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Waves Class11 Notes Detailed

These physics notes for Class 11 cover essential concepts related to waves, including types, definitions, and key formulas. Topics include mechanical and electromagnetic waves, wave equations, sound waves, interference, standing waves, resonance, and the Doppler effect. The notes provide a comprehensive overview for quick revision and understanding of wave phenomena.

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18 views4 pages

Waves Class11 Notes Detailed

These physics notes for Class 11 cover essential concepts related to waves, including types, definitions, and key formulas. Topics include mechanical and electromagnetic waves, wave equations, sound waves, interference, standing waves, resonance, and the Doppler effect. The notes provide a comprehensive overview for quick revision and understanding of wave phenomena.

Uploaded by

chanchalkaryat111103
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Physics Notes

Class 11 – Waves

These notes cover important definitions, formulas, and derivations for quick revision.
1. Introduction
A wave is a disturbance that propagates through a medium, transferring energy without transfer of
matter.
Types of Waves:
• Mechanical waves (require medium: sound, water).
• Electromagnetic waves (no medium: light, radio).

2. Types of Mechanical Waves


• Transverse Waves: Particle motion ■ wave direction (e.g., light, water surface).
• Longitudinal Waves: Particle motion ■ wave direction (e.g., sound in air).

3. Basic Terms
• Wavelength (λ): Distance between two successive crests/compressions.
• Frequency (f): Number of oscillations per second.
• Time period (T): T = 1/f.
• Wave velocity (v): v = fλ.
• Amplitude (A): Maximum displacement of particle.

4. Wave Equation
Equation of progressive wave:
y(x,t) = A sin(kx - ωt + φ)
where k = 2π/λ (wave number), ω = 2πf (angular frequency), φ = phase constant.

5. Sound Waves
Sound waves are longitudinal mechanical waves.
Velocity of sound:
v = √(γP/ρ) = √(γRT/M)
where γ = Cp/Cv, P = pressure, ρ = density, R = gas constant, M = molar mass.

6. Superposition Principle
When two or more waves overlap, resultant displacement = algebraic sum of displacements.

7. Interference of Waves
• Constructive: Crest + Crest → maximum amplitude.
• Destructive: Crest + Trough → minimum amplitude.

8. Beats
When two waves of frequencies f1 and f2 interfere:
Beat frequency = |f1 - f2|.

9. Standing Waves
Formed by superposition of two opposite waves with same amplitude and frequency.
• Nodes = points of zero displacement.
• Antinodes = points of maximum displacement.

10. Resonance in Strings & Pipes


For string of length L (fixed ends):
f■ = v/2L ; fn = nv/2L (all harmonics).

Closed organ pipe (one end closed):


f■ = v/4L (only odd harmonics).

Open organ pipe (both ends open):


f■ = v/2L (all harmonics).

11. Doppler Effect


Change in apparent frequency due to motion:
f' = f((v ± vo)/(v ■ vs))
where v = sound speed, vo = observer speed, vs = source speed.
Important Derivations & Formulas
Wave Equation Derivation
Consider SHM of a particle: y = A sin(ωt).
For wave travelling in +x direction: y(x,t) = A sin(kx - ωt).

Speed of Sound
From Newton’s law: v = √(P/ρ).
Corrected by Laplace: v = √(γP/ρ).

Equation of Standing Wave


y = 2A sin(kx) cos(ωt)
Nodes at sin(kx)=0 → x = nλ/2.
Antinodes at sin(kx)=±1 → x = (2n+1)λ/4.

Resonance in String
Fundamental frequency: f1 = v/2L.
Harmonics: fn = nv/2L.

Closed Pipe
Fundamental: f1 = v/4L (only odd harmonics).

Open Pipe
Fundamental: f1 = v/2L (all harmonics).

Beats Formula
f_beats = |f1 - f2|.

Doppler Effect Formula


f' = f((v ± vo)/(v ■ vs)).

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