The simulation runs were undertaken for a period between 1970 and 1988, a period with
consistent flow and rainfall data to ensure calibration. The water demand scenarios
considered are summarised below.

Scenario Irrigation Release Storage (X1000m3) Dam Height (m)

Min Mean Max Min Mean Max

Scenarion-1 1500(1)-2020(2) 632 65,742 124,014 6 49.9 64.6
Scenarion-2 1000(1)-1500(2)- 632 75,516 124,014 6 52.8 64.6
2020(2)
Scenarion-3 500(1)-1000(2)- 632 77,138 124,602 6 53.1 64.7
2020(3)
Scenarion-4 2020 Dam Empties in the second year
Scenarion-5 1000 3,634 44,837 56,423 15 46.6 49.2

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Scenarion-6 1500 884 64,011 86,955 7.1 50.4 57.1

Note; 1500(1)-2020(2)-1500Ha of irrigation land put to irrigation in Year1 of dam
operation, 2020Ha of the land put in irrigation in year 2 of dam operation.

6.3.6 Outcome of the simulation

The outcome of the basin modelling and the reservoir simulation are presented in the
figures below. A scenario that ensure release of the anticipated 4.12m 3/s for the entire
duration with acceptable fluctuation in storage is the recommended.

Figure 6:1 Reservoir Storage and dam height- Scenario 1 (64m)

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Figure 6:2 Reservoir Storage and dam height- Scenario 2 (64m)

Figure 6:3 Reservoir Storage and dam height- Scenario 3 (64m)

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Figure 6:4 Reservoir Storage and dam height- Scenario 5 (56m)

Figure 6:5 Reservoir Storage and dam height- Scenario 6 (48m)

6.4 Hydropower generation

It is proposed that the irrigation release of 3.25m3/s to the river be used for hydropower
generation immediately downstream of the dam. The irrigation oft-take to Perkerra
scheme is located substantially downstream of the dam making it possible to release
back the water for irrigation.

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With the reservoir, the river flows can be regulated and they can be released through
the power house (turbines) in such a manner as to maintain a uniform power
generation. Using the available flow, 1.0MW of power can be uniformly generated
throughout the year.Proposed Dam

6.4.1 Reservoir Capacity

From the sites hydrological studies, evaluation of the potential dam sites and dam
optimisation study carried above, a reservoir with a net storage capacity of 120Mm3
will satisfy the objective of the proposed development project. This reservoir will
regulate the river flow to guarantee irrigation abstraction of 3.25m 3/s for the proposed
irrigation development to 2020Hectares of irrigation area. Full development of the
irrigation area to 2020Ha, will be progressively attained between the second and the
third year.

6.4.2 Proposed Dam site

The characteristic of the various dam sites in regard to the feasibility components of the
study are summarised below.
Parameter Radat Radat Radat Kaplelwo Kopokaplelach Kapng’etuny
Site A Site A Site A
120mm3 Yes Yes Yes No No No
potential
Mean Annual 3.88 3.88 3.88 4.18 0.13 0.44
Flow
Geological The proposed dam sites are underlain by rocks highly weathered volcanic
Condition rocks (basalts and phonolites that have affected by faulting in the
general).
Reservoir Area N/A N/A N/A
at (120Mm3)-
Ha
Environmental Similar Similar Similar Similar Similar Similar
Impacts
Relocation of Bridge Bridge None None None None
existing
infrastructures

6.4.3 Recommended Dam site

The preferred dam site for the proposed Radat dam site is site 1. The site has the most
stable geological foundation. The site also has the high storage potential of upto
257Mm3 making a good site for even further expansion. The reservoir at this site will be
confined to the river basin for around three kilometres before spreading out to flood
around 500Acres in Tebei sub location. The dam and reservoir at this site will require
1,431 Acres of land which is 200acres less compared to site1. The only disadvantages
are submergence of the existing bridge crossing which is the only river crossing on
Perkerra river at this point. Even though the bridge will be replaced, it may cause too
much disruption. The site also has a wider valley that will make the dam embankment
construction more expensive. In view of the above, Dam site 3 is recommended, The
site has a potential for a 157Mm3 and will not submerge the existing bridge.

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6.4.4 Dam type

The proposed dam site is underlain by rocks highly weathered volcanic rocks (basalts
and phonolites that have affected by faulting in the general). Further seismic profiling
proposed during detailed geological investigations will shed more light on the
conditions the foundation. The prevailing sire geological conditions favour a zoned
rock-fill dam with an impervious core. The only materials to be evaluated in detail to
estimate the quantity is the red clay soils. The aggregate and sand for construction of
the diversion channel (and other concrete works) can be sourced within the dam site
area. In view of the above considerations, a zoned rock dam is suggested. The layout
plan and typical cross-section are shown in the book of drawings. The embankment
geometry at this preliminary stage has been taken as 1:.1.75 and 1:2.25 for upstream
and downstream slopes respectively. A 10.0m crest width is suggested and a
footbridge across the side spillway is proposed.
Dam Construction Materials
Construction materials in form red clay soil for an impervious core is apparently
available within the dam site, but shell material will be readily available for both rock-fill
and Rip Rap. Red clay soils will be further assessed at Radat Dam Site 3 area which also
the preferred dam site for this project.

6.4.5 Proposed Dam

The size of the proposed dam has been determined for the storage is curves and the
reservoir simulation results. A rock fill embankment dam with a clay core of a reservoir
capacity of 124Mm3 and storage height of around 60m; measured from the dam
crest down to the lowest point in the natural riverbed at the downstream toe of the
embankment. The slopes of the embankment will be 1V:2.25H on the upstream
side, and 1V:1.75H downstream. The overall downstream slope will be flatter than this
because of the provision of 6.0 m wide berms at the coffer dam level running the entire
length of embankment at the 25 m height from the embankment crest. These will also
serve as the main artery for delivering fill materials from the excavation lots to the dam.

Net Freeboard
Wind action in long reservoir fetch produce wave development and setup causing
water to rise above the Normal water level. The net freeboard is given by the following
formula;
vw2
 hw 
2g
hw
Where, = Wave height
Vw
= Wave Velocity (m/s)
hw  0.5  0.33 L
Vw  1.5  0.66* hw
L=reservoir fetch in the wind direction in km, 4.0km for the proposed dam.. The net
freeboard is estimated as 1.42m, say 1.5

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6.4.6 Spillway Type, Location and Size

Design Standards
International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD)
This commission has laid down the norms for categorization as large dams.
 More than 15m height measured from the lowest portion of the general
foundation area to the crest
 A dam between 10m and 15m height provided it complies with at least one of
the following conditions:
a) Length of the crest of dam is not less than 500m
b) Capacity of reservoir formed by the dam is not less than 1 MCM
c) Maximum flood discharge dealt by the dam is not less than 2000 m 3/s
d) The dam had specially difficult foundation problem
e) The dam is of unusual design
f) The dam is located on highly seismic zone
ICOD recommends use of PMF (probable maximum flood) and 1:10,000 year flood
occurrence for hydraulic designs of spillway of large dams.

FEMA Guidelines
Flood Selection for Design (or Evaluation): The selection of the design flood should be
based on an evaluation of the relative risks and consequences of flooding, under both
present and future conditions. Higher risks may have to be accepted for some existing
structures because of irreconcilable conditions. When flooding could cause significant
hazards to life or major property damage, the flood selected for design should have
virtually no chance of being exceeded. If lesser hazards are involved, a smaller flood
may be selected for design. However, all dams should be designed to withstand
relatively large flood without failure even when there is apparently no downstream
hazard involved under present conditions of development.

Downstream Effects: Safety design includes studies to ascertain areas that would be
flooded during occurrence of the design flood and in the event of dam failure. The
areas downstream of the project should be evaluated to determine the need for land
acquisition, flood plain management, or other methods to prevent major damages.
Information should be developed and documented for disseminating to downstream
interests regarding the continuing risks of flooding.

Kenyan standards
In Kenya, the Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) recommends minimum
design floods for hydraulic design of dam spillways on the basis of risk associated with
drainage that may occur downstream on the event of embankment failure.
Classification of dams is also based on the height, reservoir impoundment area and the
dam catchment. The Tables 4.6 and 4.7 show the classification of dams and
recommendations for spillway design flood, as per WRMA regulations.
Table 4.6: Classes of dams

Class of dam Maximum depths of Reservoir Catchment

water at NWL (m) Impoundment (m3) area (m2)
A (Low risk) 0-4.99 <100,000 <100
B ( Medium risk) 5-14.99 100,000 – 1,000,000 100-1,000

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C (high risk) >15.0 >1,000,000 >1,000

Source, Water management rules, draft-June 2006

Table 4.7: Recommended design periods for the design of spillway

Class of dam Minimum return period (Years)

A (Low risk) I in 50
B ( Medium risk) 1 in 100
C (high risk) 1 in 500
Source, Water management rules, draft-June 2006

6.4.7 Design inflow floods

The derived design inflow flood for the two dam sites are summarised below.
Table 6:2 Spillway design floods

Design Flood Flow (m3/s)

1 in 100 129.28
1 in 1,000 177.70
1 in 10,000 226,04
PMF 1,662.09

6.4.8 Location
The final location of the spillway will be established after further the survey, geological
information and constructability requirements. At this stage it is recommended the
spillway be located on the right abutment.

6.4.9 Spillway type

Spillways may be broadly categorized as service spillway and emergency type
spillway. The service spillways are those which are in constant use in every flood when
the reservoir level exceeds the crest level of the spillway. An emergency spillway, also
known as auxiliary spillway, is one which is rarely used and come into operation during
extraordinary flood when the actual flood discharge exceeds the design capacity of
the service spillway. Considering the topography of the dam site and the proposed
spillway location, three spillway types are considered; an ogee shaped Drop inlet and
Side Channel drop spillway. The various types of service spillways in common use are
briefly described below:

Ogee spillway
The ogee spillway as shown has a control weir, which is ogee or S-shaped in profile.
Ordinarily, the upper curve of the ogee spillway is made to conform closely to the
profile of the lower nappe of a ventilated sheet falling from a sharp-crested weir. Flow
over the crest is made to adhere to the face of the profile by preventing access of air
to the underside of the sheet. For discharges at designed head, the flow glides over the
crest with no interference from the boundary surface and attains near-maximum
discharge efficiency. The profile below the upper curve of the ogee is continued
tangent along a slope to support the sheet on the face of the overflow and flow onto
the apron of a stilling basin or into the spillway discharge channel. This type of spillway is
commonly used in high dams and it is suitable to handle large flood flows. Fig. 4 gives

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the values of K and n as function of approach velocity head (ha) for finding ogee
spillway profile.

Drop Inlet (Shaft or Morning Glory) Spillways

A drop inlet or shaft spillway, as the name implies, is one in which the water enters over
a horizontally positioned lip, drops through a vertical or sloping shaft, and then flows to
the downstream river channel through a horizontal or near horizontal conduit or tunnel.
The structure may be considered as being made up of three elements; namely, an
overflow control weir, a vertical transition, and a closed discharge channel. Where the
inlet is funnel-shaped, this type of structure is often called a “morning glory” or “glory
hole” spillway. The figure below illustrates a typical drop inlet spillway.

Discharge characteristics of the drop inlet spillway may vary with the range of head.
The control will shift according to the relative discharge capacities of the weir, the
transition, and the conduit or tunnel. For example, as the heads increase on a glory
hole spillway, the control will shift from weir flow over the crest to orifice flow in the
transition and then to full pipe flow in the downstream portion.

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A drop inlet spillway can be used advantageously at dam sites in narrow valleys where
the abutments rise steeply or where a diversion tunnel or conduit is available for use as
the downstream leg. Another advantage of this type of spillway is that near maximum
capacity is attained at relatively low heads; This characteristic makes the spillway ideal
for use where the maximum spillway outflow is to be limited. This characteristic also may
be considered disadvantageous, in that there is little increase in capacity beyond the
designed heads, and should a flood occur. This would not be a disadvantage if this
type of spillway were used as a service spillway in conjunction with an auxiliary or
emergency spillway.

Side Channel Spillway

In a side channel spillway, the waterfalls from the reservoir over a service spillway like
ogee type spillway into a narrow channel excavated from the side towards the
abutment of the dam. The flow in the side channel is at right angle to the direction of
the incoming flow from the reservoir. The side channel is provided with a control section
at its end to ensure that the flow in the side channel is at sub-critical stage and there is
thorough mixing of the incoming super critical jet in the side channel trough portion.
The water from the side channel usually enters a chute type spillway after the control
section. The figure below illustrates a typical side channel type of spillway commonly
used for earthen and rock fill type dams

6.4.10 Proposed Spillway Type

A side channel drop spillway is proposed with a concrete sill, concrete lined inflow and
outflow channels. The spillway is located on the side of the river bank to be determined
during detailed designs. The spillway will be excavated in hard rock.

6.4.11 Design Floods

The spillway design flood for the preliminary sizing of the proposed spillway is estimated
in chapter four (hydrological investigations). Three methods were used for estimation of
the spillway design floods; Empirical Formula, Flow frequency Analysis and MPF. The
derived floods using the most conservative of the methods are summarised below.

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The criteria used for the hydraulic design is based on the findings of the hydrological
studies review of the previous studies which has yielded less flows in comparison to the
previous studies. These details are used in sizing of hydrological structures. The following
design flows are adopted for the design.

Table 6:3 Design Flows

Hydraulic Daily Peak Flow Criteria
Structure (m3/s)
Diversion Works 64.206 In in 5year Flood
Main Spillway 177,70 1000
226.035 10,000
1,662.09 PMF
Compensation flow 0.45 30% of Q95,15% of mean
flow

6.4.12 Hydraulic Design of Spillway

The spillway is design on the basis of the guidelines recommended by the practice
manual for water services in Kenya, 2005. The formula below is used for calculation of
spillway depth;

Where:
Q - discharge capacity, m3/s
C - discharge coefficient, from U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
He - total specific energy above the crest, m
Le - effective length of the crest, m Le= L - 2(nKp + Ka)He
Where:
L - length of the crest, m
n - number of piers
Kp - pier contraction coefficient, 0.01
Ka - abutment contraction coefficient, 0.2

The relationship between the reservoir head, Hd and the maximum reservoir levels,
The calculated Ogee spillway parameters for the PMF are summarised below

,, without piers
with piers

Parameter Crest Approach Head Design Head (Hd)

length (He)
Value 65m 5.0m 3.7

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6.4.13 Gross Freeboard

The gross dam freeboard is 5.0 + 1.5 = 6.5m

6.5 Intake Works

The intake works will consist of an intake tower with a steel pipe. The steel pipe will be
conveyed through a box culvert. A twin off take pipeline will be provided, one for
domestic water and another one for irrigation water. The capacities for the two offtake
works are as follows.

Category Off take (m3/s)

Irrigation Release 3.25
Environmental and General Water Use 0.87

6.6 River Diversion

River Diversion is provided to convey the normal river flow across the dam channel
during the construction period. Downstream water release will also be conveyed
through the conduit during the operation of the dam.
The diversion works are usually sized to pass a flood flow of return periods between 2 to
25 years, with 1 in 5 years being the common practice. Peak Flood flow of 54.75m3/s is
used to size the diversion conduit/culvert. 2 number 3.5m wide by 2.5m deep culvert
are estimated using the manning’s equation. The combined capacity of the culverts is
240m3/s. The capacity of the culvert is checked below;

Q  0.82* A 2 gh

Q
A
0.82 2 gh

Where:

Q=m3/s

A  Cross sec tionalarea (m 2 )

g  9,81

h  Totalhead  7m , 1/2H

148 2
A m
9.61

A  15.4m2

2No 3.5 by 2.5 m box culverts (A=17.5m2) is provided. The culvers will be used to divert
normal and expected flood flows during the construction of the dam. Some of The

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culverts will be block on completion of construction. Two of the culvers will be used
afterwards, one as a conduit for off-take works, and the other as a downstream
release/compensation flow conduit.

6.7 Coffer Dam

In order to facilitate diversion of water through the culvert, a 5m high coffer dam will
be constructed upstream of the main embankment wall. The coffer dam will ultimately
be incorporated into the main embankment wall and hence the need to optimize its
parameters against those of the diversion culvert. However, with such a high coffer
dam, the dimensions of the tunnel will be small and this will result in reduced cost of
concrete that will be used in the construction of the culvert.

6.8 Dam Instrumentation

Monitoring of the post construction operation of the dam is an important safety
requirement. The dam embankment requires monitoring for settlement, horizontal
movement, pore pressure and seepage. Monitoring of ensuing weather parameters is
also required in informing the dam operation and regulation.

Appropriate instrumentation enables the dam properties to be monitored during

operation. These will help to give advance indication of the potential effects of any
initial deficiencies or any deterioration during operations. Instruments will be required to
monitor the following design and operation parameters.
 Pour water pressure in the fill
 Total pressure in embankment core
 Settlement and distortion
 Seepage flow
 Reservoir water level

6.9 Ancillary Works

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7 SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDIES

7.1 Project Description

The overall objective of the Radat Dam project is to bring more land under irrigated
agriculture for purposes of enhancing food security and income generation in Perkerra
Irrigation Scheme in Baringo County. The aim of the proposed project is to develop a
multi-purpose regulatory dam along the Perkerra River with the main purpose of
providing irrigation water to the expanded Perkerra Scheme, generating hydro-electric
power, flood mitigation and water supply. To obtain its objectives, the project
proponent (NIB) proposes to undertake the following:

 Develop a dam with sufficient capacity to support ultimately irrigation

development of 2020Ha

 Expand the existing Perkerra irrigation scheme

The proposed project will enable the farmers conduct sustainable irrigation throughout
the year. The scope of the current study is to detailed investigation and design of the
dam proposed dam to meet the above objectives. The design of the irrigation
infrastructure; irrigation canals, access roads, on farm systems and related support
infrastructure were undertaken by NIB during the Irrigation development Studies in
2012.

7.1.1 Project Justifications

The Perkerra Irrigation Scheme Expansion Project Study, (Bhundia Associates 2012),
proposed to expand the irrigation area to 2020 hectares. The proposed expansion will
increase the area currently under irrigation by eight times. To achieve this, water
sources with a daily yield of 280,000m3 is required. The current source of the Perkerra
irrigation scheme, the Perkerra River, can meet irrigation demand of 294Ha equivalent
to 35,424m3/day thus the need of developing flood flow regulating dams along the
Perkerra river to enable supply the water year round.

7.1.2 Project Location

The proposed project covers five sub-locations namely Radat, Kimose, Tebei,
Cheberen and Tinomoi whose administrative details are provided in table 1.3.2(b)
below and layout map under appendix 1.

Table 7:1 Project Area by Sub-county, District, Division, Ward, Location and Sub
Location
No./S Sub County District Division Ward Location Sub Location
1 Mogotio Mogotio Kipngorom Emining Cheberen Cheberen
2 Mogotio Mogotio Emining Emining Kimose Kimose
3 Mogotio Mogotio Emining Emining Koibosoi Radat
4 Baringo South Baringo Tenges Marigat Bekibon Tinomoi
Central
5 Baringo South Baringo Tenges Marigat Tuluongoi Tebei
Central

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7.1.3 Perkerra River

Perkerra River is the only perennial river in the project area, The river has it source in the
Mau Forest on the western embankment of the Rift valley at 2,400 masl, dropping down
to 980 masl at Lake Baringo. The catchment area has steep slopes on the hillsides,
gentle slopes in the middle and lower reaches towards Lake Baringo where the surface
is bear with very little undergrowth flattening out. The Perkerra basin has an estimated
catchment area of 1411km2 and it drains into Lake Baringo whose drainage area is
6820 km2. Most of the water of the Perkerra River System comes from the hill slopes,
where annual rainfall is between 1,100mm and 2,700mm. The region around the lake is
semi-arid, with annual rainfall of 450 millimetres and annual evaporation rates of 1,650
mm to 2,300mm. The proposed project aims to store the run-off generated from the
basin by constructing a barrier along the river.

7.1.4 Proposed Dam

65m High (effective storage) zoned rock fill embankment with a central impervious
core is proposed. The dam will have a storage capacity of 124Mm 3. The dam will
ensure reliable release of 3.25m3/s for the proposed irrigation and 0.87m3/s for
environmental and domestic water demands. At full capacity the reservoir will cover
approximately 1647Acresof land spread in the five sub locations as summarised below.

Sub-Location Site 1 (Acres) Site 2 (Acres) Site 3 (Acres)

Radat 432 377 117
Kimose 94 108 184
Tinomoi 401 345 359
Cheberen 0 0 8
Tebei 505 639 979
Total 1,431 1,469 1,647

7.2 Study Methodology

7.2.1 Overview
The main objectives of the (E&SIA) Study are to:

 Examine the impacts of the proposed project on the physical, biological, socio-
economic and socio-cultural environment;

 Conduct studies to establish the current status of the environmental baseline

parameters;

 Propose mitigation measures for the identified potential and likely impacts; and

 Develop an Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMP) to guide

the project team during the implementation of the mitigation measures.

The study approach involved undertaking data collection through field and, socio-
economic surveys and literature review. The findings of the data collection were
evaluated using the three main EIA methodologies namely scoping, screening and
detail analysis.

Project screening was the first step undertaken during the study; it involved collecting
basic data on the project and evaluating the need of conducting an E&SIA and the
category of study to be undertaken. After the screening exercise, the consulting team

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concluded that the project is to undergo a full EIA, as per the requirement of the
second schedule of EMCA, 1999.

The project scoping stage which followed the screening stage was been applied to
narrow down the project issues to those requiring a detailed analysis. The process
involved

 Consulting and informing the affected public about the proposed project;

 Consulting and gathering the views and concerns of key stakeholders about
the proposed project;

 Reviewing relevant documents such as policies, plans and programs;

 Documenting issues raised by the stakeholders.

The scoping exercise was conducted through field visits at the proposed project site
and desktop studies to establish the following:

 The projects zone of impact including the Project Affected Persons (PAP) and
their perception on the proposed project;

 Baseline data on the environmental status, socio-economic and socio-cultural

status;

 Legal Policies, Legislative and Institutional Framework governing the proposed

project;

 Views of key stakeholders including the County Government, Administrative

and departmental heads at the Sub-County and district headquarters;

 Views of the local communities and the people of the Baringo County;

 Licenses and permits availability and appended conditions;

 Types of waste to be generated, proposed management and disposal

methods;

 Parameters requiring detailed studies; and

 Potential positive and negative project impacts.

The assessment evaluated all relevant processes associated with the proposed project
and came up with terms of reference of undertaking further studies and mitigation
measures for identified impacts to ensure sound environmental management during
and after the project. This step enabled collection of primary and secondary data on
the proposed project. The primary data was collected through the qualitative and
quantitative methods of data collection. Qualitative data was collected through filed
visits/site walks, public and stakeholders consultation while quantitative data was
collected through the use of sampled questionnaires for household survey and Focus
Group Discussions (FGD). The secondary data was collected through literature review,
which included a study of the following:

 Policies, Acts and Regulations

 Baringo County Integrated Development Plan

 Project area topographical and cadastral map

 Previous project study documents

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 Literature materials on the project including those on Wetland Management,

Plant Species, Culture, Irrigation Project Development and Management
among other project parameters.

Detailed analysis of the finding was undertaken to evaluate the actual project
impacts, including impacts of project benefits and those of the project components
among other project parameters. At the detailed analysis stage, a comprehensive
analysis of the study findings was conducted, through the use of data analysis
software; literature material on dam projects, including materials on policies and
regulations governing their development and management. The findings of the
analysis were used to identify the study gaps, uncertainty, identify areas requiring
detailed studies and guide the scoping report writing.

A socio-economic baseline survey was undertaken for the proposed project, through
administration of pre-defined questionnaires. To enable capture the different strata of
Project Affected Persons, namely the households, institutions, commercial entities and
the public in general, two categories of questionnaires were developed. In total, one
hundred and fifty (150) households were interviewed in the six administrative locations
likely to be traversed by the project and at least 15 stakeholders meeting held in the
project area

The findings at the scoping stage shall guide further E&SIA studies which shall involve
the assessment and quantification of the possible impacts from the proposed project
on the residents of five sub-locations and the Country at large. The study shall also
involve the development of a separate RAP document, whose objective is to provide
guidelines that ensure that the livelihoods of the Project Affected Persons are restored
to their pre-impact level as much as practically possible.

Literature review pertaining to the land usage and the surrounding area’s history shall
be undertaken. This will include the review of the land inheritance process and status of
land adjudication/registration.

7.2.2 Desk Study

In order to prepare this Report, the Environmental team has reviewed various
specialised study reports prepared under this project. The Reports include the
following:
• The Inception Report;
• Relevant legal and regulatory documents;
• Relevant practice manuals
• Stakeholders comments during preparation and presentation of the
inception Report;
• Incorporated comments from the stakeholders upon submission of the
Project Report.
7.2.3 Site Visits
The project team visited the site in March, and undertook the following:
• Site analysis: Reconnaissance of the approximate site boundaries,
identify site constraints, develop impression of topography, soils, existing
developments, practicality of developing water supply infrastructure in
the proposed area;
• Meet the County Government, Central Government and key
stakeholders in the Project Area to allow for smooth information
dissemination to the general public.
• Undertake stakeholders consultation through a workshop in Marigat on -
---February 2014

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The initial site visits led to the preparation of the Inception Report, which was
submitted in February 2014. A further site visit was undertaken in the month of
May 2014, to undertake additional site assessment exercise, and conduct public
meetings. The possibility of resettlement of persons was established, hence the
need for an initial socio-economic survey to provide baseline information.

7.2.4 Baseline Socio Economic Survey

As part of the scoping exercise a detailed reconnaissance survey, field investigations
and public participation was conducted throughout the project area and the
neighbouring communities in order to collect perceived information on impacts
associated with biophysical and socio-economic dimensions of the project
implementation.

The site walk assessment survey was conducted at the proposed project sites and
surrounding areas including households in the vicinity of the site. This involved a
systematic field traversing to quantify perceived impacts of project on:-

 Land acquisition for project development;

 Land/water conflicts, ownership and usage;

 Institutions and organizations in the area;

 Vegetation cover of the area;

 Existing underground and surface waters and methods of protection from

contamination and extinction;

 Waste management including disposal methods and sites;

 Water and Soil Pollution levels;

 Environmental Health and Safety (EHS);

 Road infrastructure and other facilities which will be used during project
implementation;

 Water sources to be used during the project implementation and

maintenance phases; and

 Effluent management.

7.2.5 Public Consultations

Several consultative meetings have been undertaken for the study and this was
initiated by the project site handover when client, NIB introduced the project team to
the County Government and physically showed the consultant the project sites. This
handover meeting was followed by key stakeholders’ inception meeting which was
held on the 13th of March 2014 at Marigat Town and the aim of the meeting was to
disseminate information on the proposed project to the area leadership who were to in
term trickle the information to the local community. These stakeholders meeting was
attended by key stakeholders which included;

 leaders within probable zone of impact and all key influencers of policy;

 leaders from communities likely to be directly or indirectly affected by the

dam project;

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 The national and county government including Baringo County Government

led by the Governor and the County Executive responsible for Water and
Irrigation were engaged;

 Heads of departments in Agriculture, Lands, Irrigation, Environment, Water,

Wildlife, Forestry, Livestock development and the Regional (former Provincial
Administration) were all engaged;

 The County Ward Representatives, Sub-County Administration, Ward

Administrators, Chiefs and Assistant Chiefs from Mogotio, Marigat and Baringo
Central Sub Counties were also fully involved since they are the key contacts
with the residents who are likely to be affected by the proposed Dam directly.

In addition to the key stakeholders meeting, several public meetings were held with the
community members in the various sub-locations. The meetings were held in two steps
one was the project introductory meetings held between 17th to 24th March 2014 and
detailed scoping meeting which was held between 8th and 24th May 2014. At both
stages the meetings were called by the area chiefs and their assistant chiefs with the
assistance of the village elders and it also involved the County and National
Government who were represented by the Members of County Assembly, Sub-County
Administrators, and the Members of parliament Constituency Office. Meetings were
held at areas identified by the Chiefs and the local community and all the discussions
held during the public forums were minuted and the copies of the minutes attached to
this report with the list of attendants and their appended signatures (Appendix 3). A
brief of the content of discussions held during the public surveys are discussed in the
sections on study findings. The consultations were held in three languages; English,
Kiswahili and the local ‘Tugen’ language, which pre-dominated the consultations. The
consultants used English or Kiswahili language in the communities depending on the
attendant’s preferred communication language; a local was always on standby to
translate the discussions in ‘Tugen’. The community members appreciated the use of
their local dialect and stated that it made them understand the proposed project
components more.

Consultations with the heads of departments were conducted on a one on one basis
at the County and National government at the County level, Sub-County, region and
district levels which included consulting officers at County Offices in Baringo, the District
Headquarters (Mogotio and Baringo Central), Sub-County Headquarters at Mogotio
and Baringo Central) and Constituency Office at Mogotio and Marigat (Baringo
South). The aim of the consultative meetings was to obtain data related to the past
and present status of the project area, that is significant to the management of the
project both during and after implementation in order to ensure sustainable
environmental management.

7.2.6 Engineering Studies

The consultant’s study encompassed undertaking several engineering studies which
included hydrological studies, geological studies (geophysical investigations
geological and geotechnical investigations, laboratory testing of construction
materials and topographical and land surveys. Most of the studies are still ongoing and
their findings shall be presented in the final ESIA report.

7.2.7 Constraint and Limitation

The consultants noted that, the potential impact of the project will be on land use
especially on settlement and land use. Most of the community members had no
objection to the project as long as they were properly compensated and adequately

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informed on the management of the project. The main issues of concern during the
study were:

 The community have had bad experiences in the past with Governmental
Agencies undertaking development in the area. This arouse scepticism,
mistrust sometimes bordering on hostility from the residents

 Poor road network in the project area;

 Poor attendance of consultative meetings or generally late attendance

forcing the team to reschedule the meetings;

 The development plans of the areas are yet to be officially launched making
assess to currently baseline information a challenge.

Despite the short comings, the study was successfully conducted and the community
members finally welcomed the project.

7.3 Overview of Environmental Baseline Conditions

Catchment Management: Efforts are being made by several institutions in the area
including the Water Resources Management Authority and Department of Agriculture
to conserve the catchment area by training locals on environmental conservation
through such practices as natural rejuvenation (cutting trees to stem to allow for re-
growth); alternative sustainable income generation activities as the area has been
facing a lot of environmental degradation due to the current practices being
undertaken by the community members. Apart from pastoralism which involves
overstocking of animals the community engage in charcoal burning as an alternative
source of livelihood and it seems to becoming their main stay as the animals are lost
during the dry season due to lack of water and forage. The income generation
activities being promoted are bee keeping, good agricultural practices (mulching and
terracing of farms) in Tenges and Kinorum. Though tree planting is being advocated in
the area to support the bee keeping industry the smoke from charcoal burning kills the
bees or reduce their productivity. Bee keeping is also being affected due to lack of
reliable markets and efforts are being made to attract investors in the area to develop
a honey processing factory in the area as mitigation measure to environmental
degradation.

Soil erosion and Siltation: Siltation in the area is considered to be high as studies have
shown that the depth of Lake Baringo which is fed by the Perkerra has reduced from
8m in 1973 to 2.5m in 2003. The studies showed that the lKae has grown turbid and this
could be attested by the visual observation of the river which was turbid throughout its
length an indication that soil erosion is high in the area. Siltation is also seen to be high
due to degradation of the vegetation cover which loosens the alluvial soils in the area
further making it easy to be carried by agents of erosion such as storm water run-off,
wind, livestock among others. Some silts could be coming from area further upstream
of the project area as the area immediately upstream of the project area such as
Tenges and Kinorum is considered not to produce high silt as they have indigenous
forests cover and farmers undertake good farm management as the farms are
terraced in addition to that the farms have furrows and ridges and the fallow land
have tree vegetation cover. Tebei area has indigenous forest and, trees and shrubs in
the private lands as area not cultivated thus erosion is low. The upstream areas have
conducive climate for farming thus the communities have food sources and also act
as income sources thus they do not engage much in charcoal burning.

Water Demand and Access: The project area is known to be water deficit and
experience long periods of drought. Perkerra River is the main if not the only source of

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water to majority of the community members. The water table in Tinamoi was found to
be high and with litte rainfall the areas would get soggy and even some households
become inhabitable. Consultation with the community members indicated that they
don’t have to dig deep to access the water table and as opposed to other area
where flood forces they to migrate they are forced to migrate due to the swampiness
of the and proposed that the dam be located in the area.

Waste management: The project area is predominately rural area with no industries
and vehicles traffic thus has natural ambient environment apart from areas where
charcoal is brunt where smoke emission was visualized. The area has no visible solid
waste deposits or air quality problems.

7.3.1 Physical Environment

7.3.2 Climate and Topography

The project area is located in an arid and semi-arid region with high day time
temperatures of upto 300C during the dry months. The annual rainfall in the hilly areas is
estimated to be between 1,100 millimetres to 2,700 millimetres and in the low lands
around Lake baringo it is 400mm. The area gets very windy before the rains starts and
the rains are normally short and associated with heavy downpour which is
accompanied with thunder.

In general rainfall in the Koibatek and Baringo districts is seasonal and fairly reliable,
with long rains coming between March and July with maxims occurring in May and the
short rains occurring between September and November with the maxims in October.
Minimum rain occurs in January. The average total rainfall per annum ranges between
800mm in the lowlands to 1200mm in the highlands. The mean average temperature is
30oC in the lowlands and 24oC in the highlands.

Most of the river water comes from the hill slopes, where annual rainfall is from 1,100
millimetres to 2,700 millimetres. The region around the Lake Baringo is semi-arid, with
annual rainfall of 450 millimetres and annual evaporation rates of 1,650 millimetres to
2,300 millimetres.

Baringo varies in altitude between 3000m above mean sea level at its highest points
and nearly 700m above mean sea level at its low points. The County has the Kerio
Valley on the western part, Lake Baringo and Bogoria in the eastern part forming the
Loboi Plains which is covered mainly by the latchstring salt-impregnated silts and
deposits and the Tugen Hills where the proposed project is located. The trend of the
hills is north-south and mainly consists of volcanic rocks. The hills have steep slopes with
prominent gullies. On the eastern and western parts of the hills are escarpments. River
Perkerra flows in the hills in very deep gorges thus its suitability for the proposed project.

The Perkerra river catchment is characterised by very steep slopes on the hillsides and
gentle slopes in the middle and lower reaches where the surface is bear with very little
undergrowth. The altitude of the area is estimated to be between 3000m above mean
sea level at its highest points and nearly 700m above mean sea level at its low points.
The project area is arid and semi-arid and the inhabitants of the Perkerra Catchment
are mainly pastoralist but farming is undertaken in the highlands around Tenges
upstream of the project area.

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Plate 7.1(a): Deforestated area showing Plate 7.1 (b): Loose sandy soild by the River
loose baresoils bank in Radat

Plate 7.1 (c ): View of the Perkerra River in Picture 7.1 (d): Picture showing the
Tinamoi sub-location showing the Turgen degraded Loboi plains near Lake Baringo
hills in the background

7.3.3 Land use:

River Perkerra is located in a heterogeneous catchment with a fragile ecosystem with
highlands with moderate climate and low lands with harsh climate. The project area is
arid and semi-arid and the inhabitants of the Perkerra Catchment are pastoralist thus
the land is mainly used as grazing land and for subsistence farming in the highlands as
the climate there is conducive for crop growing. The farmers in the highlands practice
conservation agriculture in order to reduce erosion but overstocking of livestock,
deforestation which is evidently seen through charcoal burning is causing degradation
of the catchment. Quarrying and sand harvesting is also starting to pick up in the area
due to the increase in construction activities. The natural forest in the region are being
exploited for timber, wood fuel and settlement.

Plate 7.2(b): Vast degraded land in

Plate 7.2: Hills left void of vegetation due to Tinamoi/Tebei area
deforestation

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Plate 7.2 (d): Erosion on degraded hill

Plate 7.2 (c ): Erosion and deposits on a
slopes in the project area
seasonal arm of the Perkerra

Livestock keeping
Apart from pastoralism which involves overstocking of animals the community engage
in charcoal burning as an alternative source of livelihood and it seems to becoming
their main stay as the animals are lost during the dry season due to lack of water and
forage. The income generation activities being promoted are bee keeping, good
agricultural practices (mulching and terracing of farms) in Tenges and Kinorum. Though
tree planting is being advocated in the area to support the bee keeping industry the
smoke from charcoal burning kills the bees or reduce their productivity. Bee keeping is
also being affected due to lack of reliable markets and efforts are being made to
attract investors in the area to develop a honey processing factory in the area as
mitigation measure to environmental degradation.

Wildlife
The project area especially Radat and Kimose forms part of the spatial corridor for Lake
Baringo and Lake Bogoria National Game Reserve where the habitats of wild animals
like the tortoise, hares, impala, rare kudu, antelope, hyenas, snakes are found. Other
animals found in the lakes reserve are zebras, leopards, cheetahs, mongoose,
monkeys, baboons, birds, hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), crocodile
(Crocodylus niloticus), jackals and many other mammals, amphibians, reptiles and the
invertebrate communities. Lake Baringo is home to about 500 species of birds and
fauna, some of the migratory waterbird species being significant regionally and
globally. The lake also provides an invaluable habitat for seven fresh water fish species
one such species is Oreochromis niloticus baringoensis (Nile Tilapia) which is endemic to
the lake. Additionally the area is a habitat for many species of animals including the.
The wildlife roam freely on the local communities land but the County Government in
collaboration with community members are planning to develop a conservancy in the
area so as to attract tourism and promote imitated tourism programmes such as the
Trans Rift Trail a treking tourism attraction. The development of the dam will enable the
wildlife department create more touristic programmes in the area

Several salt licks are located in the privately owned farms and are used by wild animals
to supplement their nutrients requirements

7.3.4 Geology and Soils

Geology
The project forms part of the Tugen hills which runs in the north-south and mainly
consists of volcanic rocks. The hills have steep slopes with prominent gullies. The

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Perkerra River flows in deep gorges of the Baringo in the Loboi plains. The geology of
the area shows that the area has good landscape for storage of large volumes of
water. The oldest rocks found in the area belong to the basement system. Fluvial
sediments are deposited in the depressions of the basement. The general geological
succession in the section of the Perkerra River is complex as it consists of a series of lava
groups and one major tuff and sediment group all in unconformable relationship and
frequently faulted.

Soils:
The soils in the project area and Baringo in general are volcanic fluvisols of sandy/silty
clay loam texture. The river sediments are slightly acid to slightly alkaline and highly
fertile. This soils are unconsolidated and loose thus are easily eroded which will require
management in form of reforestation and programmes to reduce deforestation so as
to reduce transportation of silt to the river and subsequently the dam.

7.3.5 Hydrology and Drainage

The Perkerra River rises in the Mau Forest on the western wall of the Rift valley at 2,400
masl, dropping down to 980 masl at Lake Baringo. The river is formed from a union of
several streams from the Lembus forest highland, Maji Mazuri, Timboroa, Chemeorok
and Metkei forest. The river has several tributaries namely Tigeri (Chepkungur), Lelgal,
Eldama Ravine, Narosura and Esageri. The Perkekrra river catchment is characterised
by very steep slopes on the hillsides and gentle slopes in the middle and lower reaches
where the surface is bear with very little undergrowth with a total catchment of
1,411km2. The the river flows into Lake Baringo whose drainage area is 6820 km2. The
Lake is a Semi-Arid Lake which and according to reports it has reduced its depth from
8m in 1973 to 2.5m in 2003 due to siltation resulting from high soil erosion rates in the
catchment which has affected the lakes turbidity.

Water quality in the area is mainly affected with silt due to poor land use practices
such as deforestation, poor land management practices and overstocking of livestock.
The area experience a water deficit for both domestic and livestock at 40m3/day and
50m3/day in the lower catchment due to high human and livestock population ,
irrigation and rainfall variability. The river flow has been reducing over the year’s and
conflicts always arise between downstream and upstream users over resource
development upstream for downstream usage.

The main Perkerra river has several tributaries including Kureswa, afirip, Kirer, Kipsarita,
Perkerra, Eldama Ravine and Kabiet.

7.3.6 Vegetation
The vegetation of the area is mainly acacia woodland and shrubs thickets growing in
the dry and rocky hills. The vegetation predominated with the Acacia commiphorra sp
which is being lost due to deforestation brought about by charcoal burning. Prosopis
juliflora one of the world’s worst invasive alien species according to the IUCN’s list is
found in Marigat. The Cactus (Opuntia stricta) also an exotic invasive plant was seen
mainly in Kimose and Radat sub-location. The medicinal Aloe turkanesis which is
currently considered almost extinct in the wild was seen in various parts of the project
area especially in Kimose. The sisal plant Agave sisalana were predominantly seen
around the locatios as they were mainly used for demarcating land boundaries.

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The major vegetation types in the catchment are forest 26%, evergreen and semi-
deciduous bush land 37%, and deciduous and semi-deciduous bush land 37%
(Onyando et al., 2005). In general the vegetation of the upstream of the project area
consist mostly of woodlands in the hills and mountainous areas and dry woodland and
bush lands in the lower areas such as Kimose. The project area has over 130 plant
species spread in 50 families consisting of shrubs, herbs, climbers, grass, legumes,
orchids etc which are used as source of food, shelter, animal fodder and human
medicine. The main vegetation in the project area is acacia woodlands predominated
with the Acacia commiphorra sp which is being lost due to deforestation induced by
charcoal burning. Prosopis juliflora one of the world’s worst invasive alien species
according to the IUCN’s list is found on the downstream of the project area mainly in
Marigat. The invasive Cactus (Opuntia stricta), the medicinal Aloe turkanesis and the
sisal plant were predominantly seen around Kimose and Radat sub-location.

The project area is predominately privately owned with pieces of government owned
land but the County has conserved exotic and indigenous forests found in Kabarnet,
Kabartonjo, Tenges, Lembus, Saimo, Sacho and Ol’ Arabel and Eldama Ravine. The
main exotic species grown are Grevellea Rabusta, Cuppressus lusitanic and Eucalyptus
saligna. The forest closest to the project area is Tenges located upstream of the area
and is still in its natural state.

Plate 2.1.5: Acacia woodland in Bekibon Plate 2.1.5(b)Cactus (Opuntia stricta) an exotic
invasive plant found in the project area

Plate 2.1.5(c ): Birds nest and beehive

perched on the acacia tree
Plate 2.1.5(d): A field officer observing a tortoise
cross the road

7.3.7 Water Resources

The common source of domestic water in the area is Perkerra River. The river was
identified as the only all-weather river with other rivers being seasonal. The area is
known to be a water deficit area with both for livestock and domestic use. The water
quality is also low mainly due to high turbidity caused by high siltation. The project are
has water surplus during the rainy season and acute deficit during the dry seasons due

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to the degraded environment and it is hoped that the development of the dam shall
help restore the water problem and environmental damages.

7.3.8 Energy
Primary data from field survey shows that wood fuel is the main source of cooking
energy in the entire project area standing at 94.7%. Further analysis shows that
Kerosene (94.8%) was the main source of fuel for lighting for majority of respondents in
the project area. Electrical powerlines were seen to traverse the area but it is mainly
supplied in the urban areas. The area has high solar energy potential which can be
exploited during the project operation phase.

7.4 Alternatives including the Proposed Action

7.4.1 Project Alternative

The alternative to the proposed dam project is to limit the irrigation project to
254Hectares supported by the normal river flow.

7.4.2 The No Action Alternative

The No Action Alternative with respect to the proposed project implies that the status
quo is maintained and the irrigation scheme is no expanded. This option is the most
suitable alternative from an extreme environmental perspective, as it ensures non-
interference with the existing conditions. The anticipated environmental impacts
resulting from construction and occupation activities would not occur.

This option will however involve several losses both to the project proponent, farmers
and, other stakeholders in the society and for Kenya at large. The No Project Option is
the least preferred one as the anticipated socio-economic and environmental benefits
that would accrue to from the project will be foregone.

7.4.3 Alternative design and technology

The proponent and the various professionals involved in the project this is the engineers,
and surveyors and environmental consultants shall evaluate the various alternative
sites, designs and technologies. The options shall also be communicated to the
stakeholders including the community members through a series of consultative public
forums so as to get their views on the available alternatives. As part of preliminary
studies, a rock filled dam has been proposed and it shall be further evaluated against
other dam types.

In regard to socio-economic evaluation, construction of the dam will mean

resettlement of people within the earmarked dam and reservoir area, which will lead
to several impacts such as high costs of relocation, movement of a section of the
community to other areas which might lead to several other socio-cultural impacts
among other issues. Therefore alterative site evaluation needs to be considered so as
to reduce the project impacts and associated costs.

7.5 Public Participation

7.5.1 Legal Requirement

The Kenyan Constitution, Section 17 of the Legal Notice 101 of June 2003 and several
other pieces of regulations on natural resources management such as the Water Act
2002, requires that all development projects and Environmental Impact Assessment
process in Kenya incorporate Public Consultation. The aim is to ensure that all

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stakeholders with interest to the project are identified and catered for in the project
planning, construction and operation phases. Of necessity, stakeholder consultations
should take place alongside project planning to ensure that project design puts in
place measures to cater for stakeholder concerns in the entire project cycle. The need
of public consultation is also supported by other statutory requirements like the Forest
Act and several policies.

7.5.2 Approach to the Consultations

Review of Selected Documents Relevant to the Project
The consultants reviewed several documents on guidelines of environmental
assessment and other technical reports containing data and baseline information on
the project area’s environment. The available data was subsequently analyzed during
evaluation of the project potential impacts and development of data capturing tools.
Some of the documents reviewed include:

 Documents assembled and generated from previous studies

 Design report for the dam;

 National census reports;

 County Integrated Development Plans;

 Policies and Acts relevant to the proposed project and

 Secondary literature on dam development and environmental conservation.

Pre-Field Briefing
Briefing was used to harmonize the views of both the client and the consultant and it
consisted of discussions between the consultant and the client before embarking on
the assignment. This afforded both parties an opportunity to discuss the Terms of
Reference, the work schedule, and the proposed approach and methodology put
forward by the consultant. The consultant’s itinerary and requisite assistance from the
client in terms of provision of introductory letters, clients representative and briefing,
also helped the consultant to understand more clearly the client’s views, future vision
and expectations of the project and thus stay focused on the project objectives and
activities. A framework for coordination and communication between the client and
the consultant was discussed and agreed upon.

Identification of Core Stakeholders

A stakeholder analysis was undertaken for the study and this involved identifying all the
people with interest or people likely to be affected by the project and categorizing
them into groups based on their involvement on contribution to the project. The
categories used included primary or secondary stakeholders. The key informants were
consulted on sectoral policy and to advise on the required EIA study safeguards in
order to minimize negative impacts in respective sectors. The list of identified
stakeholders is provided under annex 6 of this report.

7.5.3 Modalities for Stakeholder Consultation

Public Consultations
Public consultation was conducted throughout the project area in form of public
forums in the months of March and May 2014. In total twelve (12) official public forums
in addition to impromptu consultative meeting with interests groups were held at the
sub-location level with the assistance of the local administration. The meetings were

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called by the area chiefs and assistant chiefs through the village elders. The initial
meetings held in March was mainly for introductory purposes to disseminate the
proposed project plans to the community members, to get their views and to introduce
the land surveyor to them so that he could initiate the project area boundary
identification process. The meetings held in May were follow up meetings whose aim
was to collect baseline information, issues of interest/concern from the community
members based on their understanding of the proposed project and also gauge the
level of project acceptability. All the discussions held during the public forums were
minuted and the copies of the minutes are attached to annex 3 of this report with the
list of attendants and their appended signatures. The consultations were held in three
languages namely English, Kiswahili and the local ‘Turgen’ language. The consultants
used the English and/or Kiswahili language in the different communities depending on
the community members preferred communication language and a local was always
on standby to translate the discussions in ’Turgen’. The community appreciated the
translation of the content under discussion and stated it made them understand the
project proposal and associated components better. The output of the discussion
indicated that the community members are receptive of the project apart from those
in Radat who are still to come to terms with the project. At least 95% of the public forum
attendants have understood the project objectives and have accepted it be
implemented in their area provided mitigation measures of anticipated negative
impacts are implemented as required. Since the Radat site was seen to have the
highest project potential there is need to engage the community further and develop
mechanisms to quench the fears and the uncertainty they associate the project with. If
consultation outcomes indicate otherwise alternative sites will have to be considered
as community members residing near the alternative sites have welcomed the project
and are ready to have it developed in the area.

7.5.4 Highlights of the stakeholder meetings

The Inception Consultative Stakeholders Meeting held on 13th March 2014 at the Sun
City Hotel Marigat
 39 participants out of the invited 42 attended which was outstanding since
even those who failed to attend sent apologies.

 A major positive was the attendance and engaged participation of the

Deputy Commissioner of Baringo Central District Mr. N. Tanui, who officially
opened the proceedings. Of special note was the attendance and
presentation by the Manager of National Irrigation Board who represented
the NIB.

 The Chief Officer responsible for Water and Irrigation attended as did 2
Members of the County Assembly, and all the Chief and Assistant Chiefs of
the affected areas attended.

 Of special note is the representation of marginalized Eldorois group as well as

the participation by the leadership of the Marigat Group Ranch.

 The Manager of the NIB Marigat gave an overview of the Irrigation program
current existent and the rationale for Radat dam in increasing irrigable area.
He also addressed all concerns raised by the participants concerning
ongoing projects by NIB.

 The consultant team gave a detailed presentation of the proposed dam

with a draft design. Proposed the timelines that will guide the feasibility study
and design was presented and stakeholders and leaders requested to fully
support it.

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 The area leaders present during the consultations were and the others they
represented were very positive about the project and were supporting its
immediate implementation.

 The next steps in the project schedule was the topographical survey fo the
proposed sites to delineate the dam areas. The participants especially the
Chiefs and assistant chiefs were requested to support and facilitate the
surveyor’s work by informing the community about the project and the
planned exercise.

 The plenary session of the meeting was active as the leader engaged the
consultants in a question and answer session which contributed a lot to the
project planning and some of the key issues discussed included: impacts of
previously developed dams in the County such as the Chemususu and
Kirandich Dam; issues of compensation of those who will be displaced ;
factoring of mitigation measures for the identified potential negative
environmental effects in the design and holding of project follow up meeting
at the sub-location level.

Meeting with Chiefs and Assistant Chiefs to plan sub locational visits: 13th March 2014
After the Inception meeting at Marigat, a brief meeting was held by the Social
Development Expert, the Environmental Expert and Project Engineer to follow up on
the request for community meetings at the sub-location level before the Surveyor is
deployed. It was deemed that the same message that had been transmitted to the
leaders be also transmitted to the communities likely to be affected by the project as
Constitutionally required this meeting was aimed to win the good will of the people
and, to develop a cooperation relationship and, for them to support the study and
design and also to enable gather their initial concerns/input for consideration in the
dam design.

The resolution was passed in the meeting for the team to begin mobilization of the
community members immediately and the meetings were scheduled to begin on
Monday 17th March 2014.

Community Forums held between 17th – 21st March 2014

A set of five (5) community forums were held across the earmarked project area found
within the Perkerra Basin. The meeting were held at sub-location level and it targeted
all community members in the locations and more so those who are likely to be
significantly impacted by the dam. Community forums were coordinated through the
office of the local Chief and his Assistant chiefs in the following administrative areas:
Radat, Kimose, Cheberen, Tebei and Tinomoi. The Meetings were attended by a
representative sample of the local population led by the Chief and the Assistant Chief.
A standard presentation format was used in all the meetings where presentations were
made by the Social Development Expert, The Surveyor, The Environmental Expert and
the Engineer. A standard protocol was used for gathering information where the
Environmentalist captured the minutes and the concerns or issues raised and the Social
Development Expert moderated the proceedings. Since the main object of the first
meeting was information, they took about two hours on average. A details matrix
indicating the date of meeting, venue and the number of participants is found under
annex 7 of this report.

Community Forums held between 8th – 23rd May 2014

In these meetings, questions or queries from PAP‘s were discussed and uncertainties
clarified. Each sub location had at least two meetings, with the second on leading to

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FGD. First meeting was held at Kimose on 19th May 2014 with Radat, Tinomoi, Tebei and
finally Cheberen following in the week ending 23th May 2014.

Additional follow up meetings wherever requested by communities, were held either to

provide information to potential PAP‘s who missed earlier sessions or clarify aspects
(especially on land take, compensation and resettlement) of the project that were not
properly understood. Because of community anxieties over the project, at least six
Meetings were held at Kipting Bridge on the boundary between Radat, Kimose and
Tinomoi Sub location. These meetings were requested by members of the community
who felt they would be affected and were opposed to the project. These meetings
were held on 9th, 12th 14th and 16th of May 2014 alongside other informal meetings.
The meetings of 12th and 16th May were attended by all Government agencies, with
representation from the governor’s office, the members of the county assembly and
the provincial administration. The leadership of the Communities was also present and
raised their concerns and fears. On 17th, they resolved to allow the socioeconomic
and environmental study to proceed. Different groups of stakeholders were consulted
and these include fish mongers, women groups and individual persons. The main aim of
consulting them was find out social economic impacts related to health, economy and
environment of the people living within the flood area.

Using contact address information on the project brochure, affected people

occasionally visited the consultant‘s office or called by telephone or email
correspondence to seek additional information. Community meetings were attended
by a broad spectrum of residents including women, elderly people and youths. A
record of the meetings is attached.

7.5.5 Environmental and Socio-Economic Survey

Upon the completion of a comprehensive literature review, a household survey was
undertaken with the aim of conducting interviews with the communities and
stakeholders identified at household level and to undertake a ground truthing of the
information collected from secondary literature. The household survey methods
including a two-stage sampling design was adopted. The first stage was the random
selection of households within the project area while the second and ultimate stage
was the selection of competent enumerators within the locality. The boundaries of
each village were identified by the enumerators together with the community leaders.
For each selected village a list of corresponding households was compiled with help of
community leaders a day before the surveys. The interviewed households were
randomly selected from the compiled list basing on an array of random numbers.

Since the Project could also have wider community impacts, such as creation of
construction jobs and potential impacts resulting from land acquisition, vegetational
clearance and structure relocation, it was also important to understand what
community perspectives were in regards to the project. To gather this information, a
census questionnaire which was to be answered by sampled population in the project
area was designed to cover issues of demographic of the area, socio-economic
engagements and environmental information. A copy of the questionnaire is attached
under annex 2 of this report.

Conceptual Design
This ESIA survey gathered community baseline information and initiated a process of
dialogue with stakeholders to enable understand the likely social and environmental
impacts of a large project of this scale, it was important to collect views at household

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level from stakeholders in the communities to be affected. In particular, it was

important to collect information relating to the following issues:

 What households and stakeholders within the proposed dam area knew and
did not know about the Project and sources of their information

 How important they thought the project was

 What benefits they hoped it might bring

 What negative effects concerned them

 What suggestions they had about increasing positive benefits and

 What suggestions they had for reducing negative effects

The questionnaire helped gather the broader baseline information of the entire project
area and for resettlement purposes, 100% of the identified PAPS will be engaged when
the dam contour has been demarcated and those affected clearly established.

Data processing and analysis

Household data questionnaire was collected from enumerators and cleaned up and
then forwarded to a professional data analyst to develop an SPPS database
framework. During database cleaning, trial runs for variables ‘descriptive, frequencies
and cross-tabulations were used to identify inconsistent information that would be
double checked and rectified. Routine examination of these trial runs outputs were
undertaken to uncover dirty data. The data entry team sought clarifications with the
field team whenever they thought necessary.

Questionnaire Design
The ESIA questionnaire was designed to have a household section and community
characteristics section which captured environmental information in addition to the
socio-economic information. The household section had three modules covering:

 information about the project;

 household characteristics; and

 living standards

The community characteristics section had five modules covering:

 basic demography

 village/community economy

 education, culture and local politics

 health and healthcare services and

 natural environment

7.5.6 Consultations with Stakeholders in Government

This category of stakeholders was consulted by visiting them in their respective offices.
Consultations were made with individual officers and to enhance the discussions,
summarized checklists were used to guide the interviews the discussions started with
the consultant team explaining the project objectives to the target officer, following
which they were asked to identify their most fundamental concerns or benefits on the
project.

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The aim of the consultative meetings with the governmental representatives, was to
obtain data related to the past and present operations of the project, that are
significant to the management of the project both during and after implementation
and to ensure sustainable environmental management. A total of twenty four (24)
government and non-governmental offices were visited and their heads interviewed in
connection with the proposed project.

7.5.7 Brief on the arising issues discussed in the meetings

 All the meetings resolved to allow the surveyor to commence work and to
facilitate operations by availing youth to guide them through the terrain.
They were happy to learn that some little income would accrue to the
participating youth.

 All the meetings raised concerns of how they would benefit from the project:
It was proposed that the design be such that benefits would befall both the
catchment area and the reservoir area. It was proposed that other project
be developed to support those who won’t directly benefit from the dam
either due to their current or future location and the proposals made
included development of smaller dams, smaller irrigation schemes, small
water supply schemes and community amenities such as schools, roads and
hospitals as part of the dam.

 The Community of Kimose and Radat felt that they would be most affected
by the dam and thus requested some shares in the proposed irrigation
scheme.

 There was concern for cultural artefacts that would probably be submerged
by the dam that needs conservation

 In view of challenges be-devilling Chemususu dam in the same Baringo

County, some participants felt they needed guarantees and reliable
commitments from the Project proponent and not the Consultant on the
benefits they shall accrue from the project. They thus requested that in future
meetings, someone from the National Irrigation Board attend the meeting: It
was suggested to them to form project committee that shall engage
stakeholders on their behalf. All the meetings resolved to form committees to
follow up on the project and to further discuss and identify their interests in
the project

 Participants were concerned about the mode of compensation both for the
individuals who will be directly affected and may need to relocate and
those who will be affected by the micro climate created by the man made
“lake” that is the dam. They requested that mitigation measures be factored
in the design so that all the issues are addressed.

 There were concerns about the benefits they will get from the projects such
as job to be created by the dam project and the need to ensure that locals
in their diversity benefit from the project.

 They also needed to know who will be custodians of the by-products of the
dam such as the fish, generated electricity among others

 They proposed as part of compensation they be allocated shares in the

proposed expansion of the irrigation scheme or as an alternative irrigation
projects de developed upstream so that they can also undertake agriculture

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so as to reduce their dependence on relief food and also find a source of

income

 They proposed that all wildlife in the project area be relocated before the
dam is full so as not to lose them through drowning or other project
associated hazards

 They suggested that the local community be allowed to access medical

facilities built by the contractor or the proponent should stock their hospitals
with medicine and provide mitigation measures to hazards they will be
exposed to due to the project

7.6 Key findings from stakeholder consultation

7.6.1 Project Implementation

Common stakeholder queries and concerns were:
 How long will the project development take because this is useful for
entrepreneurs who may wish to develop services that support project
development?
 All dam projects seem to be concentrating on River Perkerra; what effects will the
development have on other planned projects along the Nile?
 What considerations were taken to choose the best location of the dam and
what were the alternatives?
 Back flooding may affect others areas that were not in the plan. How will the
project ensure that the same volume of water flows down to downstream
communities?
 Will the County get electricity from the project and how long will Proposed Radat
Dam be on the grid?
 The proposed project if implemented may damage the already existing roads;
therefore effort should be made to maintain all existing access roads or better still
improve on them.
 Which are the actual homesteads to be affected by the project? How soon will
valuation data of affected PAPs be given to district officials in charge?
 We now get water for free , why should we allow a project that will force us to
buy water from the same source we have always got free water
 Why should the dam be called Radat Dam and not an all-inclusive name like
Perkerra Dam?

7.6.2 Land
 Who gives consent on surveying affected land? Is it the land owners, the present
occupant, or is it a compulsory requirement of law?
 Where will the PAPs whose land is going to be affected be resettled? Is there
enough land? Could the PAPS be shown the land before they accept the
project?
 What happens to land that ownership has changed hands but title has not been
transferred?

7.6.3 Timely, equitable compensation

 Will it be government rates or commercial rates or will the PAP determine his own
price for the land he vacates?

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 Most government projects get problems during the compensation stage

especially if given in instalments. Will compensation be done in instalments?
 Are squatters on the affected land compensated?
 Will the government/NIB compensate PAPs with no land title deeds or those who
have not collected the title deeds?
 Is “good will” of an economic facility compensated? Will the potential of land be
compensated

7.6.4 Employment
 Will the proposed project consider employment for the locals?
 When employing workers for the project, won’t the contractors consider
academic qualifications and bribes?
 Is it possible to sign an MOU beforehand assuring that locals will be given priority?

7.6.5 Grievances
 In case of any grievances, where will the offices be located?
 There are repercussions of a dam after it has been built. People employed by the
project end up contributing to crime after the project ends. What measures have
been put in place for such cases?

7.6.6 Benefits
 The dam as presently proposed seems to be benefit Marigat and the
downstream people more that people upstream who will be conserving the
dam? Is it to possible to factor in benefits for upstream people also?
 Could the project should set up facilities such as schools, health centers or roads
as a corporate social responsibility.
 Is there a plan for revenue/project benefit sharing with stakeholders?
 Now that Kipting Dam will likely be sunken by the dam, can another one
constructed?

7.6.7 Stakeholder involvement

A common complaint by the residents was the feeling of being rushed and not being
sufficiently consulted. They have suspicions of big government projects and their
experience in Chemususu dam, Kirandich Dam, Chemeron Dam, all in Baringo County
has made them mistrust big dam projects. In their view, PAPs and communities around
the dams previously constructed were not well treated.
It is recommended that a continuous engagement with the communities be set up.
The challenges of resistance happened before the PAPs were even identified. It can
only get worse get into the compensation phase. Sufficient time and resources should
be set a part for consultations
7.6.8 Conclusion of the Public Consultation Findings
Generally the public response to the proposed project is positive and majority of the
community members would like the project implemented. The major shortcoming is
some of the community members do not believe on the proposed project’s outcome.
These shortcomings shall be mitigated by the proponent by:

 Ensuring an appropriate RAP is develop and implemented before project

commencement;

 Acquiring land only required for the development; and

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 By implementing the EMP to ensure that all the anticipated potential

negative impacts are mitigated against or maintained to acceptable
minimum levels which suggests also alternative project sitation in case
agreements are not reached at earmarked site.

7.7 Anticipated Environmental Impacts

The project is anticipated to have in overall a cumulative positive impact as the

negative impacts are seen to be less that the positive impacts. Some of the potential
positive impacts identified through the studies are listed below.

Construction and project operation activities involve a series of defined physical

operations and these include site preparation which covers vegetation clearance,
excavation works, building works for the project camps etc. All these activities are
potentially significant sources of impacts both significant and insignificant. On
completion of project construction phase, the operation phase activities are also
associated with impacts which the study team evaluated.

To ensure project sustainability, both environmentally and socio-economically, there is

need to enhance the identified positive impacts and minimize or mitigate the negative
impacts.

7.7.1 List of potential Impacts

Below is an outline of the anticipated project impacts which are categorized into either
positive or negative. The impacts have further been grouped according to the phase
in which they are likely to occur in the project’s life cycle, namely the construction or
operation phase. A detailed Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan in
presented under annex 10 of this report.

Anticipated Positive Impacts during Construction

 Creation of employment;

 Creation of markets for project development materials;

 Increased business opportunities for local traders;

 Increased revenue to the Government through tax and duty payment; and

 Increased visitations to the project area which will thus lead to increased
economic activities and in turn lead to development of secondary projects
and businesses.

 The development of the dam will improve the areas micro-climate and
make it cooler, increase soil moisture thus increase vegetational growth
which will help combat climate change as vegetation are known to hold
about 70-95% of the water (green water) thus the they can be sued as
moisture reservoirs to help regulate the temperature at the same time control
run-off and siltation.

7.7.2 Anticipated Negative Impacts during Construction

 Increased river sediments and eutrophication thus reduced water quality;

 Increased soil degradation at working areas due to compaction

 Interference with local infrastructure including access routes, power lines;

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 Interference with access to the river for existing water users due to increased
abstraction for construction purposes;

 Destruction of vegetation on river riparian and private lands;

 Increased consumption of fossil fuel;

 Increased soil erosion;

 Increased exhaust emissions thus change in air quality;

 Increased solid waste and need of disposal sites;

 Increased exposure to risks and accidents thus affecting the health and
safety of workers and the community members;

 Interference with socio-economic activities;

 Increased land demand thus affecting its value and resettlement costs and
process;

 Loss of properties and livelihoods;

 Degradation of cultural practices due to loss of cultural and historical sites ;

 Relocation and separation of communities;

 Interference with socio-cultural set up;

 Increase in social vices including alcoholism and drug abuse, HIV/AIDS; and

 Reduced capacity building, especially if local skills are not sought during
engagement of the project workers.

 Loss of wildlife habitats, salt licks, breeding sites and displacement of wildlife
in general from their spatial area

7.7.3 Anticipated Positive Impacts during Operation

 Annual and regulated supply of water

 Reduced siltation

 Improve areas micro-climate this will be positive as the area is very hot and
the dam will increase the humidity creating a cooling effect;

 Increased economic generating activities such as fisheries, bee keeping,

tourism, irrigation agriculture and creation of secondary businesses or income
generating activities

 Increase natural vegetation cover in the periphery of the dam

 Reduced downstream and upstream water conflicts due to reliability of water

flow

 Revival of dried river beds which have been affected with change in areas
environment such as degradation which has reduced water retain in the area

 Increase natural vegetation cover in the periphery of the dam and entire
catchment if rehabilitation programmes are developed and implemented;

 Increase in organised agricultural production through irrigation;

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 Increase in agricultural productivity;

 Diversification of agricultural activity to include zero-grazing, aquaculture;

 Increased food insecurity;

 Creation of employment;

 Optimization of time use through continuous engagement in agricultural

activities;

 Reduction in poverty;

 Increased development of the project area due to attraction of secondary

businesses;

 Positive attitude towards the National Irrigation Board(NIB) by the local

community;

 Improvement in the service industry as project will attract financial

institutions, medical facilities, learning institutions, light industries including
revival of food processing industries e.g. rice mills

 Increased water quality and quantity of the Perkerra River

 Reduced incidences of floods and damage associated with them

 Provision of water supply to areas that were initially facing shortage

 Reduced in river sediment and improvement of the water quality at the Lake

 Continuous flow in the river due to the regulated release of the stored water
thus helps improve the Lake’s water levels.

 Revival of dried river beds which have been affected with change in areas
environment such as degradation of the catchment which has reduced
water retention in the area

7.7.4 Anticipated Negative Impacts during Operation

 Increased eutrophication of underground and above ground water due to
inorganic farming ;

 Inter-basin exchange of water;

 Increased damming, subsequent storage, inappropriate water allocation

and irrigation activities along the river will continue to deprive the Lake
Baringo water thus its water levels will continue to dwindle thus affecting the
aquatic and terrestrial life that depends on it.

 Possible salinization of the water during operation due to water logging

leading to deterioration of river water quality and soil nutrient profile.

 Increase agriculture in the upstream area which will be associated with the
use of organic fertilisers will lead to degradation of water quality due to
eutrophication of the water thus affect human, animal and wildlife health
and the soil quality;

 Reduced access to the riverine resources by community members;

 Chances of introduction of invasive aquatic weeds;

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 Increase in disease vectors such as mosquitoes, snails and leeches.

 Increase in solid waste generation mainly of organic nature which if not well
managed shall contribute to global warming and wetlands eutrophication

 Increased exposure to risks and subsequent accidents e.g. drowning of

children, small animals etc.

 Increased damming and subsequent storage and irrigation activities along

the river will continue to deprive the Lake Baringo water of water thus its
water levels will continue to dwindle thus affecting the aquatic and terrestrial
life that depends on it.

 Soil degradation due to vegetation clearance and in working areas, earth

works and storage of material at project site

 Increase agriculture in the upstream area which will be associated with the
use of organic fertilisers will lead to degradation of water quality due to
eutrophication of the water thus affect human, animal and wildlife health
and the soil quality;

 Health and safety risks associated with construction accidents, equipment’s,

chemicals, drowning and health induced diseases associated with water
storage such as malaria, bilhazia among others

 Possible salinization of the water during operation due to water logging

leading to deterioration of river water quality and soil nutrient profile.

 Loss of salt licks which are used by the wildlife to supplement their nutrient
requirements.

 Spread of invasive plant species both to the upstream and downstream of

the dam which will affect the Laek and the community dependent on it.

7.8 Anticipated Socio Economic Potential Impact

This section details the predicted social, economic and health impacts and their
mitigation measures. There will be permanent and temporary impacts owing to
displacement of settlements, loss of land, social infrastructure, increased health risk and
agricultural land etc. These are explained below.

7.8.1 Positive Impact

i. Employment Opportunities: Many people will be employed during construction
expected to last a number of years, with priority being given to qualified local
residents when possible, and recruitment done together with local chiefs and
MCAs. Local employees will mostly be unskilled and semi-skilled workforce hired
from the local communities.
ii. Economic benefit of workers camp through purchase of foodstuffs from local
people. Sale of food and consumer sundries to construction workers on a daily
basis for the years of construction could considerably benefit traders in local
communities. The camps will require diesel fuel, food, drinking water and other
consumer goods. It would be a significant social benefit if the camp procured
some of the required food supplies (fish, tomatoes, onions, cassava, sweet
potatoes, Irish potatoes and bananas) from local farmers or farmer
organizations. Income earned over the construction period would make a
noticeable positive socio-economic change among local farmers. Other

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supplies procured from national suppliers would have the same economic
benefit.
iii. With the high demand in Baringo County and low supply capacity that
currently exists, the operation of Radat Dam would be welcome as it would
contribute 11million cubic metres of water for irrigation and domestic use. This
will lead to industrialization and national economic development as it increases
food security and improves public health indicators.
iv. Access to the project area will require construction of new roads or improving
existing ones. Construction of new or improvement of existing local roads will
improve transport in communities with secondary benefits such as enhanced
access to health services and efficient local administration functions. This is a
long-term socio-economic c benefit for local communities.
v. Flooding which has been a menace in Baringo County leading to massive
destruction will be contained.
vi. Hydro Electric generation will provide extra income for the both the NIB and the
Baringo County government which will sell power to the national grid. More
electricity means increased industrialization.

7.8.2 Negative Impacts and their Mitigation

i) Displacement of People: Construction of the dam, inundation of reservoir will
result in the displacement of people. The total number of people to be affected is yet
to be determined but some people from the five sub Locations of Radat, Kimose,
Cheberen , Tebei and Tinomoi will be affected. Although these will be compensated
and resettled, there is inevitable loss of structural social ties with people they lived by all
their lives.

Mitigation
 All affected people should be compensated with options categorized according
to the impacts as per PAP report.
 Those to be relocated should be assisted to move to their preferred locations.
Those who are viewed as vulnerable will be provided with additional assistance.
 Affected business will be entitled to income restoration compensation.
 Compensation payments, should be monitored to ensure households remain in a
similar socio-economic situation or better than pre-project levels. This will also
monitor potential squandering of financial compensations.
 In kind settlement seems to the preferred by extremely vulnerable and unable to
replace dwelling even if cash was given.
 Asset-for-asset compensation should be provided to affected persons who
choose this option for fear of inability to purchase equivalent assets they
previously owned.

ii) Loss of livelihood: Within the project area, PAPs will lose their only sources of
livelihoods including small farming land, and all activities they solely depend on. Loss
of livelihoods will result from loss of land following its acquisition for construction of
Radat Dam . As already mentioned 80% of the population depends on agriculture
while others practice sand mining and stone quarrying as their major source of
income, therefore constructing the dam will disrupt their livelihood hence increasing
on the poverty levels.

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Mitigation
 During compensation, the project proponent working with local leaders shall
sensitize compensation recipients about careful financial discipline to avoid
misuse and eventual impoverishment.
 Project schedules shall be discussed prior to construction and during
construction, in order for farmers to time their land-use activities to coincide with
construction and not to unnecessarily suspend their activities.

iii) Effect on Social Infrastructure: Overstretching of community infrastructure such

as roads connecting to villages, schools, health centers and water points. For
example construction of the dam will flood community roads in villages such Kipting
Dam on the border between Tinomoi, Radat and Kimose. This is a vital dam which
connects the people in three sub-locations.

Mitigation
 NIB shall, as a contractual obligation require the contractor to use local labour
(wherever feasible) to avoid impacts that would arise from increase in local
population due to non-indigenous workers. This would also improve income
opportunities and economic development of the local populations.
 The contractor shall be required to minimize pressure on local resources. The
contractor should endeavour to find own water for construction activities when
community sources are insufficient.
 To reduce pressure on health care facilities, NIB‘s contractor shall have their own
medical clinic and should negotiate a sub-contract with hospital facilities, in
order to deal with more serious health issues of the contractor employees.
 The Bridges and other infrastructure destroyed should be rebuilt elsewhere
appropriate to the Community.
iv) Misuse of cash compensation: As indicated elsewhere in this report, the
prevailing Culture around the five locations affected by the dam and in Baringo
County generally, women have no ownership over land or most other family property
implying that men will be the recipients of cash compensation before project
implementation. Cash compensation could create vulnerability to women and
children if misused by male household heads instead of restoring pre-project livelihoods
and replacing assets (land or dwellings) lost to the project. These negative effects can
be long-term and irreversible.

Mitigation
 PAPs shall be advised about wise use of money to avoid misuse bringing
destitution to their families.
 Monitoring of how compensation payment is spent will need to be a part of the
RAP internal and external monitoring.

v) Population Influx into village were construction camp are located: Owing to the
high unemployment levels within the project area, any significant development that
could result in employment will tend to attract large numbers of job seekers. This influx is
expected to start during construction phase. It is difficult to estimate the number of

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people who will be attracted by the project but once the people hear about the
project very many will come to seek employment.

Mitigation
 To minimize population influx in the area, the contractor should give preference
to employing local labour.
 HIV/AIDS awareness programs shall be conducted in the project areas by the
contractor.

vi) Occupational safety and public risk: The project will have health and safety risks
to construction workers and the general public. This risk will originate from moving
equipment, material transportation through population centers and construction along
alignments adjacent to residential areas, potentially posing accident risk to the general
public. Health risks may originate from inadequate or improper sanitation on site.

Mitigation
 The contractor should have a fully functional clinic at the project site and this can
be used by local people who suffer from injuries associated with project workers.
 Contractors shall provide all workers with requisite Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE) appropriate to the job at hand. Foremen will be responsible for not
permitting a worker on site unless they are wearing the appropriate PPE. The
Contractor shall provide appropriate signage reminding use of PPE at
appropriate locations in the project area including ancillary work sites.
 Contractor shall ensure adequate fire safety at workers camp by ensuring
presence of fire-fighting equipment.
 Contractor shall provide on-site toilet and washing water for workers.
 Contractor shall provide ―No smoking‖ signs in office, communal places
construction camps as well as high risk areas prone to fire hazards e.g. near fuel
tanks.
 Working with local leaders, the contractor will sensitize local people about safety
near construction sites, possible accident risk and how they can be avoided.
 The contractor will have a fully functional clinic at the project site and this can be
used by local people who suffer from injuries associated with project workers.

vii) Road traffic risks: Vehicles hauling concrete weir and line construction materials
and workers might cause traffic hazards in trading centres, near schools, health centres
and churches. Children, women and elderly people are often at higher risk of traffic
related accidents. Presently, the traffic load in the area is very light but this will change
with the project arrival.

Mitigation
 The contractor will control haulage speed especially in trading centers or near
schools by placing requisite warning signs.
 Drivers will be inducted at the start of the Project about road safety and due
diligence to ensure safety of other road users.

viii) In-migration into project area: The indirect effects of inward migration will
include greater pressure on natural resources such as fuel wood, building materials,

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grazing and cultivated land. The occurrence of employment opportunities may attract
an external workforce to the project areas from the rest of Baringo or indeed from
other counties. This may lead to complications of HIV AIDs spread and other social
vices.

Mitigation
 The Contractor should implement health, STD and HIV/AIDS awareness/training
for the workforce.
 Contractor should ensure that the workplace has adequate access to medical
facilities.
 Sensitization of the local communications should be carried out to manage
community expectations of the project.
 The contractor should ensure preferential treatment is given to the local
communities at the time of employment in order to combat conflicts/tensions in
the project area.

ix) Impact on religious and cultural resources: The project will impact on the
cultural heritage of the area at the household and at community level. At the
household level, the cultural properties to be impacted are the graves of households in
the area to be inundated. The Tugen do not traditionally mark grave sites but they
want these respected nonetheless. Where the grave must be moved (unlikely), the RAP
should provide for moving.
.
x) Construction noise and vibration: Noise and vibration from various construction
activities on Proposed Radat Dam will originate from, blasting of rocks, excavation,
drilling and grading works, and even though the project area is sparsely inhabited,
noise may affect the neighbouring villages.

Mitigation
 A grievance procedure should be put in place to enable communities in the
project area report noise or vibration effects resulting from construction works.
 Monitoring of noise in the project area should be undertaken to ensure it does
not exceed regulatory limits.
 Any damages caused by vibrations shall be compensated by the contractor.

xi) Land take and associated socio-economic effects: A number of settlements

which will not be displaced will permanently or temporarily lose agricultural land.

Mitigation
 All affected people will be compensated as per the RAP report. Those to be
relocated will be assisted to move to their preferred locations.
 Those who are viewed as vulnerable will be provided with additional assistance
necessary at the time of their displacement.
 Affected business may be entitled to income restoration compensation.
 The project may also lead to loss of livelihood for people in the project area. The
majority of people in the project area are primarily farmers while other practice
small-scale trading (selling produce in road-side markets). Therefore loss of
farmland will lead to temporary loss of livelihoods, recovery of which may be
delayed by inept use of compensation payments.

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xii) Although PAPs will be compensated, cash compensation could create

vulnerability of women and children if misused by male household heads.

Mitigation
 During compensation, the project working with local leaders shall sensitize
compensation recipients about careful financial discipline to avoid misuse and
eventual impoverishment. PAPs should be advised about wise use of money to
avoid misuse bringing destitution to their families.
 Monitoring of how compensation payment is spent will need to be a part of the
RAP internal and external monitoring.

xiii) Impacts of camp and equipment yard operation: While set up and use of the
camp and equipment yard will have positive impacts such as employment and
economic or trade opportunities for local people, there are also potential negative
impacts such as:
 Excessive lighting at camp and yard,
 Localized waste oil and fuel spills,
 Noise and air emissions from electricity generator,
 Fire risk at camp site and yard,
 Soil compaction at camp and yard,
 Over-speeding, night travel and wildlife poaching,
 Improper camp and yard decommissioning,
 Improper waste management at both camp and equipment yard.

Consultations were conducted with stakeholders to introduce the project, its potential
benefits and impacts as well as addressing any concerns raised. Issues raised are
summarized below but were mostly related to social-economic conditions and
environmental conservation.

7.9 Mitigation and Monitoring Programs

This section highlights the mitigation measures for the expected negative impacts of
the proposed Project. The potential impacts and the possible mitigation measures have
herein been analysed under four categories: Planning and design, Construction and
Operation. The following measures should be considered as mitigation measures of the
negative impacts associated with the proposed Project during construction phase.
7.9.1 Interference with the physical setting
The structures to be developed should be aesthetically acceptable to blend in with the
surrounding. No residential facilities shall be erected on site and the proponent shall as
much as possible complete the works in such a way that natural aesthetics shall be
retained at the locations. Restoration shall be undertaken to ensure that the original
setting is as much as possible retained.
7.9.2 Interruption of key installations
The following should be done for all crossings of installations:
• Formal request for permission from affected property owners;
• Formal engagement of key land and other property owners neighbouring
the project;
• Passing of relevant information to each of the affected parties;

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• A work plan with clear responsibilities for each party should be developed to
ensure smooth execution of the construction.
7.9.3 Land take
The implementation of this project shall be preceded by the acquisition of land. A
detailed Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) will be required.

7.9.4 Noise, dust and vibration

Significance of noise impacts depends on whether the Project would increase noise
levels above the existing ambient levels by introducing new sources of noise. Noise
impacts would be considered significant if the Project would result in the following:
• Exposure of persons to, or generation of, noise levels in excess of standards
established in the local general plan or noise ordinance, or applicable
standards of other agencies;
• Exposure of persons to, or generation of, excessive ground-borne vibration
or ground-borne noise levels;
• A substantial permanent increase in ambient noise levels (more than 3 dBA)
in the project vicinity above levels existing before the project; and
• A substantial temporary or periodic increase in ambient noise levels in the
project vicinity above levels existing before the project.
The Proponent through the Contractor shall put in place several measures that will
mitigate noise pollution arising during the construction phase. The following noise-
suppression techniques will be employed to minimise the impact of temporary
construction noise at the Project site:

• Install portable barriers to shield compressors and other small stationary

equipment where necessary;
• Use of quiet equipment (i.e. equipment designed with noise control
elements);
• Limit pick-up trucks and other small equipment to a minimum idling time,
observe a common-sense approach to vehicle use, and encourage workers
to shut off vehicle engines whenever possible;
• Provision of appropriate personnel protective equipment;
• Construct mainly during the day; and
• Consider labour-based construction methodologies.

The following measures can help mitigate the dust generation, soil erosion and
damage likely to arise during the construction phase:

• Minimizing the number of motorised vehicles on use;

• Rehabilitate disturbed areas;
• Provide scour checks on over-15% slopes or when working in loose soils;
• Manage erosion agents including water by channelling it into
predetermined areas;
• Use predetermined tracks;
• Avoiding machinery working in seasonally marshy areas, pans and
floodplains;

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• Wet all active construction areas as and when necessary to lay dust;
• Pave, apply water when necessary, or apply (non-toxic) soil stabilizers on all
unpaved access roads, parking areas and staging areas at construction
sites; and
• Undertake staff training and allocate roles to trained/responsible staff
members.
7.9.5 Disposal of excavated soil
The excavated soil will be disposed of through re-spreading in areas that require
landscaping, so as to enhance aesthetics around the project area. Remaining
excavated soil will be disposed of in areas identified in collaboration with the local
community and administration, either for landscaping or other uses.
7.9.6 Water demand
The Proponent through the Contractor shall ensure that water is used efficiently at the
site by sensitising construction staff to avoid irresponsible water use.
Furthermore any water handling equipment, facility and systems shall be appropriate
for the intended usage. Water used during construction shall reflect the level of
conservation achieved by the Contractors. Documentation of amounts of water used
will therefore be mandatory.
7.9.7 Accidents and hazards
To reduce the workers’ accidents and hazards, the Proponent will develop and commit
the Contractors to Site Occupational Health and Safety rules and regulations as
stipulated in the Occupational Safety and Health Act, 2007. In this regard, the
Proponent is committed to provision of appropriate personal protective equipment, as
well as ensuring a safe and healthy environment for construction workers as outlined in
the EMP.
Workers’ accidents shall be mitigated by enforcing adherence to safety procedures
and preparing a contingency plan for accident response. In addition, safety
education and training shall be emphasized.
7.9.8 Raw materials extraction and their efficient use
The Contractors will source construction materials such as sand and hard core from
registered and approved quarry and sand mining firms whose projects have
undergone satisfactory environmental impact assessment/audit and received NEMA
approval. Since such firms are expected to apply acceptable environmental
performance standards, the negative impacts of their activities at the extraction sites
are considerably well mitigated. To reduce wastage, the Contractor will only order for
what will be required through accurate budgeting and estimation of actual
construction requirements.
7.9.9 Solid waste management
It is recommended that construction waste be recycled or reused as much as possible
to ensure that materials that would otherwise be disposed of as waste are diverted for
productive uses. In this regard, the Contractor will ensure that construction materials
left over at the end of construction will be used in other projects rather than being
disposed of. The Proponent shall put in place measures to ensure that construction
materials requirements are carefully budgeted and to ensure that the amount of
construction materials left on site after construction is kept minimal.
Additional recommendation for minimization of solid waste during construction of the
proposed Project include the use of durable, long-lasting materials that will not need to
be replaced often, thereby reducing the amount of construction waste generated
over time.

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7.9.10 Flora and fauna disturbance

Clearance of vegetation (mainly grass and trees) in the Project area will be inevitable.
However, the Proponent will ensure proper demarcation of the Project area to be
affected by the construction works. This will be aimed at ensuring that any disturbance
to flora is restricted to the actual Project, and avoid spill over effects on the
neighbouring areas. In the same vein, there will be strict control of construction vehicles
to ensure that they operate only within the area to be disturbed by access routes and
other works.
Furthermore permission shall be sought from the various owners and institutions
concerned where vegetation has to be disturbed in order to allow for any
development work.
7.9.11 Operation and Maintenance Philosophy
To minimize maintenance cost that will be encountered during the operation of the
proposed Project, the Proponent will consider the following measures:
• Approve the use of durable materials;
• Maintain all installations in sound working conditions;
• Ensure maintenance is carried out to the design specifications;
• Implement a strict monitoring and evaluation programme; and
• Ensure that future modifications are in line with the design criteria as
detailed by the Project Engineers.
7.9.12 Reduced downstream flows on Perkerra River
The Proponent shall monitor the hydrology to determine the level of reduced
downstream flow and to determine the right levels of abstraction and apply for
amendment of the abstraction license from WRMA. The hydrological monitoring report
shall highlight the levels of abstraction that are sustainable in tandem with the
population water demand levels.
7.9.13 Energy management
To ensure efficient energy consumption, energy saving policies, technologies and
management strategies in the overall Project management scheme should be
included. To complement these measures, it will be important to monitor energy use
during the operation of the proposed Project and set targets for efficient energy use.
Appropriate power transformers and accessories shall be installed in conjunction with
the power distribution company.
Secondly, liaise with the power suppliers (Kenya Power Ltd) to ensure that the plant
receives quality energy supplies as required.

7.10 Mitigation of Decommissioning Phase Impacts

All mitigation measures referred to under the construction phase will be applicable
during decommissioning. Furthermore the following shall be undertaken under the
decommissioning phase.

The Proponent shall undertake a thorough consultation with stakeholders to establish

the following:
 Determine the anticipated impacts and provide mitigation;
 Develop a decommissioning schedule; and
 Create awareness among stakeholders.
The Proponent shall carry out all works based on the findings of the stakeholders’
consultations. At the end of these works, the Proponent shall obtain the relevant
Certificates.

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7.11 Socio-Economic Management Plan (SMP)

The period of construction will bear both positive and negative social impacts that can
be avoided or mitigated with recommendations herein proposed. Overall, the project
will have immense long-term social-economic benefit for the country in terms of
increased food security through irrigation, greater access to reliable water supply,
control of flooding and possible hydro power added to the grid hence spurring local
and national development. Consequently a plan is proposed to guide the
management of the socio economic issues that may arise in implementing the project.

Table 7:2 Socio-Economic Problems Experienced Around the Proposed Dam Area
Suggested
intervention
Serial Problem Causes Effects strategies
1 Population Recently Underdevelope Support provision of
Relatively sparsely inhabited by d basic basic community
populated village immigrant community infrastructure to
settlement families infrastructure enable for
peaceful
coexistence
2 Settlement A relatively Poor access to Support provision of
Undeveloped marginalized educational, basic community
community basic community health and other infrastructure to
infrastructure basic enable for
community peaceful
services coexistence
3 Communication Poorly Inaccessibility to Construct an all-
Site inaccessible maintained the all-weather season access
when wet earth access road and service road to link site with
road centres main tarmac road
4 Land Use Continued use Low agric. Introduce agro
a) Inefficient land of low Productivity forestry among the
use practices in technology community
small peasant application for
agric.
holdings
Production
b) Encroachment Inadequate Reduced Enforce laws in
of riparian areas enforcement of volume of river place for the
laws regarding flow for protection of water
use of riparian downstream resources
areas. users
5 Community Relatively High prevalence Support provision of
Organisation underdevelope of poverty levels a strategic basic
Weak community d community community
organization infrastructure
6 Employment Low Rural-urban Give preference to
High rate of youth productivity of migration the locals when
unemployment small farm recruiting labor for
holdings the dam
construction
7 Incomes Low Increasing Link the dam to the
Low incomes productivity of poverty levels growth of the local
earned from the agricultural among the economy during
livelihood activities sector populations construction and

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Suggested
intervention
Serial Problem Causes Effects strategies
operation activities
8 Public Health Use of drinking Increased Connect water
High incidence of water from morbidity rates supply operations
waterborne diseases unsafe sources among the to the village
population settlement
9 Gender Issues Traditional Gender Institute affirmative
Fewer women than attitudes and imbalanced action in the
men hired in public discrimination labour force recruitment of
work projects mindset against casual workers in
women. the Dam
construction
activities

7.12 Socio-Economic Impact Mitigation Measures

Table 7:3 Socio-Economic Impact Mitigation Measures of the Dam Sub-Project
Socio-economic impacts Proposed mitigation measures
Impact avoidance a) Contractors be obliged to conduct intensive
measures HIV/AIDS prevention awareness campaigns
Public health: Increased amongst their staff in the workplace and in their
rate of HIV/AIDS infection
labour camps.
and prevalence in labour
camps and the neighboring b) Contractors equally be obliged to extend the
communities workplace HIV/AIDS prevention campaigns to the
neighboring communities.
Impacts minimization Intensive community engagement for peaceful co-
Community structure existence
Disruption of community a) Conduct community and other stakeholders
traditional life cycles by the consultation meetings immediately upon the
introduction of alien social commencement of the project implementation
practices at the labour
and thereafter, periodically
camps and built up
settlement b) Accord priority in the employment of local people
in the available skilled and unskilled job
opportunities
c) Provide appropriate basis social infrastructure to
the neighboring communities –to be the centre of
diffusion of positive social change processes
Impacts compensation a) Undertake a comprehensive resettlement action
Settlement: displacement of plan (RAP) for all the displaced families
the population – to give b) Ensure that all the project affected persons (PAPS)
way to the construction of
are fully compensated before civil works
infrastructural developments
associated with the dam commence
sub-project
Conversion of agric land
into a built- up settlement

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Table 7:4 Socio-Economic Impact Mitigation Measures of the Hydropower

Production Sub-Project
Socio-economic impacts Proposed mitigation measures
Impacts avoidance a) Mandatory for civil works contractors to carry our
measures intensive HIV/AIDS prevention campaigns among
Public health: high risk of the staff in the workplace and in the labour camps
HIV/AIDS infection in the
b) Include in the civil works contract that the
HPP construction labour
camps and the neighboring contractor should extend the workplace HIV/AIDS
communities prevention campaigns to the neighboring
communities
Impact minimization Community engagement – for peaceful coexistence
measures a) Conduct community consultation meetings
Community structure: immediately upon the commencement of the
disruption of traditional project implementation and thereafter periodically
community life cycles – by
b) Accord priority in the employment of the local
the introduction of alien
norms and values, people in regard to the available skilled and
practiced at the labor unskilled job opportunities
camps and the emerging c) Provide appropriate basic social infrastructure to
built-up settlement the communities in the neighboring settlements – to
serve as centres of diffusion of positive social
change processes
Socio-economic impacts Proposed mitigation measures
Impact compensation a) Undertake a comprehensive resettlement action
Settlement: displacement of plan for the displaced families
the population- to give way b) Ensure that all the project affected persons are fully
to the construction and
compensated before civil works commence
operation of infrastructural
developments associated
with the HPP
Conversion of agricultural
land into a built – up
settlement

Table 7:5 Socio-Economic Impact Mitigation Measures of the Irrigation Sub-project

Socio-economic impacts Proposed mitigation measures
Impact avoidance a) Support establishment of strong irrigation water
Community structure: likely users association (IWUAs)
inter-ethnic feuds in the b) Carry out a comprehensive capacity building
management of the
program for the IWUAs – to function as effective
irrigation resource
and democratic community economic
organizations
Impact minimization a) Institute effective mosquitoes and other vectors
Public health : Open control programs
irrigation canals may b) Consider adopting the more efficient drip irrigation
provide breeding ground for
method for the sub – project
mosquitoes and other
vectors
Impact compensation a) Arrange for appropriate compensation
Settlement : irrigation canals mechanisms for portions of land taken by irrigation

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Socio-economic impacts Proposed mitigation measures

may have to pass through canals way leaves.
peoples shambas – due to
topographical dictates

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Table 7:6 Socio-Economic Impacts Management Plan

Socio- Proposed Responsibility for Indicators for Means of Response for Frequency for
economic mitigation implementation successful monitoring of monitoring monitoring
impact measures implementation implementation
1 High risk of Oblige contractors Civil works contractors- Percentage 1. Baseline 1. Project Quarterly –
HIV/ AIDS to conduct in collaboration with the decline in the rate survey report sociologi reports annual
infection in intensive HIV/AIDS ministry of public health of HIV/AIDS 2. Statistics on st reviews
the Dam prevention and other agencies prevalence Mid-term review
the rates of 2. Project
labor camps awareness recorded at the
campaigns among baseline – by infection by steering
the workers, as well gender gender committ
as among the 3. Progress ee
neighboring reports
communities
2 Displacement a)Undertake Project – sociologist in 1. Percentage of 1. Census of 1. Project First 6 months
of the comprehensive collaboration with the displaced displaced manage immediately
population to resettlement action provincial admin person persons r after
give way to plan for the commencement
resettled 2. Inventory of 2. Project
the displaced families of project
construction b) Ensure all the 2. Percentage of affected steering implementation
of project affected affected assets committ Quarterly
infrastructural persons are fully persons 3. List of ee reviews
development compensated affected compensatio Semi annual
associated before civil works persons fully n of the PAPS review
with the dam commence compensated – and
and HPP sub-
3. Minimal amounts paid
projects
conflicts
recorded as
arising from the
RAP
implementatio
n

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Socio- Proposed Responsibility for Indicators for Means of Response for Frequency for
economic mitigation implementation successful monitoring of monitoring monitoring
impact measures implementation implementation
3 Open water 1. Institute The project agronomist – Percentage Baseline survey Project Quarterly reports
mass may effective in conjunction with the declines in the rate report statistics on manager Annual reviews
provide mosquitoes ministry of public health of malaria and the rates of Mid-term review
breeding other vectors infection of the Project
and other
ground for infected recorded participating steering
mosquitoes vectors control at the baseline community committee
and other program in the members
vectors canal areas
2. Consider
adoption of
more efficient
drip irrigation
method
4 Likely feuds in 1. Support Project agronomist in 1. Promulgated 1. Zonal IWUA Project Quarterly reports
the among establishment conjunction with the democratic constitutions manager Annual reviews
ethnic of strong ministry of agriculture IWUA 2. Minutes of Mid-term review
communities and irrigation Project
irrigation water constitutions for committee
over water steering
resources users each zone and general committee
and other association 2. Regular IWUA meetings
project (IWUAs) committee 3. Reports on
benefits 2. Carry out and general capacity
comprehensive meetings building
capacity 3. Implemented initiatives
building capacity
program for the building
IWUAs to programs
function as
effective and
democratic

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Socio- Proposed Responsibility for Indicators for Means of Response for Frequency for
economic mitigation implementation successful monitoring of monitoring monitoring
impact measures implementation implementation
community
economic
organization
5 Disruption of Community Project sociologist NO. of irregular Minutes of Project Quarterly reports
traditional engagement for meetings held meetings manager Annual reviews
community peaceful Agronomist Mid-term review
life cycles – coexistence No. and types of Manpower Project
by the 1. Conduct Contractor job opportunities complement steering
introduction regular accorded to locals document committee
of alien community NIB/County
norms and Government/Contractor Nature and types Inventory of
consultation
values and of basic social installed facilities
practices at meetings infrastructural
the labour 2. Accord priority facilities installed
camps and in the
built-up employment of
settlements local people for
(construction available skilled
and
and unskilled
operational
phase) job
opportunities
3. Provide
appropriate
basic social
infrastructure to
the neighboring
communities

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Environmental Standards Management and Mitigation Monitoring Responsibility

Issue and Requirement
Guidelines s
Design
Social issues: Not  Include community water project in the project design; Review of Project
Water supply Applicable:-  Provision of livestock watering points at strategic points. design Engineer;
for people Social documentati NIB.
living around Responsibilit on
the dam y by NIB.
Construction
Public EMCA:  Identification of a Community Liaison Officer within NIB; At project Building/civil
consultations,  Establish and maintain communication channels with the community inception contractor;
participation members and any other stakeholders of relevance to the project; and
and Disclosure:  Constitute a Community Consultation Committee (CCC) to monitor the periodically
Project
project; during
Environmental-
 Keep the public informed of project development and its relevance to the construction.
list and Resident
community members;
Engineer.
 NIB to arrange for training of the committee members on relevant aspects
of the project;
 Establish a community involvement programme;
 Evaluate implemented activities;
 Maintain contact information of the members of the CCC.
 Prior to project commencement, public awareness information packages
should include clear information on the compensation (if any) that will be
given;
 Give notices for displacement / eviction in good time;
 Give warning on water supply interruptions in good time;
 Set a reasonable quota target for local skilled and unskilled labour.
Site EMCA:  Choice of suitable area specific style architecture and colourings by the Daily Building/civil
preparation contractor and Resident Engineer during site preparation; auditing and contractor;

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Environmental Standards Management and Mitigation Monitoring Responsibility

Issue and Requirement
Guidelines s
and specific  Provide informative signs about the construction at a conspicuous location spot checks; Project
construction along the service roads; Report
works.  Stipulation in construction contract on sourcing of materials from an monthly:
Environmenta-
approved site; Records of list and Resident
 For preliminary design purposes, the allowable bearing value for Minutes of Engineer.
foundations should be calculated in relation to the weight and area of bed site start-up
rock and compacted fill to avoid any structural failures; meetings;
 Super-plasticized and water-retardant concrete may be used to make
Resident
pouring easier and reduce shrinkage and cracking hence stabilizing
Engineer
structures and minimising any potential impacts;
inspection
 Interior concrete slabs should be structurally supported by foundations
records.
embedded in the bedrock. Slabs not structurally supported in bedrock may
be subject to some distress and cracking;
 Existing loose fill soils should be removed and re-compacted;
 Periodic monitoring by the Resident Engineer is recommended for sloughing
and slumping on any slope that may occur especially during rainy seasons;
 Adequate site drainage should be provided. All roof and surface drainage
should be conducted away from foundation and slope areas via
engineered non-erosive devices to existing storm drain facilities on the
street. In no case should water be allowed to pond within the site, drain
towards structures or flow in a concentrated and uncontrolled manner
down the slope;
 The contractor should ensure that water is not allowed to pond on the pad,
flow towards any foundations or wall, or sheet-flow over any descending
slope;
 Temporary un-surcharged excavations should be considered to the depths
and slope ratios stipulated by the Resident Engineer;

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Environmental Standards Management and Mitigation Monitoring Responsibility

Issue and Requirement
Guidelines s
Site EMCA:  Soils exposed in the cuts should be kept moist but not saturated, to reduce Daily Building/civil
preparation the tendency for ravelling and sloughing during construction; auditing and contractor;
and specific  The Resident Engineer should ensure that the top of the cut slopes are spot checks;
construction barricaded to keep vehicles and heavy storage loads at least five feet Report
Project
works. away from the top of the slopes; monthly:
Environmenta-
 During the rainy season, the contractor should ensure that berms are Records of list and Resident
constructed and maintained along the top of slopes and plastic sheets Minutes of Engineer.
placed over the slopes to prevent runoff water from eroding the slope site start-up
faces; meetings;
 When excavations exist on a site, the contractor should ensure that the
Resident
area is fenced and warning signs posted;
Engineer
 The contractor should ensure that all deep excavations are properly
inspection
covered and secured;
records.
 Earth materials generated by the contractor from foundation and sub-
grade excavations should either be removed from the site or properly
compacted by the contractor;
 The Resident Engineer and Contractor should ensure that fill temporarily
stockpiled on the site are placed in a stable area, away from slopes,
excavations and improvements.

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Environmental Standards Management and Mitigation Monitoring Responsibility

Issue and Requirement
Guidelines s
HIV/AIDS and The Public  The Resident Engineer has to ensure that management of Sexually Daily Building/civil
Increased Health Act: Transmitted Infections (STI’s) occurrences due to social interaction between auditing and contractor;
disease risk. immigrant workers and local populations is conducted through: spot checks; Project
 Selecting appropriate locations for construction camps; Report Environmentalist
 Education and sensitisation of workers and the local communities on STI’s monthly. and Resident
including provision of condoms to the project team and the public; Engineer.
 Where possible conduct regular sensitisation campaigns and monitoring
and evaluation of the modes used during the two year course of the
project.
 The contractor has to Institute HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention
campaign amongst workers for the duration of the contract e.g. erect and
maintain HIV/AIDS information posters at prominent locations as specified
by the Resident Engineer;
 The contractor has to ensure that staff are made aware of the risks of
contracting or spreading sexually transmitted diseases;
 The contractor has to ensure that the project workers are educated on the
local culture;
 The Resident Engineer has to ensure the strengthening of cultural
organizations and encouragement of competitions;
 The contractor has to ensure the mobilization and sensitization of the
population on reproductive health and STIs;
 The Resident Engineer has to ensure that the project contributes to the
creation of an atmosphere that is conducive to the functioning of all social
centers which are in the project zone of influence;

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Environmental Standards Management and Mitigation Monitoring Responsibility

Issue and Requirement
Guidelines s
Leakage / EMCA.  The implementers (NIB) of the project will have to work closely with various Daily Building/civil
Flooding from HIV/AIDS organisations working in the project zone of influence in order to auditing and contractor;
the Dam. achieve the best results. spot checks; and Resident
 Leaking equipment should be repaired immediately or removed from the Report Engineer.
site by the contractor maintenance crew; monthly.
 The Resident Engineer should ensure strict monitoring of the dam and
related infrastructure through the use of leak detection mechanisms;
 The Resident Engineer and the contractor should assemble and clearly list
the relevant emergency telephone contact numbers for staff, and brief
staff on the required procedures.
Site related oil EMCA.  The contractor should ensure that the employees on site are aware of the Daily Building/civil
spills. company procedures for dealing with spills and leaks from oil storage tanks auditing and contractor;
for the construction machinery though induction and safety training; spot checks; and Resident
 In case of spillage the contractor should isolate the source of oil spill and Report Engineer.
contain the spillage using sandbags, sawdust, absorbent material and/or monthly.
other materials approved by the Resident Engineer;
Material
 The Resident Engineer and the contractor should ensure that there is always
Safety Data
a supply of absorbent material such as saw dust on site during construction,
Sheets.
readily available to absorb/breakdown spill from machinery or oil storage;
 All vehicles and equipment should be kept in good working order, serviced
regularly and stored in an area approved by the Resident Engineer;
 The contractor should assemble and clearly list the relevant emergency
telephone contact numbers for staff, and brief staff on the required
procedures.
Impacts on EMCA.  The contractor has to ensure that the clearance of the site for construction Daily Building/civil
Vegetation. purposes is kept to a minimum; auditing and contractor;
 The Resident Engineer has to ensure that removal of vegetation is avoided spot checks; and Resident
until such time as clearance is required and exposed surfaces re-vegetated Report Engineer.
or stabilised as soon as practically possible; monthly.

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Environmental Standards Management and Mitigation Monitoring Responsibility

Issue and Requirement
Guidelines s
 Areas affected by construction related activities and/or susceptible to
erosion must be monitored regularly by the Resident Engineer for evidence
of erosion, these include:
 Areas stripped of topsoil;
 Soil stockpiles;
 Spoil sites.
 Where erosion does occur on any completed work/working areas, the
Contractor shall reinstate such areas and areas damaged by the erosion at
his own cost and to the satisfaction of the Project Engineer and
Environment Safety Officer;
 The Resident Engineer has to ensure that provision of trickle flows is
incorporated in the project to improve conditions downstream for riparian
flora and fauna;
 The Resident Engineer has to ensure that the current dam project and any
proposed future expansion should maintain its maximum dimensions to limit
its effects on native vegetation.
Alteration of EMCA;  The Resident Engineer has to ensure that a study on the hydrologic regime Daily Building/civil
Natural Water Act; of the river is undertaken and the findings of the study are implemented; auditing and contractor;
Drainage  Feasibility of reviving additional source systems should be investigated by a spot checks; and Resident
systems. Lakes and consultant appointed by NIB with a view to adding them to the system;
Rivers Act. Report Engineer.
 The Resident Engineer has to ensure strict supervision of workers during works monthly.
on river courses to protect the flora and fauna in the river ecosystem;
 The Resident Engineer should monitor changes in the drainage system and
develop mitigation measures for possible outcomes on the system structures
and the environment;
 The Resident Engineer should ensure that construction at major river
crossings is done during the dry season;
 The Resident Engineer (RE) should ensure that the banks of waterways are
reinforced with concrete, and the major rivers are crossed using the
horizontal drilling technique.

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Environmental Standards Management and Mitigation Monitoring Responsibility

Issue and Requirement
Guidelines s
Waste EMCA:  The Contractor should adhere to the site waste management plan; Daily Building/civil
Production  The Resident Engineer and contractor should ensure that spoil from auditing and contractor;
excavations is arranged according to the various soil layers. This soil can spot checks; and Resident
then be returned during landscaping and rehabilitation, in the correct order Report Engineer.
which they were removed that is top soil last; monthly.
 The contractor should separate hazardous from non-hazardous wastes.
Hazardous wastes include waste contaminated with petroleum product
and chlorine. Waste should then be handled, collected, transported and
disposed according to the Environmental Management and Co-ordination
(Waste Management) Regulations;
 The Resident Engineer has to ensure that waste is recycled and re-used
where possible. Recycling bins for glass, metal, newspaper, plastic bottles
and other recyclable site solid wastes should be provided at public facilities
and/or for site curb-side collection. Waste that cannot be re-used on site
should be transported to the correct NIB yard;
 The Contractor should consider cost of on-site vs. off-site recycling efforts;
including reduced cost of transporting smaller volumes of materials. For
preparation of materials for dumping or recycling the following should be
considered:
 Crushing of concrete and asphalt for reuse as road base/sub-base, erosion
protection or ground cover;
 Chipping of wood waste/brush for reuse as fuel, ground cover and soil
amendment;
 Shredding of bale or compact metals to reduce volume of materials
transported;

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Environmental Standards Management and Mitigation Monitoring Responsibility

Issue and Requirement
Guidelines s
Waste EMCA:  Compacting of materials going to landfills to minimize volume, both from Daily Building/civil
Production site as well as at landfill; auditing and contractor;
 Re-use of cleared vegetation and trench excavation within the project spot checks; and Resident
area; Report Engineer.
 Recycling of packaging waste (e.g. bottles, cans, boxes, drums); monthly.
 Recycling of office paper;
 Recycling of waste oils and batteries; and
 Re-use of excess chemicals (e.g. solvents, herbicides) on other projects.
 For waste handling the contractor should provide litter collection facilities
such as bins;
 The contractor should comply with the requirements of the OSHA Act 2007
and Building Rules on storage of construction materials;
 Final disposal of the site waste should be done at a location that shall be
approved by the Resident Engineer in accordance with the waste
management plan after consultation with the local authority;
 The Resident Engineer should ensure that several high quality waste
management facilities are put in place, including waste storage structures,
engineered hazardous and non-hazardous solid waste landfills, and a
hazardous waste-capable incinerator as per specifications of Third
Schedule of the Waste Management Regulations of 2006;
 The tender documents should specify proper solid waste handling as
provided in the waste management plan during site preparation phase of
construction prior to project works commencing in identifying optimal waste
re-use options and licensed disposal areas. This should strictly be adhered to
by the Contractor;
 The contractor should not burn wastes on site or dump in an open pit;
 The Resident Engineer should ensure that the contractor provides proper
handling and storage procedures for hazardous wastes e.g. fuel oil should
be stored in areas with concrete floor and forecourt as well as containment
to handle spills;
 The Resident Engineer should ensure that excavation activities that normally
contribute to severed vegetation roots, compaction of surrounding soils, as
well as siltation of area waters and subsequent dumping of spoil are
properly managed such that land which isPage not 183
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Environmental Standards Management and Mitigation Monitoring Responsibility

Issue and Requirement
Guidelines s
Impacts on EMCA:  The contractor should ensure that excavated soil is properly piled to heights Daily Building/civil
Soils of 2 metres maximum to prevent possible wash-out into watercourses; auditing and contractor;
 The contractor should ensure that excavations are limited as far as possible spot checks; and Resident
during the dry season to avoid washing away of soil by rain; Report Engineer.
 Compaction activities that take into account atterberg limits may force the monthly.
contractor to source for suitable soil with less water content that may not
exist on site. This new spoil source areas should be properly rehabilitated by
the contractor in order to avoid soil erosion activities;
 The material store should be determined by the Contractor in collaboration
with the Resident Engineer. The material stores should consider specific
storage conditions for specific materials e g segregation of chemicals,
bunding and hard standing (concrete) for storage of fuel oil, storage of
machinery and equipment etc;
 The Resident Engineer should ensure that areas for the storage of fuel and
other flammable materials comply with the Factories and Other Places of
Work (Fire Risk Reduction) Rules 2007;
 The Resident Engineer must ensure that all chemicals and fuels are stored in
accordance with manufacturer's instructions;
 The Resident Engineer should ensure that oil and grease used during
construction are stored in suitable containers and not thrown or disposed of
on land or water. Suitable containers include:
 Drum spill containers with zinc plates hoisted on removable galvanized
grates for ease of cleaning;
 Drum storage with spill containment (Approximately 205litres) able to catch
and hold any potential spills;
 Bunded oil storage and transfer kit of 100 litres capacity, comprising of twin
skinned tank for storage and transfer of engine, gear, diff and hydraulic oils.
 The contractor has to ensure that oil Storage areas or secondary
containment are constructed of waterproof reinforced concrete or
approved equivalent, which is not adversely affected by contact with
chemicals captured within them;
 Stockpile areas should be approved by the Resident Engineer based on:
 Level of sites and platforms(Should be level);
 Easy or convenient access; Page 184
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safety.
 The Contractor should ensure that delivery drivers are informed of all
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Environmental Standards Management and Mitigation Monitoring Responsibility

Issue and Requirement
Guidelines s
Impacts on EMCA:  The contractor should ensure that construction related impacts like erosion Daily Building/civil
Soils and cut slope destabilization should be addressed through landscaping auditing and contractor;
and grassing, carting away and proper disposal of construction wastes in spot checks; and Resident
the various site works; Report Engineer.
 The contractor has to ensure that recommended compaction of spoil areas monthly.
is undertaken and effective drainage of spoil sites in order to avoid land
instability in form of soil subsidence, slip and mass movement.
Air, Dust and EMCA:  The contractor should provide dust masks to all personnel on work site; Daily Building/civil
Noise Emissions The Public  The Resident Engineer has to ensure that all works are conducted during auditing and contractor;
Health Act. the day; spot checks; and Resident
 The Contractor has to ensure that periodic water spraying is carried out to Report Engineer.
suppress dust during excavations and backfilling; monthly.
 The Resident Engineer has to ensure that dust generating activities
(excavation, handling and transport of soils) are not undertaken during
times of strong winds;
 The Resident Engineer has to ensure that earthwork operations are
suspended wherever visible dust is affecting adjoining activities;
 The Resident Engineer has to ensure enforcement by the contractor in the
provision of vehicles delivering soil materials with covers to reduce spills and
windblown dust;
 Any complaints received by the Contractor regarding dust should be
recorded and communicated to the Resident Engineer;
 The Resident Engineer has to ensure that dust emissions are kept at a
minimum especially in areas with human settlements;
 The Resident Engineer has to ensure that all construction machinery are
maintained and serviced in accordance with the contractor’s
specifications, manufacturer’s standards and the Fossil Fuel Regulations
2003;
 The Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Noise and Excessive
Vibration Pollution) (Control) Regulations 2009, The Factories and Other

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Environmental Standards Management and Mitigation Monitoring Responsibility

Issue and Requirement
Guidelines s
Places of Work (Noise Prevention and Control) Rules 2005 and World Bank
limits.

Air, Dust and EMCA:  Contractor staff should conduct regular monitoring on the efficacy of the Daily Building/civil
Noise Emissions The Public methods used to minimise noise and dust emissions and give auditing and contractor;
Health Act. recommendations thereof. spot checks; and Resident
Report Engineer.
monthly.
Impacts on EMCA;  All Contractor’s water handling facilities must be checked by the Resident Daily Building/civil
Water Water Act; Engineer before start of construction; auditing and contractor;
Resources  The contractor has to ensure that all washing of equipment is undertaken in spot checks; and Resident
Lakes and
designated maintenance areas which should be equipped with suitable Report Engineer.
Rivers Act.
impermeable floor (preferably concrete) and sump/oil trap; monthly.
 The Resident Engineer has to ensure that the use of detergents for washing
are restricted to low phosphate/nitrate-type detergents;
 The Resident Engineer has to ensure that water containing such pollutants
as cements, concrete, lime, chemicals and fuels are discharged into a
designated waste water treatment facility;
 The contractor should ensure that runoff loaded with sediment and other
suspended materials from the site/working areas are prevented from
discharging to the adjacent rivers by use of loose rock boundaries along
the construction site;
 The Contractor should notify the Project Engineer of any pollution incidents

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Environmental Standards Management and Mitigation Monitoring Responsibility

Issue and Requirement
Guidelines s
on site;
 The Resident Engineer has to ensure that adequate security is provided for
monitoring of the dam against vandalism.

Impacts on EMCA;  The Resident Engineer has to ensure that a comprehensive water Daily Building/civil
Water Water Act; monitoring program is established auditing and contractor;
Resources  The Resident Engineer has to ensure that dam-related infrastructure is not spot checks; and Resident
Lakes and
installed during the rainy season so as to lessen the problems caused by soil Report Engineer.
Rivers Act.
erosion; monthly.
 The Resident Engineer has to ensure that the contractor erects retaining
walls or like structures for springs protection against siltation from sandbanks;
 The contractor has to ensure that a well-designed fence is provided around
the dam area to provide protection against common wildlife in the area, as
well as human interference;
 Runoff control measures should be instituted by the contractor to reduce
sediment loads from all construction sites. These measures should be made
mandatory by the Resident Engineer for contractors. This is required to
protect not only water quality but also aquatic life, both in tributary streams
and in the Rivers.

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Environmental Standards Management and Mitigation Monitoring Responsibility

Issue and Requirement
Guidelines s
Occupational Occupation  The Resident Engineer should ensure that the contractor complies with all Daily Building/civil
health and al Safety standard and legally required health and safety regulations as auditing and contractor;
safety. and Health promulgated by Occupational Safety and Health Act (Part XI: section 96) spot checks; and Resident
Act: as pertains to construction activities; Report Engineer.
 The Contractor should provide a standard First Aid kit on site. As per the monthly.
Factories (First Aid) Rules 1977.

Occupational Occupation  All works which may pose a hazard to humans and domestic animals are to Daily Building/civil
health and al Safety be protected, fenced, demarcated or cordoned off as instructed by the auditing and contractor;
safety. and Health Resident Engineer. If appropriate, symbolic warning signs must be erected; spot checks; and Resident
Act:  For fire and safety the Contractor, should ensure compliance to the Report Engineer.
Factories and Other Places of Work (Fire Risk Reduction) Rules 2007. monthly.
 The Resident Engineer should ensure that the Contractor is instructed in the
use of all materials that may have negative environmental (including
health) effects;

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Environmental Standards Management and Mitigation Monitoring Responsibility

Issue and Requirement
Guidelines s
Occupational Occupation  The Resident Engineer has to ensure that If any material or substance is used Daily Building/civil
health and al Safety that is at any point in the future deemed to be deleterious to health, then it auditing and contractor;
safety. and Health must be replaced with an acceptable alternative; spot checks; and Resident
Act:  The Contractor has to adhere to safety regulations outlined in the Local Report Engineer.
Government Adoptive by-laws, Building Order 1968 (Building Code) and the monthly.
Building Operations and Works of Engineering Construction (The
Occupational Safety and Health Act 2007);
 The Resident Engineer should ensure strict safety management through
close attention to design, work procedures, materials and equipment.

Impact on EMCA;  For the Power supply, the contractor should obtain necessary approvals / Daily Building/civil
Utilities Water Act. permits from KPLC under the direction of the Resident Engineer; auditing and contractor;
 The contractor should obtain necessary approval forms from the Resident spot checks; and Resident
Engineer for the sourcing of water for construction works; Report Engineer.
 Construction workers should be sensitised by the contractor on the monthly.
importance of energy management;
 The Resident Engineer has to monitor water consumption and utilisation;
 The contractor should sensitise construction workers on the importance of
proper water management;
 The Resident Engineer has to ensure that all wastewater are drained into
approved drainage facilities.
Contractor EMCA;  The contractor should undertake an initial environmental awareness training Daily Building/civil
Code of Building session prior to any work commencing on site, where the target audience is auditing and contractor;
Conduct Rules all project personnel. The training should include but not be limited to the spot checks; and Resident
following: Report Engineer.
Occupation
 Basic awareness and understanding of the key environmental features of

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Environmental Standards Management and Mitigation Monitoring Responsibility

Issue and Requirement
Guidelines s
al Health the work site and environs; monthly.
and Safety  Understanding the importance of and reasons why the environment must
(OSHA) Act. be protected;
 Ways to minimise identified environmental impacts;
 Relevant requirements of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
provided in this report;
 Health risks pertinent to the site, including prevention of communicable
diseases;
 Prevention and handling of fire.
 The Environmental consultant should conduct environmental awareness
training in liaison with the Contractor and the Resident Engineer;
 The Resident Engineer and the contractor has to ensure that site staff found
to be involved in incidences of theft or pose other security risks to the local
community are to be dismissed and reported to the authorities.
Environmental EMCA.  Provision of progressive demolition of support structures not required for Daily Building/civil
Monitoring. project operation; auditing and contractor;
 Progressive rehabilitation of construction sites including camp sites, spoil spot checks; Resident
disposal sites, Quarry and borrow pit areas using bioengineering measures; Report Engineer.
including re-vegetation, and other soil stabilization measures, monthly. and Project
 Progressive reinstatement of services affected by the dam;
Environmental
 Monitoring programs will be necessary for noise, air quality, and dust during
scientist.
the construction phase;
 Environmental monitoring during construction should be conducted twice
(2) a year for the entire project by the Project Environmental scientist in
order to ascertain the level of compliance of the works to the developed
environmental management plan (EMP).
Operation
Leakage / EMCA,  The NIB Management should undertake regular surveillance to ensure in the Daily NIB
Flooding from Water Act. highly unlikely event that a loss occurs, it is quickly detected and the auditing and Management.

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Environmental Standards Management and Mitigation Monitoring Responsibility

Issue and Requirement
Guidelines s
the Dam amount of water lost minimised by shutting down and isolating damaged spot checks;
sections; Report
 The NIB Management should ensure that aquifer depletion is prevented monthly.
through aquifer monitoring to determine the safe yield and limit abstraction
levels to the safe yields;
 The NIB Management should ensure the immediate shutdown of the dam
(central control) and subsidiary controls from the reservoirs once a leak has
been detected;
 NIB Management should ensure that secondary leak containment facilities
are installed or provided to limit the ponding and flooding;
 NIB management should form and designate an emergency response team
with access to specially designed and strategically located water leak
response equipment;
 NIB management should install and enforce the utilization of special marker
tape with an electric alarm to detect breakage;
 NIB management should ensure Installation of a pressure variation leak
detection system capable of responding to small sub-surface leaks;
 NIB management should ensure monitoring of the distribution network by
special patrols.
Site related oil EMCA  Rehabilitation of oil contaminated areas should be conducted through Daily NIB
spills. treatment and remediation of areas affected by oil spills from machinery auditing and Management.
and storage. spot checks;
Report
monthly.

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Environmental Standards Management and Mitigation Monitoring Responsibility

Issue and Requirement
Guidelines s
Possibility of EMCA,  Immediate shutdown of the dam works(central control) once a leak has Daily NIB
dam failure: Water Act. been detected; auditing and Management.
 Installation of secondary leak containment facilities to limit the ponding and spot checks;
flooding; Report
 Designation of an emergency response team with access to specially monthly.
designed and strategically located water leak response equipment.
Loss EMCA,  Use of special marker tape with an electric alarm to detect breakage; Daily NIB
containment: Water Act.  A pressure variation leak detection system capable of responding to small auditing and Management.
sub-surface leaks. spot checks;
Report
monthly.
Loss detection: EMCA,  Monitoring of the dam by special patrols. Daily NIB
Water Act. auditing and Management.
spot checks;
Report
monthly.
Waste EMCA.  The NIB management should abide by the waste management plan within Daily NIB
Production this report that includes handling, collection, storage and disposal of auditing and Management.
operation waste. spot checks;
Report
monthly.
Impacts on EMCA.  During operation, NIB management has to ensure that proper engineering Daily NIB
Soils designs and equipment are accompanied by sound management auditing and Management.
practises. Poor maintenance of the dam will result in failure of the system spot checks;
resulting to subsequent leakages and ponding. Report
monthly.
Impacts on EMCA,  NIB management should ensure operations of the dam do not adversely Daily NIB
Water impact the environment by adhering to the Environmental management auditing and

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Environmental Standards Management and Mitigation Monitoring Responsibility

Issue and Requirement
Guidelines s
Resources. Water Act, plan. spot checks; Management.
Lakes and Report
Rivers Act. monthly.
Impact on EMCA;  NIB should maximise the contribution of daylight to reduce use of artificial Daily NIB
Utilities. Energy Act, lighting in the buildings; auditing and Management.
Water Act.  NIB should select the most efficient lighting system design and minimum spot checks;
lighting level appropriate for the required application; Report
 NIB should ensure Installation of energy saving appliances; monthly.
 NIB should ensure selection of the most effective lighting controls for optimal
operating efficiency and minimum energy wastage.
Corporate N/A  Water companies should sensitise affected communities on the dam and its Periodic NIB
Social related infrastructure. This can also be used as a platform by water Water Supply
Responsibility companies to target new consumers; Companies
 Water companies should inform the affected communities on good case
practices and water conservation measures to control wastage;
 NIB and Water companies should look into the reduction in tariffs so that
people can afford the water;
 WRMA in conjunction with NIB and any other interested water sector
stakeholders (such as NGOs and CBOs) should inform affected communities
and develop alternative options for supplementary water supply.
Corporate N/A  There is need for awareness and education programmes to foster changes Periodic NIB
Social in stakeholders’ attitudes on equitable distribution of the water supply. Water Supply
Responsibility  The availability of a grievance mechanism will give the residents a channel Companies
to state their issues and probably get them solved and prevent vandalism.
Vandalism and Water Act;  NIB should provide adequate non-chlorinated water points for the residents’ Daily NIB
illegal The Penal livestock; auditing and
connections Code.  NIB should ensure that monthly patrolling is done by air, and quarterly spot checks;
/tapping. patrolling by foot. Most of the patrols should be conducted in sensitive areas Report
depending on the need; monthly.

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Environmental Standards Management and Mitigation Monitoring Responsibility

Issue and Requirement
Guidelines s
 NIB should train and hire local villagers for foot patrolling.
Dam access EMCA.  Wear and tear of drainage structures leading to erosion and gulleying; Daily NIB
Road. The Public  Road safety risks to both humans and wildlife; auditing and Management.
Health Act  Dilapidation of sections of road surface by wildlife hooves and livestock on spot checks;
(Chapter their way to watering points; Report
242, Part IX):  The herders also wear the road when transporting livestock to market monthly.
centers;
 As the road passes through bush and thicket, lack of constant maintenance
means the road is easily encroached by bush and thicket.
 Indirect Impacts
Protection of EMCA;  Management of riparian land where the dam and its related infrastructure Periodic Water
Riparian Lands Water pass through. monitoring Resources
Manageme Management
nt Rules Authority;
2007. NIB
Decommissioning
Change of use EMCA;  In a situation where there is a change of use, decommissioning process may Daily NIB
situation Water Act. entail dam alterations; auditing and
 Upon demolition of some associated infrastructure, the affected land will spot checks;
need to be reclaimed or restored into a natural condition through Report
landscaping and planting of vegetation. monthly.

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Environmental Standards Management and Mitigation Monitoring Responsibility

Issue and Requirement
Guidelines s
End of life EMCA;  In a situation where the dam and associated infrastructure have completed Daily Civil contractor;
Situation Water Act. their useful life, decommissioning process will entail demolition of the auditing and NIB
erected infrastructure and dismantling of the entire associated system; spot checks;
 Site clearing of the site and reclaiming or restoring the affected land into a Report
natural condition will then follow; monthly.
 Restoration of the affected land may involve the filling in of dam-related
infrastructure and any other open pits and grading the land to its natural
contours, then planting appropriate tree species and under cover
vegetation to hold the soil in place and to prevent flooding;
 Planting of trees however, may not be necessary if the site is immediately
taken over for another development;
 The recovery of the dam will depend largely on the economic conditions
prevailing at the time of decommissioning.
Re-vegetation EMCA.  The reclamation and restoration process should include stakeholder Monitoring of Civil contractor;
during all levels consultations to avoid introduction of unsuitable vegetation (such as any NIB
of introduction of eucalyptus along river valleys) or invasive weed species. proposed
decommissioni decommissio
ng ning
programme

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8 PROJECT COST ESTIMATES AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION

8.1 Cost Estimates

Preliminary dam construction costs were estimated based on preliminary design

proposals discussed in the preceding chapters of this report. The costs are derived
using prevailing construction rates in Kenya. The scope of works is expected to involve
embankment construction, spillway excavation, draw off works and tower, relocation
of infrastructure site roads instrumentation and ancillary works such as fencing and site
roads.

Unit costs were developed from the prevailing construction costs of clearing of borrow
sites, striping of top soil, excavation, hauling, stockpiling, placing and compacting to
approved maximum dry density. The unit costs take into account of other
construction elements such as spillway, draw-off and construction of other ancillary
works. The overall dam construction cost is developed from the following components
of the bills of quantities as presented in the table 8.1 below.

The estimated cost for the construction of the three dam options of Radat Dam are
summarised below. A more accurate cost estimate will however be produced during
the detailed design stage.

Table 8:1 Estimated Project Cost

Description of Works Radat Site 1 Radat Site 2 Radat Site 3

A.1 PRELIMINARY WORKS 300,000,000 300,000,000 300,000,000

A.2 DIVERSION WORKS 83,250,000 83,250,000 83,250,000

A.3 DAM WORKS 8,933,286,990 8,933,286,990 7,042,419,267
A.4 SPILLWAY 370,562,500 356,125,000 356,125,000
A.5 RESERVOIR 251,250,000 356,125,000 280,015,000
A.6DAM ANCILLARY
1,532,500,000 356,125,000 1,440,000,000
WORKS
A.7 HYDROPOWER
500,000,000 500,000,000 500,000,000
GENERATION
11,970,849,490 10,884,911,990 10,001,809,267
A.8 Detailed Design and
Construction Supervision 299,271,237 299,271,237 250,045,232
(2.5%)
A.9 Contingencies and
598,542,474 601,823,624 500,090,463
Price Adjustments (5%)
A.10 TOTAL COST 12,868,663,201 12,939,207,926 10,751,944,962
Add 16% VAT 2,058,986,112 2,070,273,268 1,720,311,194
A.11 NET COST 14,927,649,314 15,009,481,195 12,472,256,155

The estimated cost for the construction of the Radat Dam and the related auxiliary
works for the three sites range between 12.5 and 15 Billion Kenya Shillings. A more
accurate cost estimate will however be produced during the detailed design stage.

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8.2 Project Financial And Economic Evaluation

In this section, conventional economic and financial analyses to determine the
viability of the recommended project is considered and appropriate
recommendations made. The economic value of the project to the beneficiary and
the country is ascertained in terms of social enhancement, poverty reduction, food
security, import substitutions, export earnings, recurrent expenditure (including O&M
costs), etc. All capital, operation, maintenance and replacement costs are also
estimated. The cost benefit ratio, internal rate of return and sensitivity analysis is also
analysed.

Project Replacement costs will be based on a replacement period of 10 years for

electrical and infield equipment, 8 years for the operation and maintenance
equipment; 15 years for irrigation facilities made with concrete and a project life of 30
years. Discounting rates are to be used to examine the net present value for costs
and benefits. The objective of the economic analysis is:

 Evaluation of the project contribution to the development of society

 Evaluation of the direct and indirect economic impacts, and qualitative
estimation of the indirect economic benefits and costs
 Computation of the economic return of the proposed project, in comparisons
with their costs along the time horizon of these projects.

8.2.1 Basic Assumptions

For cost-benefit analysis, various factors have to be considered. All these factors play
essential role in the decision process though to varying degree. Most important factors
are the project investment costs and the accruing benefits. The following assumptions
have been made for the financial and economic analysis:

 There will be ready and consistent market for the proposed farm produce;
 The economic life of the dam is assumed to be 30 years;
 The project will be fully implemented and start operations in second year; with
50% being in the first and 25% in the second and third years respectively
 A capital discounting rate of between 8% and 12% is assumed
 Crop intensities of 100%, 140% and 180% have been assumed for the first,
second and the third cropping years respectively. A higher cropping intensity
can however be achieved depending on water availability and how well
organized farmers are in terms of carrying out critical farm operations such as
land preparation;

8.2.2 Project Costs

The economic analysis is based on the preliminary construction cost which excludes
initial administrative costs. The economic cost will be disbursed according to the
construction schedule to be developed. The project construction and operation and
maintenance costs for the various proposed options are summarized below.

Capital Costs
The estimated project cost are summarised in section above summarised in chapter 8
of the report.

Recurrent costs
Recurrent costs refer to the annual expenses required to continuously operate and
maintain the proposed dam project and the related components. These includes

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maintenance and operation expenditures such energy, chemical, personnel costs

and cost of repairs. They do not include regular replacement and debt services
charges and depreciation. The following four main groups are considered as
recurrent cost in undertaking financial analysis.

 Personnel costs
 Operation and maintenance costs
 Administration Costs,
 Statutory Costs (WRMA, NEMA etc)

Maintenance Costs
The maintenance cost for the project will increase with age. The annual cost is
estimated as a percentage of the construction costs. The rates used are adopted
form the practice manual for water supply services.

% Annual
Item Economic Capital cost
maintenance Maintenance
description life (years) (Ksh)
Cost Costs (Kshs)
Radat Site 1 30 12,270,120,727 0.50 61,350,604
Radat Site 2 30 11,184,183,227 0.50 55,920,916
Radat Site 3 30 10,251,854,498 0.50 51,259,272

It is assumed that WRMA will levy water abstraction fee to the dam project at a fee of
10% of the net revenue.

8.2.3 Project Benefits

Benefits accruing from the proposed project are classified as either direct or indirect.
Direct benefits are those, which arise as direct results of the investment programs.
Indirect benefits on the other hand are those which require a further management or
investment decisions by the farmer in order to achieve any additional gains in output
or productivity. With indirect benefits the propose project is regarded as the initial
infrastructural investment required as a precursor to improved irrigation and farm
management practices. The benefit analysis has constructed in such a way to
analyses the impact of these benefits.
Benefit I -The project benefit is estimated as the difference between the annual net
production values under in the future with and without project implementation. The
crop production will gradually increase after commencement of the partial operation
of the project. The build-up period for a fully developed production will assumed
annual project benefit amounts indicative of the gross margins for the crops grown by
the farmer within the project area as assembled.
Benefit II- benefits due to increase in crops yield with proper irrigation practice and
good farm management. In the absence of any project and of adequate water
management at the arterial level it would be unrealistic to project the performance
of the project at a constant value. The situation "with project" will anticipate a gradual
improvement in performance at farm level as cultivators react to the greater reliability
and efficiency of water management in output and crop margins.

Irrigation Benefits
Currently the main agricultural activities in the areas are confined to rain-fed

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agriculture grown during the long and short rainy season mainly for subsistence. The
area has huge potential for agriculture but this has not been explored due to
inadequate rainfall. Farmers keep Zebu and Dairy cattle, sheep goats and local
poultry. Oxen are kept to assist farm operation during land preparation and planting.
Dairy cattle keeping is only with a few farmers same as exotic poultry. The dam
project is proposed to put approximately 17,500 hectares of land to irrigated
agriculture.

Increase in Crop Yield and Production

Present yield of crops in the project area remains at low level due to low input, poor
farm management and climatic stresses. After the completion of year-round irrigation
system, yield of crops is expected to sharply increase and stabilize through farmers
being accustomed to irrigation farming practices and intensive agriculture. The target
yield and production of crops in future with-project condition as set forth were
presented earlier, making reference to various data in Kenya and in the country with
a similar climatic condition and Farm Management Handbook. Moreover, present
district level statistics are used to project current yields.

Table 8:2 Gross Margins for Food and horticultural crops in the region.
Rainfed Condition Irrigated Conditions
Total Total Gross Total Total Gross
revenue Variable Margin revenue Variable Margin
(Kshs.) cost (Kshs.) (Kshs.) cost (Kshs.)
Enterprise/Crop (Kshs.) (Kshs.)
Mangoes 0 0 0 412,500 81,810 330,690
Bananas 0 0 0 335,775 53,528 282,248
Tomatoes 120,000 59,425 60,575 264,000 90,700 173,300
Water melon 90,000 47,000 43,000 180,000 65,700 114,300
Onions 90,000 63,140 26,860 160,000 96,120 63,880
Green grams 25,200 11,470 13,730 50,400 23,300 27,100
Grain Maize 24,000 14,020 9,980 54,000 29,630 24,370
Sorghum 18,000 10,975 7,025 39,960 22,270 17,690

Yield of crops grown under non-irrigation conditions is so assumed to stay at the same
level of the present yield. Under with-project condition, cropping intensity becomes
doubled; non-harvested area is sharply decreased; to the contrary, yield of each
crop is sharply increased. The Economic analysis was undertaken for Horticultural
(Average gross Margins of Kshs 193,000) and Food Crops (Average Gross Margins of
Kshs 23,000)

Computing the Benefit-Cost Ratio

To compute the benefit- cost ratio, we must decide on the discount rate to be used.
Two discount rates are commonly used, Opportunity cost of capital and the
borrowing rate, a third less common one, the social rate of return is also used.
Probably the best discount rate to use is the opportunity cost of capital. However it is
difficult to estimate the actual opportunity cost of capital. In most developing
countries it is assumed to be somewhere between 8 and 15%. The social rate of return,
a rate which, as it is suggest reflects the time preference of the society as a whole

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than does the opportunity cost of capital.

Choosing the Discount Rate

For benefit cost ratios or net present worth calculations the most appropriate rate is
the opportunity cost of capital that rate which will just result in all the capital in the
economy being invested if all possible projects were undertaken which yielded similar
or more return. 8, 10, 12% is used iteratively in this study; the figure generally lies
between 8 %and 15%. A different (generally lower) rate of interest should be used for
public projects than for private projects. It should be emphasized that financial rates
of interest such as the government borrowing rate or the prime-lending rate are
always too low to justify their use in economic analysis.

8.3 Cash Flow Analysis in Financial Terms

Cash flow analyses were prepared for each project. The flows are set out on the base
assumptions for costs and benefits as discussed earlier, with all prices included in
financial terms. The economic assessment has been done through different
parameters such as:

 Net Present Value / Worth (NPV/W)

NPV is the difference of total discounted benefits to the total discounted costs.

 Benefit cost Ratio (B/C)

B/C is the ratio of total discounted benefits to the total discounted costs.

 Internal Rate of Return (IRR)

IRR is that discount rate which makes NPV zero. Equation for IRR is given below:

 A 
IRR  a%   X (b%  a%)
A B 

Where a is the lower discount rate

b is the higher discount rate
A is the NPV at rate a%
B is the NPV at rate b%

Two discounting rates have been used to determine IRR. If the final value of IRR is
found to be greater than the upper discounting rate; then, project is economically
viable. The discounting factors adopted for the benefit cost ratio and the net present
worth is at 8%. The results of the analysis are presented in Appendix D (sensitivity
analysis).

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8.4 Sensitivity Analysis

8.4.1 Approach
The general guidelines for sensitivity analyses set out in the terms of reference include
the effects of higher or lower capital and production costs, yield and prices. The
potential effect of a delay in the execution of the project is also referred to
specifically for review. The technique of sensitivity analysis is particularly important in a
project of this kind where both difficulties with planning data and complex inter-
relationships between potential investments decisions can obscure decision-making.

8.4.2 Sensitivity Tests

In addition to NPV and IRR analysis, the project was subjected to sensitivity analysis
as follows:
 20% increase in investment cost;
 20 % decrease in revenues;
 10% increase in operation and maintenance costs.

Summary of results is provided in the table below. The results show that the project
return positive NPVs and IRRs greater than 8-10 % even when project costs are
increased by 20%, revenue is decreased by 20% or maintenance cost increased by 10
%. The project is thus financially and economically viable.

The analyses with the above variations are presented in appendix. Summary of
sensitivity analysis is presented in the table below.

Table 8:3 Results of Sensitivity Analysis for Radat Dam Site 1

Cost
Internal
Net Present Present Value Present Value benefit
Description rate of
value of benefits of costs (b/c)
return (IRR)
ration

Base Case: 3,033,680,195 18,464,871,427 15,431,191,232 1.20 9.46%

Sensitivity Analysis:
Investment Costs
109,818,403 1.01 6.94%
Increase by 20% 18,464,871,427 18,355,053,024
Benefits Decrease by
-659,294,090 0.96 6.49%
20% 14,771,897,142 15,431,191,232
Operation and
maintenance costs 2,871,303,741 1.18 8.50%
Increase by 10% 18,464,871,427 15,593,567,686

Table 8:4 Results of Sensitivity Analysis for Radat Dam Site 2

Cost
Internal
Net Present Present Value Present Value benefit
Description rate of
value of benefits of costs (b/c)
return (IRR)
ration

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Cost
Internal
Net Present Present Value Present Value benefit
Description rate of
value of benefits of costs (b/c)
return (IRR)
ration

Base Case: 4,399,380,631 18,464,871,427 14,065,490,796 1.31 10.27%

Sensitivity Analysis:
Investment Costs
1,734,288,189 1.10 7.80%
Increase by 20% 18,464,871,427 16,730,583,238
Benefits Decrease by
706,406,346 1.05 7.34%
20% 14,771,897,142 14,065,490,796
Operation and
maintenance costs 4,251,374,914 1.30 9.44%
Increase by 10% 18,464,871,427 14,213,496,513

Cost
Internal
Net Present Present Value Present Value benefit
Description rate of
value of benefits of costs (b/c)
return (IRR)
ration
Base Case: 5,571,899,079 18,464,871,427 12,892,972,348 1.43 11.08%
Sensitivity Analysis:
Investment Costs
3,128,972,368 1.20 8.64%
Increase by 20% 18,464,871,427 15,335,899,059
Benefits Decrease by
1,878,924,793 1.15 8.17%
20% 14,771,897,142 12,892,972,348
Operation and
maintenance costs 5,436,231,320 1.42 10.35%
Increase by 10% 18,464,871,427 13,028,640,107

8.5 Conclusions and Recommendations

8.5.1 Conclusions
Due to the high flow fluctuations and the water deficit in the Perkerra basin, a dam
with a large reservoir is required to regulate the river flow. The consequence is a dam
with a relatively high construction cost. From the economic and financial analysis, the
dam project is not viable at capital discounting rates above 8%. The irrigation will
help the farmers achieve higher yields, cropping intensities, gross margins, and reduce
the current production risks. This needs a strategy that supports farmers to start with
the crops they know even for the marketing aspects. The system seeks to irrigate the
areas presently under rain-fed crops. This project concept is based on the fact that
water is a resource, which can be delivered to anybody anywhere and hence has
the least impact on the social setup of the community as they are today.

8.5.2 Recommendations
It is recommended that the project be implemented after undertaking of the detailed
investigations and design of the proposed components. More emphasis however

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should be on production of high value horticultural crops.

8.5.3 The Project and its justification

The proposed Radat dam is expected to regulate flow in Perkerra to guarantee
irrigation requirement of 3.25m3/s requirements to expand the Perkera irrigation
scheme. The project will augment food security, reduce poverty level among the
population in the project area as well as enhance commercial agricultural
production. These will directly answer to the Vision 2030 for this country and the Worlds
MDGs. The project will make contribution to increased employment opportunities in
the project area, during construction and when operational. The latter particularly will
be realized through the labour intensive vegetable and rice production. Employment
will also be available throughout the construction period of main and in-field irrigation
systems. A number of secondary benefits will also be realized which include:
Improvement of farm households’ nutrition; Income and employment opportunities
generated through the marketing of farm produce; suppliers of crop inputs (seed,
fertilizers and pesticides), contract services (land preparation and transport) and the
agro-processing industry; and opportunities for employment local contractors during
project implementation.

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Appendices

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Appendix I: Drawings

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Appendix II: Cost Estimates

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