INTRODUCTION

The longitudinal profile is the graphic representation of the intersection of the terrain with a plane.
vertical that contains the longitudinal axis, with this we obtain the topography of the terrain at
along the leveling line. And the cross profile is the representation of the terrain with
a vertical plane, perpendicular to the longitudinal axis at the point of the axis of symmetry (stake),
carried out at each of the points that define the longitudinal axis, in order to calculate the
volume of excavation and/or embankment, for its perfect use later in the future
of the work.
The most important application of geometric leveling is the obtaining of profiles of
land along an engineering work. Generally, the cross-section of the works
it has a line of symmetry. Thus, the longitudinal axis of the drawing is called the line formed by the
horizontal projection of the succession of all the axes of symmetry of the cross-section.
Thus, the longitudinal profile is the graphical representation of the intersection of the land with a
vertical plane that contains the longitudinal axis, with this we obtain the altimetry shape
land along the leveling line. And the cross profile is the representation of the
land with a vertical plane, perpendicular to the longitudinal axis at the point of symmetry axis
(stake), carried out at each of the points that define the longitudinal axis, in order to
calculate the volume of excavation and/or embankment, for its perfect use afterwards
in the future of the work.
 PRACTICE N°3
LONGITUDINAL PROFILE - CROSS SECTIONS

I-OBJECTIVES:
Properly use the instruments employed, which must be combined with a correct decision-making.
the measures required for the future project that will be carried out in that location.
Gain experience in the field of handling surveying instruments
through practice.
Prepare the various field data in the determination of a profile that
show with considerable accuracy the real characteristics of the terrain
willing to topographic survey.
Take a good plan of the longitudinal profiles to calculate the cuts or
embankments of each of the profiles, in order to calculate upon completion of the
location of the land, which will oversee the future earth movement in the work.

II-THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:

1.1 LONGITUDINAL PROFILE

One of the most common and important applications of geometric leveling is the
obtaining terrain profiles, along an engineering project or in a direction
dad. Hydraulic works such as canals and aqueducts, communication routes and
transport, whether roads, highways and/or streets, avenues, and even railways, are
formed by a series of straight lines and another series of curves generally
circular accessed to straight lines. Generally, the cross-section of the works
mentioned, has an axis of symmetry, or a reference axis that does not vary from type to
length of the layout. In turn, the longitudinal axis of the layout is called the line formed by the
horizontal projection of the succession of all axes of symmetry or reference of the section
transversal, understanding that any path, railway, channel, or aqueduct line is
straight when its longitudinal axis is. Now, if we consider the longitudinal axis of a
traced as a guideline and we also consider a vertical line that is moved
based on that guideline, therefore, the longitudinal profile is the intersection of the land
with a vertical cylinder that contains the longitudinal axis of the drawing.
PLOT OF THE PROFILES
Once the altitudes of all points have been calculated, usually referred to a level
conveniently chosen, those are taken on graph paper or special paper for
profiles. When it is necessary to draw a longitudinal profile with other transverse ones, one takes the
same scale to represent the altitudes of both profiles.

LONGITUDINAL PROFILES
It is the section produced in this by a series of vertical surfaces that follow the
trajectories of the axis of a longitudinal development work. These profiles consist of
generally consists of two parts: the data and the graphic part.
Longitudinal profiles give us
they indicate the behavior of the
land along an axis
determined. They can be observed in
he the slopes, the areas of
dismantle, embankment.

The data included in the profile

longitudinal are organized in
the guitar. Among them we find
the distances from the origin of the layout and
the distances between points
considered in the profile. These
considered points may be
land breaks (for example,
for a pipe) or have a gap
fixed (as in a linear work)

The limits can also be reflected.

of the land and the elevation and its
difference
(RED DOTS):
Red elevation = benchmark elevation - ground elevation
We see that if the red bound is positive
we talk about embankment, if not,
we will have a deforestation area.
 GRAPHIC PART OF A LONGITUDINAL PROFILE
The graphic representation generally consists of two parts.
Fundamentally: The terrain is the graphical representation in projection
vertical of the section produced in the ground by the surfaces that it
Define. The starting data to draw the profile can be a plan.
quotas and distances obtained by leveling (trigonometric or geometric)
according to the required accuracy) of a series of characteristic points of the trace
of the profile.

To trace the terrain profile, we take a series of points.

representatives of the land that we call cross profiles; the
we represent these points using Cartesian coordinates,
generally two scales are used: one horizontal (Eh) and another vertical (Ev);
normally the vertical scale is 10 times larger than the horizontal scale, although
Depending on the case, they may be in a different proportion.

TRANSVERSE SECTIONS
We must consider the transversal profiles, which are the intersection of
land, with a vertical plane normal to the longitudinal axis of the land, that is,
transversal profiles are perpendicular to the longitudinal profile; generally
 these cross-sectional profiles are taken in front of each of the stakes
what the layout indicates and are raised to a larger scale than the
longitudinal, since the main objective of these profiles is to obtain against
each stake the most accurate shape possible of the cross-section of the work and
special importance in the study of roads and canals. The profiles are
they first mark with pulls and then with sights or a measuring tape, and with a
level is raised.
When the cross profiles are very uniform, they should be raised from
in the same way as the longitudinal profiles, noting the altitudes and
distances read in a record similar to the one used and endorsed previously in
longitudinal profiles. All readings must generally,
approach the centimeter. But when the cross profiles are very
irregulars (roads, streams, landmarks, boundaries, etc.), are all drawn
details in a sketch, on which all measurements and readings are noted
made during the uprising.
The transverse profile is drawn so that the left and the right are the
of the longitudinal profile, assuming that it is traversed in the direction of its
ascending numbering, as in the figure.

The points of the cross-sections can also be numbered, and in the

sketch only these points and the planimetric measurements are noted
(horizontal distances), recording the leveling readings in the log of
field, identical to that of the longitudinal profiles.
Regarding the previous illustration, it can be added that they are all the
approximate measurements to the decimeter only, but it is better to round them off
heights in centimeters, while for horizontal distances it is sufficient in
general with the decimeter.
 The level is placed at a previously determined point on the profile.
longitudinal and ensures observation by reading the height of a point of
well-chosen check or that of another point of the same longitudinal profile;
It can also be parked at a point on a leveling itinerary.
that passes close to the profile that is to be lifted.
CROSS SECTION SKETCH

1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

In the 18th and 19th centuries, the art of topography advanced more rapidly. The need
of maps and delineating borders with other countries led to England and France
extensive surveys will be conducted that required precise triangulations. In this way
Geodesic surveys began. Topography came to have a place.
preeminent due to the increase in land value and the importance of achieving boundaries
precise, in addition to the growing demand for improvements in roads, highways and
railways. In recent years, the large volume of constructions, the need for
best records for many land subdivisions and the lawsuits imposed by the
fields of exploration and ecology, have resulted in a huge program of
elevations.

1.3 IMPORTANCE OF PRACTICE

This field practice serves as a reference for the knowledge of the various
applications of altimetric processes; one of them, and of great importance for the
civil engineering; the 'Leveling', a generic term that applies to any of the various
procedures through which elevations or level differences are determined between
points, whose results are used in road, railway, canal, and construction projects
drainage and water supply systems whose slopes are optimally adapted to
the existing topography; in the layout of constructions according to elevations
planned, in the calculation of earthworks volumes and other materials, etc.
III-EQUIPMENT USED.
For the development of the fieldwork and to determine the planimetric measurements, we
consider the following instruments:
1.-WINVHA OF 50 METERS

2.- PULLS

3.-CORD

4.-GYPSUM
5.-TOPOGRAPHIC MAP

6-TRIPOD

7.-LEVEL

8.-TOPOGRAPHIC CALCULATOR AND NOTEBOOK

 IV- FIELD PRACTICE
This practice of longitudinal profiling and cross-sections was conducted on Saturday, 18th of ...
May at 9:00 AM behind the Faculty of Industrial Engineering of the university
national of Piura.
The Navarre engineer gathered us at the facilities of the civil engineering faculty,
Then he proceeded to group us to distribute the material and give some instructions.
General information about longitudinal profile practice and cross-sectional sections.

We head towards the field located behind the engineering faculty.

industrial, place where practice No. 3 would take place.

We gathered for the explanation of the practice and began to carry it out.

We took the tape measure and took a measurement of 100, then with the pulls, it was made the
corresponding alignment.

Once the alignment has been achieved, stakes are placed every 20 meters.
which is later positioned to take the corresponding readings.

We define the location and elevation (30m) of the BM.

The level is parked to then take readings by composite leveling, it is changed.

of the station as deemed appropriate.

viii. The back reading or additive reading to the BM was carried out.

Intermediate readings or subtractive readings were taken at each of the points of

parking.

x. We define the cross-sections perpendicular to the central line at each station

spacing them every 4 meters for a total of three stations on the right side as
on the left side, defined as follows; 4I, 8I, 12I, of the same
way the right part; 4D, 8D, 12D.

xi. We carry out the previous procedure for each of the remaining stations.

The necessary measurements and readings are taken and recorded in the field notebooks, then
With that data, a complete analysis is carried out and the graphs are made.
corresponding to the place where the work was done.
V.-PHOTOGRAPHIC PANEL

VI.-RECOMMENDATIONS

The leveling installation is vital in the planned operations for the work, that's why
one must have the skill to place the level correctly at the stations.
arbitrary.
The person in charge of overseeing the stay must have basic skills to not
to make the mistake of not keeping the plumb line vertical and perpendicular to the horizontal plane
of the point in question.
The person in charge of the readings throughout the level must follow the instructions to the letter.
following recommendations:
maintain a somewhat mobile state regarding the perimeter of the tripod legs
to avoid unleveling the level
to be aware of the work that is done and to know each of the stages of
same to avoid wasting time and mistakes that compromise the structure
of the work
to possess skills in reading the graduations present in the stay and their
various units of measurement, to avoid errors in appraisal, and this does not
affect the calculation procedure
Be aware of all stages of the work and the operations
corresponding to each of them to avoid data exclusion.
Take good care of the Surveying equipment by making sure not to 'lose' any parts.
of the same in the workplace.

VII.-CONCLUSIONS
The longitudinal profile procedure is used for construction of
works of great length and little width.
The longitudinal profile is then the cross-section that is made over
a piece of land that at first glance cannot be observed and that by means of the
the development of this procedure is calculated.
The data contained in the longitudinal profile is of great importance.
to determine the gradients of the projected works. Likewise, their
information is crucial for obtaining the necessary data for the
reconsideration of this type of work.
 The determination of the height of points by the leveling method
trigonometry facilitates the execution of topographic work of a nature
altimetric, where we can find various factors such as;
the time required to carry out the work, the arrangement of equipment
suitable topographic, the easy handling of the data at the time of
perform the calculations, etc. This means a saving in resources
available to use. But this does not summarize the true importance
of the method, since it is generally directed at jobs where there is
presence of large areas of land and too many slopes
between minimum distances.

VIII.-BIBLIOGRAPHY
TOPOGRAPHY Wolf / Brinker Ninth edition Alfaomega
ALVARO TORRES NIETO, TOPOGRAPHY, NORM PUBLISHING
COLOMBIA 1968.
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