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UNIT – 2
C O M PUTE R
NETWORKS ONAL THINKING
Data Communication
Terminologies
(ONE SHOT)
CLASS XII COMPUTER SCIENCE
CODE 083
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TOPICS COVERED
Data Communication Terminologies:
Concept of Communication
Components of Data Communication
(Sender, Receiver, Message, Communication Media, Protocols)
Measuring capacity of communication media
(bandwidth, data transfer rate)
IP Address
Switching techniques (Circuit switching, Packet switching)
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Concept of Communication
The term ―Data Communication‖ comprises two words: Data and
Communication.
Data can be any text, image, audio, video, and multimedia files.
Communication is an act of sending or receiving data.
Data communication refers to the exchange of data between two or
more networked or connected devices. These devices must be capable
of sending and receiving data over a communication medium.
Examples of such devices include personal computers, mobile phones,
laptops, etc.
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A simple network of computing devices
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Components of Data Communication
Following are the five most important components of data
communication between two computing devices.
Sender
Receiver
Communication medium(transmission media)
Message to be communicated,
Protocols (certain rules) to be followed during
communication.
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Components of Data Communication
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Components of Data Communication
Sender: A sender is a computer or any such device which
is capable of sending data over a network. It can be a
computer, mobile phone, smart watch, walkie-talkie, video
recording device, etc.
Receiver: A receiver is a computer or any such device
which is capable of receiving data from the network. It can be
any computer, printer, laptop, mobile phone, television, etc. In
computer communication, the sender and receiver are
known as nodes in a network.
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Components of Data Communication
Message: It is the data or information that needs to be exchanged
between the sender and the receiver. Messages can be in the form of
text, number, image, audio, video, multimedia, etc.
Communication media: It is the path through which the message
travels between source and destination. It is also called medium or link
which is either wired or wireless. For example, a television cable,
telephone cable, Ethernet cable, satellite link, microwaves, etc.
Protocols: It is a set of rules that need to be followed by the
communicating parties in order to have successful and reliable data
communication.You have already come across protocols such as
Ethernet and HTTP.
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Measuring capacity of communication media
In data communication, the transmission
medium is also known as channel.
The capacity of a channel is the maximum
amount of signals or traffic that a channel
can carry. It is measured in terms of
bandwidth and data transfer rate.
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Measuring capacity of communication media
In data communication, the transmission
medium is also known as channel.
The capacity of a channel is the maximum
amount of signals or traffic that a channel
can carry. It is measured in terms of
bandwidth and data transfer rate.
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Measuring capacity - Bandwidth
Bandwidth of a channel is the range of frequencies
available for transmission of data through that channel.
Higher the bandwidth, higher the data transfer rate.
Normally, bandwidth is the difference of maximum and
minimum frequency contained in the composite
signals.
Bandwidth is measured in Hertz (Hz).
1 KHz =1000 Hz
1 MHz =1000 KHz = 1000000 Hz
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Measuring capacity - Data Transfer Rate
Data travels in the form of signals over a channel. One
signal carries one or more bits over the channel.
Data transfer rate is the number of bits transmitted
between source and destination in one second. It is also
known as bit rate. It is measured in terms of bits per
second (bps). The higher units for data transfer rates
are:
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IP Address
An IP address (Internet Protocol address) is a
unique identifier assigned to each device
connected to a network that uses the Internet
Protocol for communication.
Think of it as the address of your device on the
internet or a local network. Just like a home
address helps deliver mail to your house,
An IP address helps route data to the correct
device.
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Types of IP Addresses
IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4):
Format: IPv4 addresses are written in a 32-bit format,
divided into four octets separated by periods (e.g.,
192.168.1.1).
Range: IPv4 provides about 4.3 billion unique addresses,
which were initially thought to be more than enough but
are now running out due to the growth of internet-
connected devices.
Example: Your home router might use an IPv4 address like
192.168.0.1 to identify itself on your local network.
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Types of IP Addresses
IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6):
Format: IPv6 addresses use a 128-bit format, written as
eight groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by colons
(e.g., 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334).
Range: IPv6 provides a vastly larger address space, allowing
for approximately 340 undecillion (3.4 × 10^38) unique
addresses, which should be sufficient for the foreseeable
future.
Example: An IPv6 address might look like
2607:fed5:4a4e:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000
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Switching Techniques
Switching is a technique of transferring the
information from one computer network to
another computer network.
Switching whereby data is routed through various
nodes in a network. This switching process forms a
temporary route for the data to be transmitted.
Two commonly used switching techniques are :
Circuit Switching and Packet Switching.
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Circuit Switching Techniques
Circuit Switching : In circuit switching, before a
communication starts, a dedicated path is identified
between the sender and the receiver. This path is a
connected sequence of links between network nodes. All
packets follow the same path established during the
connection.
Example
In earlier days, when we placed a telephone call, the switching
equipment within the telephone system finds out a physical path or
channel all the way from our telephone at home to the receiver’s
telephone.
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Packet Switching Techniques
Packet switching : In packet switching, each information or
message to be transmitted between sender and receiver is
broken down into smaller pieces, called packets. These packets
are then transmitted independently through the network.
Different packets of the same message may take different routes
depending on availability.
Each packet has two parts — a header containing the address of
the destination and other information, and the main message
part. When all the packets reach the destination, they are
reassembled and the complete message is received by the
receiver.
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Switching Techniques Wokrking
Step 1 − In a computer network the switching can be achieved by using
switches.
Step 2 − A switch is a small piece of hardware device that is used to join
multiple computers together with one local area network (LAN).
Step 3 − These are devices which are helpful in creating temporary
connections between two or more devices that are linked to the switch.
Step 4 − Switches are helpful in forwarding the packets based on MAC
addresses.
Step 5 − By verifying the destination address to route the packet a Switch is
used to transfer the data only to the device that has been addressed.
Step 6 − It will operate in full duplex mode.
Step 7 − It works with limited bandwidth, so it does not broadcast the
message.
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Circuit Switching vs. Packet
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