POWER TRANSFORMERS

PROTECTION
Advanced module
AED MASTER CLASS 2018

Date:12.04.2018
PROGRAM

Generality and Definitions

Introduction to transformer protections

Details of transformer protections and

constraints

Conclusion – Typical schemes

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 Generality and Definitions
Introduction to transformer protections

Details of transformer protections and constraints

Conclusion – Typical schemes

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 THE TRANSFORMER : Why ?
Distance between generation places and consumers

Need to transfer the Energy

Generattion
center

Need to reduce looses and conductor

sizes Industrial Consumer Résidential,...

Need to transform the energy :

Then, increase the voltage in order to reduce the current

Exemple : thermal power plant 660 MVA 20kV/225kV Cable overheating consideration
Without transf. P=UI√3 => 660000 = 20. I. √3 => I = 19000 A Cross Section = 17800mm² ∅ =150mm
With transf. P=UI√3 => 660000 = 225. I. √3 => I = 1690 A Cross Section = 1500mm² ∅ =44mm

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 TRANSFORMER: Theory
An alternative current will create an electromotive force and therefore an alternative flux
into the transformer core
Similarly, this alternative flux will generate an induction voltage accross the secondary
winding. If the circuit is closed, this induced voltage will generate an induced current with
opposite sense (Lenz law)
I1 I2
Ø

V1 Ep n1 n2 Es V2

Practically, primary and secondary windings are placed together arround the same
magnetic core, in order to reduce magnetic loses

I1 generates a flux Ø = BS with B= 4Π 10-7 nI (Weber)

I1/I2 = V2/V1 = n1/n2

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 TRANSFORMER: Connections
The required transformer will be manufactured depending on the winding terminal
connections at primary and secondary sides

A a
A2 A1 a1 a2
Example :
Transformer : Dy11
B b
B2 B1 b1 b2
HV Winding

MV Winding
C c
Vector Group C2 C1 c1 c2
A a a2
The secondary winding is C1 A2
30° leading with the a1
primary winding c1 b
A1 b1 b2
C2
C B1 B2 B c2
c
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 Vector group
How to find back the terminals connection

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Transformer Vector Groups

Group 1 Yy0
Dd0
0 Phase displacement Zd0
Group 2 Yy6
Dd6
180 Phase displacement Dz6
Group 3 Yd
1
30 Lag phase displacement Dy
1
Yd11
Group 4 Yz
Lead phase Dy11
30 displacement 1
Yz11

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 Construction and different types
Yd11(+30°)

Without oil Transformer (P<2.5MVA)

Magnetic circuit
Connection terminals

Winding

Insulation

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 Construction and different types
In Oil Transformer

Connection terminals Connection terminals MV

HV side Bushing side Bushing

Oil conservator Cooling

System

Oil Case

Oil Circulator
LV Terminals

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 Construction and different types
Three phases Transformer Single phaseTransformer

In air Primary side

GIS Secondary
side

Fire
Protection

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 Manufacturer Design Information

Example 1
400MVA
(Hyundai)

Example 2
650MVA
(ABB)

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 Manufacturer Design Information
Typical Values

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 Manufacturer Design Information
Typical values and definitions (continued)

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 AUTOTRANSFORMER PRINCIPE
TYPICAL SCHEME :
S1 S1

I1 I2
P1 P1
U2
I2 U2
U1 I1
U1 I1- I2
P2 S2 P2 S2

TRANSFORMER AUTOTRANSFORMER

Autotransformer Principle
Primary winding is seeing a current eqal to (I1-I2),
Remaining winding is seeing I2 (lower than I1)

Advantage
Reduction of Magnetic circuit and size
=> Cost reduction, for the same equivalent power

Disadvantage
No perfect insulation between primary and secondary winding
=> Overvoltages can be transferred between primary and secondary.

Use
=> Mainly used when voltages at HV and MV sides are similar
(400 / 225 kV in France and up to 765 kV in other countries

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 DIFFERENT TYPES of TRANSFORMER
and AUTOTRANSFORMER
- Up to 225 kV, Primary side can have a delta connection
- For 400 kV and above, primary side is always with star connection,
(where the voltage at primary side is less important than in delta connection)

TYPICAL SCHEMES
HT B
400Kv

TSA
TSA

RPN

HT B ou HT A
HT B
225 Kv
HT B

TPN TSA TSA

BPN

40 Ω HT A

HT A

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 Generality and Definitions

Introduction to transformer protections

Details of transformer protections and constraints

Conclusion – Typical schemes

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 Transformer Fault consequences

Transformer faults are rare

Failure rate below than most of other
components

but
Transformer faults not cleared
cause large damage with long
repair time

Average outage time for repair higher than most of other components

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 Transformer Fault Category

Insulation faults
Deterioration with ageing / oil quality, etc..
Deterioration with overheating
Voltages surges (operation, lightning,…)
Mechanical stress (through fault current)

Winding failures (most frequent)

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 Means to protect

Insulation faults
Deterioration with ageing / oil quality, etc..
Deterioration with overheating
Voltages surges (operation, lightning,…)
Mechanical stress (through fault current)

Winding failures (most frequent)

Bucholz + Gas analysis

May allow repair before any
winding failure

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 Means to protect

Terminals failures
Deterioration with ageing / oil quality, etc..
Deterioration with overheating
Voltages surges
Mechanical stress (through fault current)

Winding failures (most frequent)

Thermal Overload Protection

May allow shutdown before

any winding failure
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 Means to protect

Terminals failures
Deterioration with ageing / oil quality, etc..
Deterioration with overheating
Voltages surges
Mechanical stress (through fault current)

Winding failures (most frequent)

Overfluxing Protection

May allow shutdown before

any winding failure
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 Means to protect

Terminals failures
Deterioration with ageing / oil quality, etc..
Deterioration with overheating
Voltages surges
Mechanical stress (through fault current)

Winding failures (most frequent)

Surge Arrestors

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 Means to protect

Terminals failures
Deterioration with ageing / oil quality, etc..
Deterioration with overheating
Voltages surges
Mechanical stress (through fault current)

Winding failures (most frequent)

Phase and Earth

Overcurrent Protection
Or Fuses
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 Means to protect

Terminals failures
Deterioration with ageing / oil quality, etc..
Deterioration with overheating
Voltages surges
Mechanical stress (through fault current)

Winding failures (most frequent)

Differential Protection

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 Generality and Definitions

Introduction to transformer protections

Details of transformer protections and

constraints
Conclusion – Typical schemes

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 Overfluxing Protection
Differential Protection
Phase Overcurrent Protection
Earth Fault Overcurrent Protection
Buchholz

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Effect of Overload on Transformer Insulation Life
Relative rate
of using life

100
With ambient of 20 C.
Hot spot rise of 78 is
design normal.
A further rise of 6 C
10 doubles rate of
using life.

1.0

98 Hot spot temp C

0.1
80 90 100 110 120 130 140
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 Overheating Protection

Trip
I load
Alarm
TD
setting
On
Top oil of I load Fan
power control
transformer Off

On
Pump
control
Off
Heater Temp. indication
Local
Thermal Temperature Remote
replica sensing resistor
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Overheating Protection
Estimation through the thermal constant
I2
knowledge
I22 T2
I12 T1
IR2 TMAX

Time (s)
t2 t1
Time (s)

t1
t2 Thermal withsatnd

Current
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 Overfluxing Protection
Differential Protection
Phase Overcurrent Protection
Earth Fault Overcurrent Protection
Buchholz

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 Overfluxing
• Definition : overfluxing = excessive magnetic flux = saturation of magnetic
circuit(Core)

• Application : High Power Plant Step-up Transformer

• Origin :
♦ Overvoltage situation (ex : loss of an important load in the network)
♦ Under-frequency situation (ex : generator excitation at low speed when
start-up with AVR in service)

• Consequences :

♦ Increase of magnetising current

♦ Overheating of laminations and
metal parts
♦ Increase of noise and vibrations
♦ Thermal over-aging or destruction of
insulation parts
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 Overfluxing
•How to detect :
• magnetizing current is depending of Voltage / frequency ratio
• Boucherot Formula : Flux = {V * √2 / (2 * Π * N * F)} * cos (wt - Π/2) with
N = number of turns
• magnetizing current is detected as a fault current by the differential
protection => need for a detection and a blocking system

• How to protect :
• Calculation of [V/F] ratio, alarm or trip depending on the reached value
• Settings :
• criteria : no pick-up for magnetizing current corresponding to a voltage of 110%
on Vn, under nominal frequency
• 1 independant time alarm threshold set at 1.05*Vn/Fn - 10s
• 1 dependent time tripping threshold set at 1.1*Vn/Fn, with a tripping curve
lower than the overexcitation withstand curve given by the manufacturer

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 V/f – Tripping Characteristic

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 Overfluxing Typical data from
Manufacturer (Source ABB)

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 Overfluxing Protection
Differential Protection
Phase Overcurrent Protection
Earth Fault Overcurrent Protection
Buchholz

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 Differential Protection

•Objective : internal fault detection

•Principe : comparaison phase by phase of entering and
leaving currents in the power transformer (vector sum)

Transformer safe or external fault:

The current inside R is nil

Transformer with internal fault:

The current inside R is a
function of the fault current

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 Differential Protection
PROTECTED
ZONE
HV LV

Correct application of differential protection requires CT ratio and

winding connections to match those of transformer.
CT secondary circuit should be a “replica” of primary system.
Consider :
(1) Difference in current magnitude (Main Transformer + CT),
(2) Phase shift,
(3) Zero sequence currents, caused by an external fault,
(4) The influence of the tap changer if any.

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 Differential Protection Application

CT Ratio correction
Vector Group correction
Differential element
Inrush current

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 Magnitude correction
♦ correct operation = on Load condition or with through fault current,
the differential current must be zero
♦ application case :
▲transformer = 33/11kV - 10MVA - 13% - Ynd11
▲CT33kV = 200/1A - CT11kV = 400/1A

I L= 175A 10 MVA
200/1 I = 525A 400/1
L
11kV
33kV

0.875A 1.31 Amps

1A 1A
1.14 0.76
87

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 Differential Protection Application

CT Ratio correction
Vector Group correction
Differential element
Inrush current

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 Vector Group Correction - Static Relays

Yd11

Dy1(-30 ) R
R
R

Vector and Ratio correction by interposing CT

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 Vector Group Correction - Static Relays

Yd11

R
R
R

Vector and Ratio correction by CT Connection

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 Vector Group Correction - Numerical Relays
Example

Vector Group Correction : Transformer Yd5 (MiCOM P63x algorithm)

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 Synthesis – Numerical relays
Dy1 (-30 )

-I0
87

Vector and Ratio Vector and Ratio

correction correction
Zero sequence current compensation
(stability for external single phase faults)

Phase, CT ratio and zero sequence current corrections by Software

(no added Hardware and no Interposing CTs)

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 Differential Protection Application

CT Ratio correction
Vector Group correction
Differential element
Inrush current

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 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
operating elements
• Objective of the bias characteristic :
• Increase the protection stability for external faults (CTs errors)
• Provide sufficient sensitivity for in zone faults 3

Différentiel current(x In)

• Bias characteristic Principe :
Operate

Id = | I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 |
• sensibility = Starting element 2

Vectorial sum
• 1st slope : 30% from 0 up to In_max
▲Gives a correct sensitivity for
in zone faults up to the max 1
permanent load current Block
▲Compensation of errors due to
extreme position of the tap
0 1 2 3 4
changer (15%) and CT (5%)
Bias current (x In)
• 2nd slope : 80% after In_max
Ib = ( I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 ) / 2
▲insure the stability is case of through fault current
(with CT saturation) Magnitude sum

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 Biased Differential Scheme

Differential
Current I1 - I2

I1 BIAS BIAS I
2 Trip
I1 - I2

OPERATE
no Trip

Mean Through
Current
During Normal Load I1 + I2
2

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 Biased Differential Scheme

Differential
Current I1 - I2

I1 BIAS BIAS I
2
Trip
I1 - I2

OPERATE
no Trip

Mean Through
Current
I1 + I2
Possible errors due to CT class and tap 2
changer position

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 Biased Differential Scheme

Differential
Current I1 - I2

I1 BIAS BIAS I
2
Trip

OPERATE
no Trip

Mean Through
Current
Differential Current I1 + I2 I1 + I2
2
Bias Current I1 + I2
2
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 Differential Protection Application

CT Ratio correction
Vector Group correction
Differential element
Inrush current

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 Transformer Differential Protection
Effect of magnetising current

● Appears on one side of transformer only

- Seen as fault by differential relay

- Transient magnetising inrush could cause relay to operate

● Makes CT transient saturation

- Can make maloperation of Zero sequence relay at primary

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 Transformer Magnetising Characteristic

Twice
Normal
Flux

Normal
Flux

Normal
No Load Current

No Load Current
at Twice Normal
Flux
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Schneider Electric Jean Marmonier - 20/01/11 54
 IR
P1 P2
IS S1 S2
P1 P2
IT S1 S2
P1 P2
S1 S2

IR + IS + IT = 3Io = 0
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Exemple of Transformer Magnetizing curve
Autotransformer 275/400 kV 650 MVA (ABB)

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 Exemple of Transformer Magnetizing
curve

Effect of magnetizing current

Disturbance recorder exemple

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 Inrush current value
Typical values

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 Tripping characteristic

Id/IB Id,y = Is,y,a + Is,y,b

8
Tripping area IR,y = 0,5 ⋅ Is,y,a − Is,y,b

6 Fault current
characteristic
for single-side
Tripping threshold settings :
4
feed ● General case when starting :
m2 = 0,7 - Calculation of Id et Ir
- H2 ou H5 calculation
Blocking area - Decision (tripping or blocking)
2
m1 = 0,3 ● Tripping time reduction if Id > “Idiff>>” :
IR,m2/IB = 4,0 - This cannot be an inrush current => no
Id>/IB = 0,2 calculation of H2 ou H5
0 2 4 6 8 - Decision (tripping or blocking)
I II III ● Tripping time reduction if Id > “Idiff>>>” :
IR/IB - This cannot be an external fault at
secondary side
- Trip

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 Thermal Overload Protection
Overfluxing Protection
Differential Protection
Phase Overcurrent Protection
Earth Fault Overcurrent Protection
Buchholz

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 Phase Overcurrent Protection

Requirements
● Fast operation for primary short circuits
● Discrimination with downstream protections
● Operation within transformer withstand
● Non-operation for short or long term overloads
● Non-operation for magnetising inrush

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 Phase Overcurrent Protection

HV
Source LV

50

51

50 set to 1.2 - 1.3 x through fault level

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 Thermal Overload Protection
Overfluxing Protection
Differential Protection
Phase Overcurrent Protection
Earth Fault Overcurrent Protection
Buchholz

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Differential Protection Application

Restricted earth fault Differential

protection (REF)

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 Tank protection

• Protection will only operate in case of

Internal earth fault with tank
=> Network must be solidely grounded

• Objective : protect the transformer against:

♦ internal insulation faults between winding and tank

♦ Bushing insulation fault (fault not detected by Buccholz relay)

• Principle : use of a neutral core CT between tank and ground

=> in case of insulation fault (at primary or secondary side), the fault current will
flow through the earth cable

• Relay familly : single phase over current relay

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Tank protection
•Advantage :

♦ instantaneous protection

• Disadvantage :

♦ to incease its sensitivity and selectivity, the tank and all accessories (LV control
box,…) must be isolated from ground (basement with concrete or wood)

♦ the relay must not operate for an external earth fault => relay with low
sensitivity

• Special Application: when the distance between the transformer and the busbar is
very short, using unipolar cables,

♦ principle : the cable screen is isolated at one side and connected to the tank at the
other side

♦ advantage : instantaneous protection

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Differential Protection Application

Restricted earth fault Differential

protection (REF)

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REF Sensitivity versus differential protection
REF ↔ DIFF: In-Zone fault inside the transformer Y(d)yn
Na Nb
C C

B B

A A
IA,a 0 k 1

2 k ⋅ Nb 2 k ⋅ Nb IY,b
I A, a = ⋅ ⋅ I Y, b = ⋅ ⋅ k ⋅ I G/F, max
3 Na 3 Na
Na
and with = 1:
Nb
2 2
I A, a = ⋅ k ⋅ I G/F, max
3
2 Id,G = I Y,b = k ⋅ IG/F, max
I d = I A, a = ⋅ k 2 ⋅ I G/F, max
3

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REF Sensitivity versus differential protection
REF ↔ DIFF: In-Zone fault inside the transformer YNd
Na Nb
C C

B B

A A
IA,a 0 k 1
N N
I A, b = k ⋅ a ⋅ I Y, a = k ⋅ a ⋅ k ⋅ I G/F, max
Nb Nb IY,b
Na 1
and with = :
Nb 3
1
I A, b = ⋅ k 2 ⋅ I G/F, max
3
 1 
2 ⋅  ⋅ k 2 ⋅ I G/F, max 
I C,b − IB, b 2 ⋅ I A, b  3  = 2 ⋅k2 ⋅ I
Id = = = Id,G = I Y,a = k ⋅ IG/F, max
G/F, max
3 3 3 3

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REF

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Earth fault Overcurrent Protection
Differential Protection

The fault at secondary

star connection side may
x
not be detected by the
differential protection

IF

Differential Protection Setting % of Star Winding Protected

10% 58%
20% 41% 59% of winding unprotected
30% 28%
40% 17%
50% 7%
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Earth fault Overcurrent Protection
I as multiple
of Max fault Current

1.0

x
0.9 Star Side
0.8
Delta Side
0.7

0.6
Phase R
Overcurrent 0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1
χ p.u..
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

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Earth fault Overcurrent Protection
I as multiple
of Max fault Current

1.0

x
0.9 Star Side
0.8
Delta Side
0.7

0.6
Phase R
Overcurrent 0.5

0.4

0.3

The star Winding fault 0.2

cannot be detected by 0.1
Phase overcurrent at the χ p.u..
primary (Delta) side
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

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Earth fault Overcurrent Protection
I as multiple
of Max fault Current

1.0

0.9
x
0.8
Star Side
0.7

0.6 Delta Side

Phase R
Overcurrent 0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1
χ p.u..
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

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Earth fault Overcurrent Protection
I as multiple
of Max fault Current

1.0

0.9
x
0.8
Star Side
0.7

0.6 Delta Side

Phase R
Overcurrent 0.5

0.4

0.3

The star Winding fault 0.2

cannot be detected by 0.1
Phase overcurrent at the χ p.u..
primary (Delta) side
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

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Earth fault Overcurrent Protection

Phase
Overcurrent

Overcurrent Protection on
the Star Earthing point

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Earth fault Overcurrent Protection

Phase
Overcurrent

Overcurrent Protection on
the Star Earthing point

But this relay is also

Must be time delayed !
sensitive to external faults
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Earth fault Overcurrent Protection

Phase
Overcurrent

Restricted Earth Fault

Protection

No Trip for external faults

Instantaneous Trip for internal faults
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REF – High Impedance: Principle
C

RCT,P

RL,P saturated CT RL,P

RL,Y

Rstab

RCT,Y
Id,G>

RL,Y
Voltage across the stabilizing resistor:
Vsc,ext,max = Isc,ext,max ⋅ (R CT,P + 2 ⋅ RL,P )

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 Use of high impedance earth fault principle
Stability level : usually maximum through
fault level of transformer
P1 P2
S1 S2
P1 P2
S1 S2
P1 P2
S1 S2

P1 S1

P2 S2

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Use of high impedance earth fault principle

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Use of high impedance earth fault principle

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Earth fault Overcurrent Protection

Protection Time delayed (after closing)

● Makes tripping when closing on fault longer

High Impedance zero sequence measurement

● Makes relay immune to CT saturation

● But requires Cl X type CT

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Earth fault Overcurrent Protection

P1 P2
S1 S2
P1 P2
S1 S2
P1 P2
S1 S2

High Impedance relay

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Earth fault Overcurrent Protection

P1 P2
S1 S2
P1 P2
S1 S2
P1 P2
S1 S2

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 Restricted E/F Protection
Low Voltage Windings

A B C N

LV restricted E/F protection trips both HV and LV breaker

Recommended setting : 10% rated
Attention : Not applicable when grounding system is earthed

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 Overfluxing Protection
Differential Protection
Phase Overcurrent Protection
Earth Fault Overcurrent Protection
Buchholz

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Bucholtz Protection Application

Accumulation of gaz
Oil Leakage
Interturn faults

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Bucholtz Protection Installation
Oil conservator

Bucholz Relay

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Bucholtz Protection Installation

3 x internal pipe To oil conservator

diameter (minimum)
5 x internal pipe
diameter (minimum)

76 mm typical

Transformer

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Buchholz Relay

Petcock
Alarm bucket

Mercury switch

To oil
conservat
or
From
transformer Trip bucket

Deflector plate Drain plug

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Buchholz Relay

Effects of Oil Maintenance

● After oil maintenance, false tripping may occur because Oil aeration

Bucholz relay tripping inhibited during suitable

period

Need of electrical protection

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 Bucholtz Protection Application

Accumulation of gaz
Oil Leakage
Interturn faults

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 Inter-Turn Fault

CT
E
Shorted Load
turn

Nominal turns ratio : 11,000 / 240

Fault turns ratio : 11,000 / 1

Current ratio :1 / 11,000
Primary Secondary
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 Inter-Turn Fault

CT
E
Shorted
turn

Nominal turns ratio : 11,000 / 240

Fault turns ratio : 11,000 / 1

Current ratio :1 / 11,000
Primary Secondary
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 Interturn Fault Current / Number of
Turns Short Circuited
Primary current
(multiples of
rated current)
100

Fault current
(multiples of
80 rated current)

60

40

20

Turn short-
circuited
5 10 15 20 25
(percentage of
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winding)
 Interturn Fault Current / Number of
Turns Short Circuited
Primary current
(multiples of
rated current)
100

Fault current
(multiples of
80 rated current)

60 Fault current very high

40 Detected by Bucholz relay

20
Primary phase current very low

5 10 15 20 25
Not detected by
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current operated 97
relays
 Generality and Definitions

Introduction to transformer protections

Details of transformer protections and constraints

Conclusion – Typical schemes

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 Up to 1MVA
3.3kV

51 50
200/5 51 50 N N

1MVA
1500/5
3.3/0.44kV

51
N

64 1500/5

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 1 - 5MVA
11kV

51 50 P121

64

5MVA
1000/5
11/3.3kV

51
N

64 1000/5

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3.3kV 100
Above 5MVA

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 Phase faults : case study with
overcurrent relays
Setting criteria :
Radial transformer ♦ Coordination between primary and
secondary faults
♦ insensibility to inrush current

PROTECTION TRANSFORMATEUR - CRITERES DE REGLAGES & SELECTIVITE

IEC extremely inverse

100

<80% Iccbi (the smallest at D1

but > I_inrush, 700 to 800 ms
1 protection secondaire transformateur
10
2-2b protection primaire transformateur
3 protection arrivée jeu de barres 5.5kV
Courant d'enclenchement transformateur
t (en s)

Tenue thermique transformateur

1
Icc tri D1
Icc bi D1
Icc tri D2
Icc bi D2
0.1
In transformateur

120% of Icc_tri_max at D1, 100 ms

0.01 or 150% of Icc_tri_max, 0 sec.
100 1000 10000 100000
I (en A)

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 Phase faults : case study with
fuse disconnectors

• Criteria for fuse selection :

♦ Nominal apparent power of the transformer

♦ Inrush Current

• Advantage : Low cost solution (no circuit breaker)

• Disadvantage :
♦ tripping characteristic must not operate for inrush current => high set
♦ no overload protection
♦ not sensible to resistant faults occuring at secondary side (common for LV
sides)
♦ selectivity with upstream relay = high set overcurrent setting on the upstream
relay

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 11kV Distribution Transformers Typical
Fuse Ratings

Transformer rating Fuse

Full load Rated Operating time at

kVA
current (A) current (A) 3 x rating(s)

100 5.25 16 3.0

200 10.5 25 3.0
300 15.8 36 10.0
500 26.2 50 20.0
1000 52.5 90 30.0

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 PROTECTION TRANSFORMATEUR :
SOLUTIONS AREVA

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 PROTECTION TRANSFORMATEUR :
SOLUTIONS AREVA

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Modèle - Révision du document
Révision Commentaire Auteur Date
Version A R.FERROUDJI Avril 2008
Version B J.C. MOLLARD Sept 2010
Version B1 MAJ Schneider A. FLORIS Mars 2011

Non traité : - influence flux libre ou forcé

- Phase shift transformer

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Make the most of
your energy™