CHAPTER 1: NUMBER SYSTEMS

NOTES
Introduction

In this chapter, you have studied the following points:

𝑝
1. A number r is called a rational number, if it can be written in the form , where p and q
𝑞
are integers and q ≠ 0.
𝑝
2. A number s is called an irrational number, if it cannot be written in the form 𝑞 , where p
and q are integers and q ≠ 0.
3. The decimal expansion of a rational number is either terminating or non-terminating
recurring. Moreover, a number whose decimal expansion is terminating or non-
terminating recurring is rational.
4. The decimal expansion of an irrational number is non-terminating non-recurring.
Moreover, a number whose decimal expansion is non-terminating non-recurring is
irrational.
5. All the rational and irrational numbers make up the collection of real numbers.
6. If r is rational and s is irrational, then r + s and r – s are irrational numbers, and rs and
𝑟
are irrational numbers, r ≠ 0.
𝑠
7. For positive real numbers a and b, the following identities hold:
2
(i) √𝑎𝑏 = √𝑎 × √𝑏 (iv) (√𝑎 + √𝑏) = 𝑎 + 2(√𝑎𝑏) + 𝑏
𝑎 √𝑎
(ii) √𝑏 = (v) (𝑎 + √𝑏)(𝑎 − √𝑏) = 𝑎2 − 𝑏
√𝑏
(iii) (√𝑎 + √𝑏)(√𝑎 − √𝑏) = 𝑎 − 𝑏
8. Rationalisation of an irrational number: The process of converting an irrational
number into a rational number by multiplying it with a suitable irrational number is called
rationalization of that irrational number.
Rationalizing the denominator
Type 1: When the denominator is in √𝑥 form- In such cases we multiply the numerator
and denominator by √𝑥.
Example: Rationalize the denominator of:
1 1
a. 2 b. 12
√ √
1 1 2 2
Solution: a. = × √2 = √2
√2 √2 √
 1 1 1 3 3
b. =2 =2 × √3 = √6
√12 √3 √3 √
Type 2: When the denominator is in √𝑥 ± √𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ± √𝑦 𝑜𝑟 √𝑥 ± 𝑦 form- In such cases
we multiply the numerator and denominator by its conjugate.
Example: Rationalize the denominator of:
1 2 2
a. 3− 2 b. 7− 3 c. 4+ 2
√ √ √
√ √
1 1 √3+ √2 √3+ √2 √3+ √2 √3+√2
Solution: a. = × = 2 2 = = = √3 + √2
√3−√ 2 √3− √2 √3+ √2 (√3) −(√2) 3−2 1
2 2 7+ 3 2(√7+√3) 2(√7+√3) 2(√7+√3) 7+ √3
b. = × √7+√3 = 2 2 = = =√
√7−√ 3 √7−√ 3 √ √ (√7) −(√3) 7−3 4 2
2 2 4− 2 2(4−√2) 2(4−√2) 2(4− 2) 4−√2
c. 4+ = × 4−√2 = 2 = = 14√ =
√2 4+√2 √ 2
(4) −(√2) 16−2 7
9. Laws of Exponents:
a. 𝑎𝑚 . 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛
𝑎𝑚
b. 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛
𝑎
c. (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛
d. 𝑎0 = 1, 𝑎 ≠ 0
1
e. 𝑎−𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚
f. 𝑎𝑚 . 𝑏 𝑚 = (𝑎𝑏)𝑚
𝑎𝑚 𝑎 𝑚
g. = (𝑏 )
𝑏𝑚
h. 𝑎1 = 𝑎
𝑚
𝑛
i. √𝑎𝑚 = 𝑎 𝑛
j. 𝐼𝑓 𝑎𝑚 = 𝑎𝑛 ⟹ 𝑚 = 𝑛
WORKSHEET
MCQ

Q1. Every rational number is

a) a natural number b) an integer
c) a real number d) a whole number
Q2. Decimal expansion of a rational number cannot be
a) terminating b) non terminating non repeating
c) non terminating repeating d) None of these
Q3. The difference of a rational and an irrational number is
a) an integer b) may be a rational number
c) always a rational number d) always an irrational number
Q4. The square of an irrational number
a) an integer b) sometimes rational, sometimes irrational
c) always a rational number d) always an irrational number
1
Q5. is equal to
√8−√32
√4+2√2
a) √2 b) 4
√4−2√2 1
c) d) −
4 √2
 2−1
Q6 if √2 = 1.4142, then √√ is equal to
√2+1
a) 2.4142 b) 5.8282
c) 0.4142 d) 0.1718
Q7. The product of 3√3. 4√3. 12√243 equals
a) √3 b) 3
12
c) √3 d) 12√243
̅ in the form 𝑝, where p and q are integers and 𝑞 ≠ 0, is
̅ + 0.47
Q8. The value of 0.6 + 0. 7 𝑞
167 90
a) b) 167
90
67 67
c) d)
90 190

Q9. √7 + 2√10 is equal to

a) 9√10 b) √5 + √2
c) √5 − √2 d) √7 − √2
7
Q10. After rationalizing the denominator of , we get the denominator as
3√3−2√2
a) 13 b) 19
c) 5 d) 35
BASIC
1 1
Q1. Find 3 rational numbers and 3 irrational numbers between 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3.
Q2. Find five rational numbers between √3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 √5.
𝑝
Q3. Represent the following as rational nos. in form (in its lowest form)
𝑞
a. 0.375 ̅
c. 0. 4
b. 0.473̅ d. 0. ̅̅̅̅̅
627
Q4. Simplify by rationalizing the denominator
3 30 4√3+5√2
a. b. c.
√15 5√3−3√5 √48+√18
Q5. Simplify the following expression and identify if the following are rational or irrational
2
a. (5 + √7)(2 + √5) c. (√3 + √7)
b. (√11 + √7)(√11 − √7) d. (5 − √5)(5 − √5)
Q6. Simplify:
3
81 3
25 − 2 5 −3 4 3
a. (16)− 4 × [( 9 ) ÷ ( 2) ] 𝑐. √ √𝑥 2
1
b. 42𝑥 =
32
Q7. Represent √2, √3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 √5 on the number line.
5+ 3 5− 3
Q8. Simplify: 7−4√ 3 − 7+4√ 3.
√ √
1
Q9. Find 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = √2 + 1
2− 5 2+ 5
Q10. If 𝑎 = 2+√5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 2−√5, then find (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 .
√ √
 HOTS
𝑥𝑎 𝑎2 +𝑎𝑏+𝑏 2 𝑥
𝑏
𝑐 2 +𝑏𝑐+𝑏 2 𝑥
𝑐 2 +𝑎𝑐+𝑐 2
Q 1. Prove that (𝑥𝑏 ) ( 𝑥𝑐 ) (𝑥𝑎 )𝑎 = 1 if a, b and c are rational nos. and x is
a real no.
𝑥−1 𝑦2 1 𝑥6 𝑦 −3 1
Q2. If ( 𝑥3𝑦 −2 )3 ÷ ( 𝑥−2𝑦3 )2 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑦𝑏 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑎 + 𝑏 = −1
Q3. Simplify by rationalizing the denominator
3√2−2√3 √12
a. +
3√2+2√3 √3−√2
𝑏2
b. √𝑎2 +𝑏 2 +𝑎
1
Q4. If 𝑥 = 2 + √3, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑥 3 + 𝑥3 .
Q5. If 25 𝑥−1 = 52𝑥−1 − 100, find the value of x.
1
Q6. If 𝑥 = 3√28 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 3√27, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑥2 +𝑥𝑦+𝑦2.
15
Q7. Evaluate if √5 = 2.236 and √10 = 3.162.
√10+√20+ √40−√5−√80
Q8.
i. If 𝑎 = 𝑥 𝑚+𝑛 𝑦𝑙 , 𝑏 = 𝑥 𝑛+𝑙 𝑦𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = 𝑥 𝑙+𝑚 𝑦𝑛 , prove that 𝑎𝑚−𝑛 𝑏 𝑛−𝑙 𝑐 𝑙−𝑚 = 1.
ii. If 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 , 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑛+𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑙+𝑚 , prove that 𝑥 𝑚 𝑦𝑛 𝑧 𝑙 = 𝑥 𝑛 𝑦𝑙 𝑧 𝑚.
5−√21 1 1 1
Q9. If 𝑥 = , prove that (𝑥 3 + 𝑥3 ) − 5 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥2 ) + (𝑥 + 𝑥 ) = 0
4
1
Q10. If 𝑥 = 2− 3, find the value of 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 5.
√