1. What is Electronics?

Answer:

The study and use of electrical devices that operate by controlling the flow
of electrons or other electrically charged particles.

2. What is the difference between Electronics and Electrical?

Answer:

Electronics work on DC and with a voltage range of -48vDC to +48vDC. If

the electronic device is plugged into a standard wall outlet, there will be a
transformer inside which will convert the AC voltage you are supplying to
the required DC voltage needed by the device. Examples: Computer, radio,
T.V, etc...
Electric devices use line voltage (120vAC, 240vAC, etc...). Electric devices
can also be designed to operate on DC sources, but will be at DC voltages
above 48v. Examples: are incandescent lights, heaters, fridge, stove, etc...

3. What is communication?

Answer:

Communication means transferring a signal from the transmitter which

passes through a medium then the output is obtained at the receiver.
(or)communication says as transferring of message from one place to
another place called communication.

4. Different types of communications? Explain.

Answer:

Analog and digital communication.

As a technology, analog is the process of taking an audio or video signal
(the human voice) and translating it into electronic pulses. Digital on the
other hand is breaking the signal into a binary format where the audio or
video data is represented by a series of "1"s and "0"s.
Digital signals are immune to noise, quality of transmission and reception is
good, components used in digital communication can be produced with
high precision and power consumption is also very less when compared
with analog signals.
5. What is latch up?

Answer:

Latch-up pertains to a failure mechanism wherein a parasitic thyristor (such

as a parasitic silicon controlled rectifier, or SCR) is inadvertently created
within a circuit, causing a high amount of current to continuously flow
through it once it is accidentally triggered or turned on. Depending on the
circuits involved, the amount of current flow produced by this mechanism
can be large enough to result in permanent destruction of the device due to
electrical overstress (EOS) .

6. What is diode?

Answer:

In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal device. Diodes have two active

electrodes between which the signal of interest may flow, and most are
used for their unidirectional current property.

7. What is transistor?

Answer:

In electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to

amplify or switch electronic signals. The transistor is the fundamental
building block of computers, and all other modern electronic devices. Some
transistors are packaged individually but most are found in integrated
circuits

8. What is sampling?

Answer:

The process of obtaining a set of samples from a continuous function of

time x(t) is referred to as sampling.

9. State sampling theorem.

Answer:
It states that, while taking the samples of a continuous signal, it has to be
taken care that the sampling rate is equal to or greater than twice the cut
off frequency and the minimum sampling rate is known as the Nyquist rate.

10. What are the advantages of resistors?

Answer:

 Resistors are very small in size.

 It is very easy to carry resistors from one place to another place.
 Resistors are very cheap.

11. What is the principle of microwave?

Answer:

Microwave essentially means very short wave. The microwave frequency

spectrum is usually taken to extend from 1GHZ to 30GHZ. The main
reason why we have to go in for microwave frequency for communication is
that lower frequency band are congested and demand for point to point
communication continue to increase. The propagation of the microwave
takes place in spacewave in v

12. What is cut-off frequency?

Answer:

The frequency at which the response is -3dB with respect to the maximum
response.

13. What is pass band?

Answer:

Passband is the range of frequencies or wavelengths that can pass through

a filter without being attenuated.

14. What is stop band?

Answer:
A stopband is a band of frequencies, between specified limits, in which a
circuit, such as a filter or telephone circuit, does not let signals through, or
the attenuation is above the required stopband attenuation level.

15. Define Power Rating?

Answer:

The power rating of a diode is defined as the maximum value of power that
can be dissipated without failure if V f is the forward biased voltage and I f
is the forward biased current.
Pd= V f x I f.

16. What is rheostat.

Answer:

Rheostat is a type of variable resistor which is used to control the flow of

electric current by manually increasing or decreasing its resistance.

16. What is demodulation?

Answer:

Demodulation is the act of removing the modulation from an analog signal

to get the original baseband signal back. Demodulating is necessary
because the receiver system receives a modulated signal with specific
characteristics and it needs to turn it to base-band.

17. Explain radio environment in building.

Answer:

 Building penetration: Building penetration depends on the material

used for construction and architecture used. This varies building to
building and is based on building construction.
 Building Height Effect: The signal strength is always higher at top
floor and generally floor gain height is about 2.7dB/floor which is not
dependent on building construction.
 Building Floor Reception: The signal isolation between floors in a
multi floor building is on the average about 20dB. Within a floor of
150 * 150 feet, the propagation loss due to interior walls, depending
 on the wall materials is about 20 dB between the strong and the
weak areas.

18. What is resistor?

Answer:

A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that opposes an electric

current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to
the current, that is, in accordance with Ohm's law:
V = IR.

19. What is inductor?

Answer:

An inductor is a passive electrical device employed in electrical circuits for

its property of inductance. An inductor can take many forms.

20. What is conductor?

Answer:

A substance, body, or device that readily conducts heat, electricity, sound,

etc. Copper is a good conductor of electricity.

21. What is a semi conductor?

Answer:

A semiconductor is a solid material that has electrical conductivity in

between that of a conductor and that of an insulator(An Insulator is a
material that resists the flow of electric current. It is an object intended to
support or separate electrical conductors without passing current through
itself); it can vary over that wide range either permanently or dynamically.

22. Name the modulation techniques.

Answer:
For Analog modulation--AM, SSB, FM, PM and SM
Digital modulation--OOK, FSK, ASK, Psk, QAM, MSK, CPM, PPM, TCM,
OFDM

23. Explain AM and FM.

Answer:

AM-Amplitude modulation is a type of modulation where the amplitude of

the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the information bearing
signal.
FM-Frequency modulation is a type of modulation where the frequency of
the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the information bearing
signal.

24. Explain RF?

Answer:

Radio frequency (RF) is a frequency or rate of oscillation within the range

of about 3 Hz to 300 GHz. This range corresponds to frequency of
alternating current electrical signals used to produce and detect radio
waves. Since most of this range is beyond the vibration rate that most
mechanical systems can respond to, RF usually refers to oscillations in
electrical circuits or electromagnetic radiation.

25. What is modulation? And where it is utilized?

Answer:

Modulation is the process of varying some characteristic of a periodic wave

with an external signals.
Radio communication superimposes this information bearing signal onto a
carrier signal.
These high frequency carrier signals can be transmitted over the air easily
and are capable of travelling long distances.
The characteristics (amplitude, frequency, or phase) of the carrier signal
are varied in accordance with the information bearing signal.
Modulation is utilized to send an information bearing signal over long
distances.

26. Where do we use AM and FM?

Answer:

AM is used for video signals for example TV. Ranges from 535 to 1705
kHz.
FM is used for audio signals for example Radio. Ranges from 88 to 108
MHz.

27. What is a base station?

Answer:

Base station is a radio receiver/transmitter that serves as the hub of the

local wireless network, and may also be the gateway between a wired
network and the wireless network.

28. What are the parts of Network Management System (NMS)?

Answer:

Following are the parts of network management system:

 OMC: Operation and maintenance center – Computerized monitoring

center.
 NMC: Network Management Center – Centralized control of a
network is done here.
 OSS: Operation and support system – Used for supporting activities
performed in an OMC and/or NMC.

29. How many satellites are required to cover the earth?

Answer:

3 satellites are required to cover the entire earth, which is placed at 120
degree to each other. The life span of the satellite is about 15 years.

29. What are GPRS services?

Answer:

GPRS services are defined to fall in one of the two categories:

 PTP (Point to point)

  PTM (Point to Multi point)

Some of the GPRS services are not likely to be provided by network

operators during early deployment of GPRS due in part to the phased
development of standard. Market demand is another factor affecting the
decision of operators regarding which services to offer first.

30. What is a repeater?

Answer:

A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it

at a higher level and/or higher power, or onto the other side of an
obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distances without
degradation.

31. What is an Amplifier?

Answer:

An electronic device or electrical circuit that is used to boost (amplify) the

power, voltage or current of an applied signal.

32. Example for negative feedback and positive feedback?

Answer:

Example for ve feedback is ---Amplifiers And for +ve feedback is Oscillators

33. How can a Pseudo Random Noise Code be usable?

Answer:

To be usable for direct sequence spreading, a PN code must meet the

following conditions:

 Sequence must be built from 2 leveled numbers.

 The codes must have sharp auto correlation peak to enable code
synchronization.
 Codes must have a low cross-correlation value, the lower it is, more
are the number of users which can be allowed in the system.
  The codes should be “balanced” i.e. the difference between ones and
zeros in code may only be one.

34. What is Oscillator?

Answer:

An oscillator is a circuit that creates a waveform output from a direct current

input. The two main types of oscillator are harmonic and relaxation. The
harmonic oscillators have smooth curved waveforms, while relaxation
oscillators have waveforms with sharp changes.

35. What is an Integrated Circuit?

Answer:

An integrated circuit (IC), also called a microchip, is an electronic circuit

etched onto a silicon chip. Their main advantages are low cost, low power,
high performance, and very small size.

36. What is handover and what are its types?

Answer:

Handover in mobile communication refers to the process of transferring a

call from one network cell to another without breaking the call. There are
two types of handover which are as follows:

1. Hard Handoff: hard handoff is the process in which the cell

connection is disconnected from the previous cell before it is made
with the new one.
2. Soft Handoff: It is the process in which a new connection is
established first before disconnecting the old one. It is thus more
efficient and smart.

37. What is crosstalk?

Answer:

Crosstalk is a form of interference caused by signals in nearby conductors.

The most common example is hearing an unwanted conversation on the
telephone. Crosstalk can also occur in radios, televisions, networking
equipment, and even electric guitars.

38. What is op-amp?

Answer:

An operational amplifier, often called an op-amp , is a DC-coupled high-

gain electronic voltage amplifier with differential inputs[1] and, usually, a
single output. Typically the output of the op-amp is controlled either by
negative feedback, which largely determines the magnitude of its output
voltage gain, or by positive feedback, which facilitates regenerative gain
and oscillation.

39. Explain Bluetooth.

Answer:

Bluetooth is designed to be a personal area network, where participating

entities are mobile and require sporadic communication with others. It is
Omni directional i.e. it does not have line of sight limitation like infra red
does. Ericsson started the work on Bluetooth and named it after the Danish
king Harold Bluetooth. Bluetooth operates in the 2.4 GHz area of spectrum
and provides a range of 10 meters. It offers transfer speeds of around 720
Kbps.

40. What is a feedback?

Answer:

Feedback is a process whereby some proportion of the output signal of a

system is passed (fed back) to the input. This is often used to control the
dynamic behaviour of the system.

41. What is CDMA, TDMA, FDMA?

Answer:

Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method utilized

by various radio communication technologies. CDMA employs spread-
spectrum technology and a special coding scheme (where each transmitter
is assigned a code) to allow multiple users to be multiplexed over the same
physical channel. By contrast, time division multiple access (TDMA) divides
access by time, while frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) divides it
by frequency.
An analogy to the problem of multiple access is a room (channel) in which
people wish to communicate with each other. To avoid confusion, people
could take turns speaking (time division), speak at different pitches
(frequency division), or speak in different directions (spatial division). In
CDMA, they would speak different languages. People speaking the same
language can understand each other, but not other people. Similarly, in
radio CDMA, each group of users is given a shared code. Many codes
occupy the same channel, but only users associated with a particular code
can understand each other.

42. explain different types of feedback

Answer:

Types of feedback:
Negative feedback: This tends to reduce output (but in amplifiers, stabilizes
and linearizes operation). Negative feedback feeds part of a system's
output, inverted, into the system's input; generally with the result that
fluctuations are attenuated.
Positive feedback: This tends to increase output. Positive feedback,
sometimes referred to as "cumulative causation", is a feedback loop
system in which the system responds to perturbation (A perturbation
means a system, is an alteration of function, induced by external or internal
mechanisms) in the same direction as the perturbation. In contrast, a
system that responds to the perturbation in the opposite direction is called
a negative feedback system.
Bipolar feedback: which can either increase or decrease output.

43. What are the main divisions of power system?

Answer:

The generating system,transmission system,and distribution system

44. What is Instrumentation Amplifier (IA) and what are all the
advantages?

Answer:
An instrumentation amplifier is a differential op-amp circuit providing high
input impedances with ease of gain adjustment by varying a single resistor.

45. Explain the concept of frequency re-use.

Answer:

The whole of the geographical area is divided into hexagonal shape

geometrical area called cell and each cell having its own transceiver. Each
BTS (cell site) allocated different band of frequency or different channel.
Each BTS antenna is designed in such a way that i cover cell area in which
it is placed with frequency allotted without interfering other sell signal.

1. What is the difference b/w Electronics and Electrical?

Electronics is the science which deals with the currents in semiconductor
materials, Vacuum tubes.Where electrical deals with the currents in
conductors
2.What are types of materials?
conductors (Energy gap is zero)
semiconductors (Energy gap is narrower) (si 1.1ev,ge 0.7ev)
Insulators (energy gap is widest).
3.What are the Semiconductor and conductors?
Semiconductor which has 4 electrons in its valance band, and
conductors has more than 4 electrons its valance band (best conductors:
Ag,Al,Cu)
4. Difference b/w intrinsic and extrinsic Semiconductors?
Ans: intrinsic semiconductors are pure semiconductors, Extrinsic are
impure, i.e.by adding impurities (tri, pentavalent)Extrinsic
semiconductors created(P,N Type).
5.What are the type in Extrinsic semiconductors and how the formed?
P-Type and N-Type
by adding trivalentimpurities (arsenic, antimony, phosphorus) P-Type
semiconductors created.by adding pentavalent impurities (aluminum,
boron) N-Type semiconductors created.
6.What is Doping?
The processes of adding impurities.
7.How the PN Junction will be formed?
In a piece of semiconductor material, if one half is doped by P type
impurity and the other half is doped by N type impurity
8.What is Barrier Potential (cut in voltage)?
The forward voltage at which the current through the junction starts
increasing rapidly
9.What is Forward bias and Reverse bias?
In diode’s anode(P) voltage is more than cathode(N) voltage its forward
bias, if anode voltage is less than cathode voltage its reverse bias.
10.What is Diffusion and Drift currents?
Drift current depends on the electric field applied, if there is no electric
field there is no drift current. Diffusion current occurs even though there
is not an electric field applied to the semiconductor.
11.What is mean by 1n4007?
1n – single junction
400x-is indicates the voltage, current and power
4007 reverse voltage from 50v to 1000v, max forward current is 1A
12.What is the Diode current Equation?
I=Io(e(V/nVT)-1), Io-Reverse saturation current,n=1,ge,2 si
13.Define PIV(Peak inverse voltage)?
It is the maximum reverse voltage that can be applied to the Diode. if the
voltage across the junction exceeds PIV, under reverse bias condition,
the junction gets damaged.
14.Define Reverse saturation current?
It is the current due to the diffusive flow of minority electrons from p- side
to N- side, and minority holes from N- side to P- side
15.How do we test a diode using a multimeter?
Connect anode of dide to + terminal of multimeter and cathode to
Negative terminal if voltage is 0.3 to 0.7 then diode is good.
16.Explain the capacitive effects in a junction.
Diffusion capacitance occurs in Forward bias, Transition capacitance
exist in Reverse Bias.
17.What is mean by Break down, difference b/w avalanche Break down
and Zener Break down?
Avalanche breakdown occurs in PN diode due to impact ionization of
electron-hole pair, zener braek down occurs in Zener dioade due to
electron hole pair break due to reverse bias voltage
18.What is the temperature effect on reverse saturation current and
barrier voltage?
Reverse saturation doubles for every 10 degrees increment in
temperature
Barrier voltage decreases by 2.5mv for every 1 degree increment in
temperature
19.What is mean by static and dynamic resistances?
Static resistance is the ratio of V,I at operating (Q) point, dynamic
resistance is inverse to the slope of the forward bias characteristics
curve at operating point.
20.What are the PN Diode, Zener diode applications?
PN:rectifier,switch,clipper,clapper
Zener Diode:voltage regulator
21.Difference b/w PN, Zener Diode?
Pn is lightly doped, Zener heavily doped
22.Why is a Zener diode generally not connected in forward bias?
Zener gives the same response as pn diode in forward bias, so it uses in
reverse bias only with Zener break down
23.What is the effect of Temperature on Zener diode?
For Vz(Break down voltage) less than 6v Vz is inversely proportional to
temperature,For Vz(Break down voltage) more than 6v Vz is directly
proportional to temperature.
24. Why silicon is more preferred than germanium?
For Si break Down voltage Is more than Ge, reverse saturation current Is less in
Si, Si is cheap (raw material Is sand)

Rectifiers:

1.What is the difference b/w AC and DC supply, what are the

advantages of each?
Ac supply is sinusoidal function of t, but Dc supply is constant for every
time, dc can be storable but not Ac, Ac can transfer for a long distance
but not Dc.
2.What is meant by regulation? Why is it required?
It is a measure change in the magnitude between the sending and
receiving end of a component.
3.How to convert AC to DC?
Step down Transformer – Rectifier – Filter -- Regulator
4.What are the requirements of Linear mode power supply?
Should give minimum operable DC voltage at rated current, ripples
should low, should have short circuit protection, over voltage protection,
should independent of temparature changes
5.What is transformer and types?
Transformer works based on Induction Principle, when Two coils are
placed nearly then voltage transfer exist,
Types: Step down, step up Transformer
6.What is rectifier, filter, regulators?
Rectifier coverts AC to pulsating DC
Filter coverts the pulsating DC to Fluctuating DC
Regulator convers fluctuating DC to exat DC
7.What are the various types in rectifiers and which one is best and
why?
Half, Full wave , Bridge Rectifier. Bridge rectifier is best because PIV is
less, efficiency more, ripple factor less, TUF is more, peak facor less,
transformer cost is less.
8.Define ripple factor, efficiency, transformer utilization factor, form
factor, peak factors?
Ripple factor= RMS value of ac component/Average value
Efficiency= dc output power / ac input power
TUF= dc power delivered to load/ac rating of transformer secondary
Form factor=rms/ average
Peak factor= peak value/ rms value
9.Define average value, RMS value, what is the significance of each?
Average is defined as sum per count, i.e mean. Or area of one cycle per
time period
RMS is Root of Mean(average) of squares.
If data contains Both +,_ signs then average value can not give perfect
idea about it, then Rms value gives idea about data.
10.Compare all rectifiers?

11.Explain the importance of ripple and regulation in the case of a

rectifier.
Ripple factor gives the idea about fluctuations in signal, if it is less
means ripples are less for DC ripple factor is Zero.
Regulation gives idea about the variation of DC output voltage as a
function of DC load current
% regulation =(VNL-VFL)/VFL X 100% [ideal power supply its 0]
12.Explain why only the inductor or the capacitor alone is not used as
filters to a FWR circuit.
In inductor filter Ripple factor is inversely proportional to load, In
capacitor filter Ripple factor is proportional to load, so in LC filter ripple
factor will be independent of load.
13.What are the different filters used in AC to DC converters? Which is
best and why?
L,C,LC(L-section), π-section, RC filters. Best one is L-section because
ripple factor is independent of load
14.Compare different filters?

15.Define line regulation and load regulation?

Line reg= change in output voltage/ change in input voltage
Load reg= (no load voltage- full load voltage)/ no load voltage
16.Define knee current?
It is the minimum amount of voltage which is required to operate Diode
17.Define knee current?
It is the minimum current through Zener diode in reverse bias
18.What are the different types of voltage regulators and which type is
best, why?Zener diode voltage regulator, LM723, transistorized series
and shunt regulators, best one is LM723 bcz its adjustable, short circuit
protected, overvoltage protected

BJT:

1.What is a transistor?
A junction transistor is simply a sandwich of one type of semiconductor
material between two layers of the other type. A transistor is a three
terminal current sensing device. It can be looked upon as two pn junction
placed back to back. The three terminals are named as emitter base &
collector.
2.What is BJT, explain about its terminals, what are types, and which
type is better, why?
Bipolar junction Transistor in this corrent flows due to two
polarities(electrons, holes), NPN or PNP type ,NPN is best because
mobility of electrons is more than mobility of holes so electron current is
more.
3.What are the different configurations of transistor?
a) Common Emitter (CE) b) Common Base (CB) c) Common
collector (CC)
4.What is Common Base configuration?
base is common between input and output circuits. emitter-base terminal
input signal is applied and in collector-base terminal output is taken from
it.
5.What are the characteristics of CB?
since it has a low input resistance and a high output resistance, current
gain of less than 1. The input and output signals in the common-base
circuit are in phase
6.What is transistor and why it is called like that?
Because it transfers the input signal from low resistance to high
resistance
7.Define α, β, γ, what is the relation between them?
These are current gains in CB,CE,CC configurations respectively, ; αγ=
8.Compare CE,CC,CB configurations?

9.Define cut-off, active and saturation regions?

Cut off- both emitter Je, collector Jc junctions in Reverse bias
Active – Je forward, Jc Reverse bias
Saturation – Je,Jc in forward bias

10.What do you understand by input and output characteristics?

characteristics gives the information about input resistance and output
resistances.
11.Explain the physical structure of a BJT?
One N type material is sandwiched between two P type materials or One
P type material is sandwiched between two N type materials , widths
(C>E>B), doping concentration(E>C>B)
12.Explain Early Effect?
The variation in base width of BJT due to variation in the applied base-
collector voltage
13.Why does the emitter current increase with increase in reverse bias
at the collector junction?
Due to breakdown in collector junction
14.What is meant by collector reverse saturation current?
Minority carriers flow throw collector junction when it is connected in
reverse bias
15.Write the collector current expression for BJT in CB configuration?
Cutoff region Ic=0
Active regionIc= βIb
Saturation Ic<βIb
16.Give the values of VCE Sat for the transistor BC107.
Vce sat=0.2v
17.Explain the performance of the transistor as an electronic switch?
When transistor is in cut off it works as off switch, when transistor is in
saturation it works as on switch
18.Is the BJT Transistor a current controlled device or a voltage-
controlled device?
Current controlled current device
19.Draw the symbolic representations of NPN and PNP transistors.

20.Sketch the characteristics of a BJT in Common-Emitter Configuration.

21.Why is it called Common-Emitter configuration?

Emitter terminal is common to input and out put
22.What is a “load-line”? What is its significance? Differentiate between
a.c. load line and d.c. load line.
Load line specifies the operating point, Dc load line is the line based on
the relation between output voltage and currents when input is zero, Ac
load line is the line which pocess through the Q point with slope of
(-1/Rac, Rac= Rc//Rl)
23.What is meant by Q- point?
It specifies the correct biasing at which gives required amplification
24.What is Biasing and why it is needed for transistor?
The process of giving proper supply voltage and resistances for
obtaining desired operating point
25.What are the methods of transistor biasing, which type is best and
why?
Fixed bias, Emitter feedback bias, Collector to base bias, Collector-
emitter feedback bias, self bias(voltage divider bias), in these all self bias
is best because it is more stable for a greater range of input signal
26.What is thermal Runaway?
It is a situation where an increase in temperature changes the conditions
in a way that causes a further increase in temperature.
27.Thermistor temperature co efficient is?
It may be + or – based on the material used.
28.Define two port networks, types, which one is best for bjt and why?
Z, Y, h, g, ABCD parameters, best one is hybrid parameters bczthethese
gives all parameters about amplifier like input, output impedance,
voltage and current gains.
29.What are the typical h-parameter values for a transistor?

30.Draw the H parameter equivalent circuit?

31.Compare CB,CE,CC amplifiers, and what are the applications?

FET
1.What are the comparisons and differences between a BJT and a
JFET?
BJT current controlled current device, Fet voltage controlled current
device, in BJT current produced by holes and electrons, but in FET
current produced due to any one only,
2.What is meant by a unipolar device? Why is a JFET known as a
Unipolar Device?
In which device current produced due to one polarity (electron or hole),
in jFET current produced due to one only(N channel JFET- electrons, p-
channel JFET- holes).
3.Draw the symbols of JFET, MOSFET?

4.What are the typical applications of a JFET?

Buffer, RF amplifier, cascade amplifier, variable resistor in op amps,
mixer circuit, memory cell
5.What are the characteristic parameters of a FET? What are the
relations between them?

Trans conductance gm=dId/dVgs

Drain resistance Rd=dVds/dId
Amplification factor µ=-dVds/dVgs
µ=RdXgm
6.What are n-channel and p-channel JFETs? How are they different
from each other?
In N channel jfet , the channel made by Ntype material so current exist
from Drain to source due to Electrons (ajority carriers) only. In P channel
jfet , the channel made by P type material so current exist from Drain to
source due to holes (ajority carriers) only
7.Give the names/numbers of a few commercially available JFET
devices.
2N3954A- low noise low drift monolithic dual, N channel jfet
BF245A, J111,J112: N channel jfet
8.What are the various possible configurations in which a JFET can be
connected? What are the typical applications of each?
Common Drain: Buffer
Common Sourse: Amplifier
Common Gate: Amplifier (high frequency)
9.Explain pinch off voltage and region?
Pinch off voltage is the drain to source voltage after which drain
current becomes almost constant
10.Explain the regions in Transfer characteristics, output characteristics
of JFET?
11.What is the drain current and Trans conductance equation in JFET?
Id= Idss(1-(Vgs/Vp))2; gm=gmo(1-( Vgs/Vp))
12.What is a MOSFET? What are the possible types in a MOSFET?
Metal oxide semiconductor FET
Types are N channel, P channel – Enhancement and Depletion Type
Mosfets.
13.Which transistor parameters vary with temperature?
Reverse saturation current, current gains, trans conductance
14.What is meant by ‘load line’?
Load line indicates the output side voltage, current relation based on
input voltage or current. Inter section point of AC,DC load lines indicates
Operating point(Q point)
15.What is meant by the “operating point” of a transistor?
Operating point specifies output voltage and currents at required
operating region.
16.Why is a capacitor used to shunt the emitter resistor of self-biased
transistor?
To get more stability we need to establish current series feedback (-ve)
for DC input but for Ac input that is not required so..
17.Why is the self-bias circuit preferred over other possible biasing
circuits?
More stable with respect to Tempareture, β,
18.Define Stability factor and explain its significance.
Stability factor represents changes with in the output current due to
changes in Temperature, transistor (β), leackage current, base emitter
voltage
19.What is the advantage of a FET biasing circuit above BJT biasing?
FET is a voltage controlled current device so no need of extra circuitry
10.What is the need for the capacitor CS?
To get more stability we need to establish current series feedback (-ve)
for DC input but for Ac input that is not required so..
11.Why are the coupling capacitors required?
To filter the Dc term from the Input signal , Collector output in amplifiers.
12.What is meant by thermal stabilization?
Maintain a constant operating point when temperature varies
13.Explain why reversal of phase occurs in a BJT CE Amplifier.\
As Base voltage increases, base current increases, then collector current increases so voltage drop
across Rc increases so out put voltage decreses.
14.What happens if an amplifier is biased at cutoff or at saturation?
In cutoff region Ic is 0, in saturation region Vce is almost Zero.
15.What is the significance of the bandwidth of an amplifier?
Bandwidth specifies the input signal frequency range that can be applied to amplifier to get maximum
gain.
16.What is meant by Gain-Bandwidth Product? What is its significance?
The name itself expressing it is the product of gain of a device and its
bandwidth. For any system (circuit) gain bandwidth product is constant, if
gain increases bandwidth decreases vice versa.
17.What are the advantages of using a FET instead of a BJT?
FET has high input impedance, lower noise, low to medium gain,
19.Can we interchange the source and drain terminals in a FET circuit?
Can we do the same with the emitter and collector terminals of a BJT
circuit?
We can interchange drain and source but we cannot change emitter and
collector because emitter and collectors dimensions and doping
concentration is different
20.What is a MOSFET? How is it different from a JFET? What are its
typical applications?
Metal oxide semiconductor can be operated in both depletion and
enhancement modes, but Junction field effect Transistor can be
operated in depletion mode only.
21.Explain why reversal of phase does not occur in a BJT CC Amplifier?
As Base voltage increases, base current increases, then collector
current increases so voltage drop across Re increases so output voltage
increases
22. Why is the Common Collector Amplifier called as Emitter Follower?
In common collector amplifier out will be taken across emitter so its called as emitter follower

Special purpose Devices:

1.Explain the working of SCR.

2.Define holding current.

Holding current is the specified minimum current that must be flowing from
anode to cathode (with no gate current) and still be guaranteed that the SCR
will not turn off.
3.What are the specifications of the SCR ?
gate trigger voltage, gate trigger current, holding current, on-state voltage, peak
gate power dissipation.

4.What is UJT, explain the input characteristics

of it?
unijunction transistors are constructed from separate P-type and N-
type semiconductor materials forming a single (hence its name Uni-Junction)
PN-junction within the main conducting N-type channel of the device.
5.What is the symbol and principle of operation of Tunnel Diode?

According to the classical laws of physics a charged particle sin order to cross
an energy barrier should possess energy at least equal to the energy barrier.
Hence the particle will cross the energy barrier if its energy is greater than the
barrier and cannot cross the barrier if its energy is less than the energy barrier.
But quantum mechanically there exists non zero probability that the particle
with energy less than the energy barrier will cross the barrier as if it tunnels
across the barrier. This is called as Tunneling effect.

6.Explain the V-I characteristics of Tunnel diode?

7.What is the symbol and principle of operation of Varactor

Diode?
According to the classical laws of physics a charged particle sin order to cross
an energy barrier should possess energy at least equal to the energy barrier.
Hence the particle will cross the energy barrier if its energy is greater than the
barrier and cannot cross the barrier if its energy is less than the energy barrier.
But quantum mechanically there exists non zero probability that the particle
with energy less than the energy barrier will cross the barrier as if it tunnels
across the barrier. This is called as Tunneling effect.
8.What is the symbol and principle of operation of SchottkyBarrier
Diode?

9.What is the symbol and principle of operation of photo Diode?

10.What is the symbol and principle of operation of LED?