Load Flow Analysis

The ETAP Load Flow Analysis module calculates the bus voltages, branch power factors, currents, and power flows throughout the electrical system. ETAP allows for swing, voltage regulated, and unregulated
power sources with multiple power grids and generator connections. It is capable of performing analysis on both radial and loop systems. ETAP allows you to select from several different methods in order to
achieve the best calculation efficiency.

This chapter defines definitions and explains the usage of different tools you will need to run load flow studies. Theoretical background for different load flow calculation methods is also provided.

The Load Flow Toolbar section explains how you can launch a load flow calculation, open and view an output report, or select display options. The Load Flow Study Case Editor section explains how can you create
a new study case, what parameters are required to specify a study case, and how to set them. The Display Options section explains what options are available for displaying some key system parameters and the
output results on the one-line diagram, and how to set them. The Load Flow Calculation Methods section shows formulations of different load flow calculation methods. Comparisons on their rate of convergence,
improving convergence based on different system parameters and configurations, and some tips on selecting an appropriate calculation method are also found in this section. The Required Data for Calculations
section describes what data is necessary to perform load flow calculations and where to enter them. The Load Flow Study Output Report section illustrates and explains output reports and their format. Finally, the
Load Flow Result Analyzer allows you to view the results of various studies in one screen so you can analyze and compare the different results.

Load Flow Analysis

Toolbar
Study Case Editor
- Info Page
- Loading Page
- Adjustment Page
- Alert Page
Display Options
Load Flow Calculation Methods
- 1-Phase/Panel System Load Flow Calculation
- Load Flow Required Data
Load Flow Output Reports
- Crystal Report
Alert View
Load Flow Result Analyzer
- Report and Result Selection
- General Information
- Bus Results
- Branch Results
- Loads
- Sources
Load Analyzer
- Editor
- Reports

Load Flow Toolbar

The Load Flow Toolbar will appear on the screen when you are in the Load Flow Study mode.

Run Load Flow Studies

Select a study case from the Study Case Editor. Then click on the Run Load Flow Study icon to perform a load flow study. A dialog box will appear to specify the output report name if the output file name is set to
Prompt. The study results will then appear on the one-line diagram and in the output report.

Auto Run
Click to Activate or De-activate the Auto Run. When the Auto Run is active, any one of the following actions will run a load flow study:

l A PD has changed its status.

l An element has changed its properties.
l The load flow study case is changed.

Halt Current Calculation

The Stop Sign button is normally grayed-out. When a Load Flow calculation has been initiated, this button becomes enabled and shows a red stop sign. Clicking on this button will terminate the calculation.

Alert View
After performing a load flow study, you can click on this button to open the Alert View, which lists all equipment with critical and marginal violations based on the settings in the study case.

Alert View
After performing a load flow study, you can click on this button to open the Alert View, which lists all equipment with critical and marginal violations based on the settings in the study case.
Load Flow Report Manager
Load flow output reports are provided in the form of a Crystal Report. The Report Manager provides four pages (Complete, Input, Result, and Summary) for viewing the different parts of the output report for
Crystal Reports. Available formats for Crystal Reports are displayed in each page of the Report Manager for load flow studies. You can view the report in the Crystal Reports viewer, or save the report in PDF, MS
Word, Rich Text Format, or Excel format. If you wish this selection to be the default for reports, click the Set As Default check box.
Choosing any format in the Report Manager activates the Crystal Reports. You can open the whole load flow output report or only a part of it, depending on the format selection. The format names and corresponding output report sections are given below:

l Adjustments Indicates tolerance and temperature correction adjustments

l Alert-Complete Provides complete report of system alerts
l Alert-Critical Provides summary of critical alerts only
l Alert-Marginal Provides summary of marginal alerts only
l Branch Loading Branch loading results
l Branch Branch input data
l Bus Loading Displays overloaded bus information
l Bus Bus input data
l Cable Cable input data
l Complete Complete output report including all input and output
l Cover Title page of the output report
l Equipment Cable Equipment cable input data
l High Voltage DC Link High Voltage DC Link input data
l Impedance Provides detailed information about impedance elements in the system
l Line Coupling Displays Transmission Line coupling impedance data
l Load Flow Report Load Flow calculation results
l Losses Branch loss results
l NO Protective Devices Displays Normally Open protective devices
l Panel Report Load Flow calculation results for panel systems
l Reactor Reactor input data
l Summary Summary of load flow calculation
l SVC Static Var Compensator (SVC) input data
l Transformer Transformer input data
l UPS Report Load Flow calculation results for UPS systems

You can also view output reports by clicking on the View Output Report button on the Study Case toolbar. A list of all output files in the selected project directory is provided for load flow calculations. To view any
of the listed output reports, click on the output report name, and then click on the View Output Report button.

Load Flow Result Analyzer

The Load Flow Result Analyzer allows you to view the results of various studies in one screen so you can analyze and compare the different results.

Load Flow Comparator

When ETAP Real-Time is set up and after you run a Load Flow study with online data, you can press this button to bring up the Load Flow Comparator view. It lists a comparison of all system operating values
between ETAP Real-Time output and Load Flow calculations.

Load Flow Display Options

The results from load flow studies are displayed on the one-line diagram. To edit how these results look, click on the Load Flow Display Options icon. For more information see Load Flow Display Options.

Unit Display Options

Click to turn on/off the units in OLV display.

Power Flow Display Options

Click and hold to select the power flow display options.

Voltage Display Options

Click and hold to select the voltage display options.

Load Terminal Voltage

Click to display load terminal voltage.

Line/Cable Voltage Drop

Click to display line or cable voltage drop.

Panel/Single Phase System

Click to display panel or single phase system results.

Get Online Data

When ETAP Real-Time is set up and the Sys Monitor presentation is online, you can bring real-time data into your offline presentation and run a Load Flow by pressing on this button. You will notice that the
Operating Loads, Bus Voltages, and Study Case editor will be updated with the online data.

Get Archived Data

When ETAPS Playback is set up and any presentation is on Playback mode, you can bring this data into your presentation and run a Load Flow by pressing on this button. You will notice that the Operating Loads,
Bus Voltages, and Study Case editor will be updated with the playback data.

Load Analyzer
The Load Analyzer tool and its associated reports are designed for load schedule reporting of ETAP models. This module allows the user to report loads of multilevel-connected elements in a system directly (called
Connected Loads), or by applying different multiplying factors (called Operating Loads).

Load Flow Analysis

Toolbar
Study Case Editor
- Info Page
- Loading Page
- Adjustment Page
- Alert Page
Display Options
Load Flow Calculation Methods
- 1-Phase/Panel System Load Flow Calculation
- Load Flow Required Data
Load Flow Output Reports
- Crystal Report
Alert View
Load Flow Result Analyzer
- Report and Result Selection
- General Information
- Bus Results
- Branch Results
- Loads
- Sources
Load Analyzer
- Editor
- Reports

Load Flow Study Case Editor Overview

The Load Flow Study Case editor contains solution control variables, loading conditions, and a variety of options for output reports. ETAP allows you to create and save an unlimited number of study cases. Load
flow calculations are conducted and reported in accordance with the settings of the study case selected in the toolbar. You can easily switch between study cases without having to reset the study case options each
time. This feature is designed to organize your study efforts and save you time.

As a part of the multi-dimensional database concept of ETAP, study cases can be used for any combination of the three major system toolbar components, i.e. for any configuration status, one-line diagram
presentation, and Base/Revision data.

When you are in Load Flow Analysis mode, you can access the Load Flow Study Case editor by clicking on the Study Case button from the Load Flow Study Case toolbar. You can also access this editor from the
Project View by clicking on the Load Flow Study Case folder.

There are two ways you can create a new study case. You can click on the New Study Case button in the Study Case toolbar, as shown above. It will open the Duplicate Study Case dialog box for you to specify
names of an existing Study Case and the new study case you want to create.

You can also create a new study case from the Project View, by right-clicking on the Load Flow Study Case folder and selecting Create New. ETAP will then create a new study case, which is a copy of the default
study case, and adds it to the Load Flow Study Case folder.

Load Flow Analysis

Toolbar
Study Case Editor
- Info Page
- Loading Page
- Adjustment Page
- Alert Page
Display Options
Load Flow Calculation Methods
- 1-Phase/Panel System Load Flow Calculation
- Load Flow Required Data
Load Flow Output Reports
- Crystal Report
Alert View
Load Flow Result Analyzer
- Report and Result Selection
- General Information
- Bus Results
- Branch Results
- Loads
- Sources
Load Analyzer
- Editor
- Reports

Info Page - Load Flow Study Case

Study Case ID
The Study case ID is shown in this entry field. You can rename a study case by deleting the old ID and entering the new ID. Study case ID can be up to 12 alphanumeric characters. Use the Navigator button at the
bottom of the editor to go from one study case to the next existing study case.

Method
In this group you can select a load flow solution method. Four methods are available: Newton-Raphson, Adaptive Newton-Raphson, Fast-decoupled, and Accelerated Gauss-Seidel.

For the Newton-Raphson and adaptive Newton Raphson methods, a few Gauss-Seidel iterations are made first, to establish a set of sound initial values for the bus voltages (since convergence of the Newton-
Raphson Method is highly dependent on the initial bus voltages).

Max. Iteration
Enter the maximum number for iterations in this field. If the solution has not converged before the specified number of iterations, the program will stop and inform you. The recommended and default values are
2000 for the Gauss-Seidel method, and five for the Newton-Raphson and Fast-Decoupled methods.

Precision
Enter the value for the solution precision in this field, which is used to check for convergence. This value determines how precise you want the final solution to be. For the Gauss-Seidel method, precision is applied
to check the difference between the bus voltages after each iteration. For the Newton-Raphson and Fast-Decoupled methods, the precision is compared with the difference in power for each bus (MW and Mvar)
between iterations. If the difference between the iterations is less than or equal to the value entered for precision, the desired accuracy is achieved.

If the solution converges but the mismatch values are high, reduce the value of the precision to make your results more precise and run the program again (you may need to increase the number of iterations).

Note: A smaller precision value results in lower mismatch (higher accuracy), as well as a longer run time. The default (and recommended) values are 0.000001 pu volts for the Gauss-Seidel method, and .0001 pu
power for the Newton-Raphson and Fast-Decoupled methods.

Accel. Factor
This field is present if the Accelerated Gauss-Seidel method is used. Enter the convergence acceleration factor to be used between iterations. Typical values are between 1.2 and 1.7; the default is 1.45.

Apply XFMR Phase-Shift

Check this box to consider transformer phase-shift in load flow calculations. The phase-shift of a transformer can be found in the transformer editor.

Calc. 1-Ph/Panel Systems

Check this box to include 1-phase and/or panel system load flow calculations as part of the whole system load flow calculation. A 1-phase/panel system is defined as a radial sub-system that is powered through a top
panel, 1-phase UPS, or a phase adaptor connected to a 3-phase bus. A power system may contain several 1-phase/panel systems. Each 1-phase/panel system has a top element that is a 3-phase panel, 1-phase UPS, or
a phase adapter.

If this box is checked, bus voltages and branch flows in 1-phase/panel systems will be calculated in a load flow run and calculation results will be reported in the one-line diagram and the crystal report. If this box is
not checked, the load for each 1-phase/panel system will be summed up to its top element for the loading specified in the study case. This load summation is based on the load rated voltage and does not consider any
branch losses. The top element will be treated as a single load in the system.

The 1-phase/panel system must be a radial system. ETAP checks loop configurations in panel/1-phase UPS systems when performing load flow calculations. Should a loop configuration be detected, the load flow
calculation will be terminated and a message will be posted.

Update
In this group, you can decide to update initial conditions of the buses and/or set the transformer taps to the calculated value of LTCs. The selected options will be updated after the subsequent load flow run.

Initial Bus Voltage

Select this option to update the values of the bus voltage magnitudes with the result of the load flow run. Bus voltage update will result in a faster convergence of the subsequent load flow solutions since the initial
bus voltages will be closer to the final values.

Inverter Operating Load

In an AC load flow study, an inverter is represented as a constant voltage source. When this option is checked, the load provided by the inverter will be updated to the inverter element, which can be used later as DC
load of the inverter in a DC load flow study.

Operating Load & V

The option is available if your ETAP key has the online feature. When this box is checked, the calculation results will be updated to sources, loads, and buses, so that they can be utilized as input for later studies.
These values are also displayed in element editors. If your ETAP key does not have the online feature, you can see the operating P, Q, and V in only element editors, and they cannot be used in a later study.

Transformer LTCs
Select this option to update the transformer taps to reflect the result of load tap changer (LTC) settings, i.e., transformer taps will be set to values determined from the load flow solution for LTCs. This feature is
useful when you want to consider the impedance of the LTC taps for short-circuit calculations. Selecting this option will also display the LTC settings on the OLV.

Cable Load Amp

Select this option to transfer cable load current data from the previously run load flow study. The data is transferred to the Operating Load Current in the Cable Editor for each cable associated with the load flow
study.

Report
Rated Voltage In
Bus nominal voltages seen in the output report can be printed in V or kV. Select your preference from the drop down list.

Bus Operating Voltage In

Calculated bus voltages seen in the output report can be printed in V, kV or in percent of the bus nominal voltages. Select your preference from the drop down list. For graphical display of bus voltages see Load
Flow Display Options.

Power In
Calculated power flows, loadings and generations seen in the output report can be printed in MVA or kVA. Select your preference from the drop down list. For graphical display of the power flows see Load Flow
Display Options.
Equipment Cable Losses and Vd
Select this option to print an equipment cable losses and voltage drop report. Once this option is selected, you will have the option to Exclude Load Diversity Factor. Checking this option will exclude the load
diversity factor in the calculations of equipment cable losses and voltage drop in the report only. For more information on load diversity factors, see the Loading page of the Load Flow Study Case editor.

Initial Voltage Condition

Initial conditions for all bus voltages and angles can be specified in this section for load flow calculation purposes.

Bus Initial Voltages

Select this option to use bus voltages and angles as entered in the Info page of the bus editors. Using this option, you can simulate load flow studies with different initial conditions for bus voltage.

User-Defined Fixed Value

This option allows you to simulate load flow studies using a fixed bus voltage and angle for all buses. When you select the fixed initial condition option, you must enter the initial voltage value as the percent of the
bus nominal voltage. The default values are 100% for bus voltage magnitude and zero degree for bus voltage angle.

Determination of Initial Bus Voltage Angle

When transformer phase-shift is considered in the load flow calculation, the initial bus voltage angle should be taken into account. Otherwise, very poor initial bus voltage angle may be used and which may affect
load flow convergence. To resolve this issue, the ETAP Load Flow module calculates the bus voltage angle based on transformer phase-shift and compare the calculated value against the initial bus voltage angle
from user selected option. If the difference between the two values is larger than the specified MaxIniAngDiff, ETAP uses the calculated the values as the initial bus voltage angle, where MaxIniAngDiff is an
ETAP.INI file entry defaulted at 10. According to the selection for the initial bus voltage and the Apply XFMR Phase-Shift field, there are four different situations:

l When the Use Fixed Values is checked and the Apply XFMR Phase-Shift is also checked, the calculated initial bus voltage angles are used in the load flow calculation.
l When the Use Bus Voltages is checked and the Apply XFMR Phase-Shift is also checked, the initial bus voltage angle from the Bus editor is compared against the calculated bus voltage angle. If the
difference is less than MaxIniAngDiff, the initial bus voltage angle from the Bus editor is used; otherwise the calculated value is used in the load flow calculation.
l When the Use Fixed Values is checked and the Apply XFMR Phase-Shift is not checked, the initial voltage angle entered in the Load Flow Study Case is used in the load flow calculation. In this case, all the
buses have the same initial voltage angle.
l When the Use Bus Voltages is checked and the Apply XFMR Phase-Shift is not checked, the initial bus voltage angles from the Bus editor are used in the load flow calculation.

When the operating load is specified as the system load, the operating voltage angles are used as the initial value. In this case, if the Apply XFMR Phase-Shift is checked, the operating voltage angle is compared against the calculated bus voltage angle. If the difference is less than
MaxIniAngDiff, the operating voltage angle is used; otherwise the calculated value is used in the load flow calculation.

Study Remarks
You can enter up to 120 alphanumeric characters in this remarks field. Information entered in this location will be printed on the second line of every output page header line. These remarks can provide specific
information for each study cases. The first line of the header information is global for all study cases and is entered in the Project Information editor.

Load Flow Analysis

Toolbar
Study Case Editor
- Info Page
- Loading Page
- Adjustment Page
- Alert Page
Display Options
Load Flow Calculation Methods
- 1-Phase/Panel System Load Flow Calculation
- Load Flow Required Data
Load Flow Output Reports
- Crystal Report
Alert View
Load Flow Result Analyzer
- Report and Result Selection
- General Information
- Bus Results
- Branch Results
- Loads
- Sources
Load Analyzer
- Editor
- Reports

Loading Page - Load Flow Study Case Editor

Loading Category
Select one of the ten Loading Categories for the current Load Flow Study. With the selection of any category, ETAP uses the percent loading of individual motors and other loads as specified for the selected
category. Note: You can assign loading to each one of the ten categories from the Nameplate page of the induction machine editor and synchronous motor editor and the Loading or Rating page of other load
component editors.

Operating P,Q
This option is available if your ETAP key has the online feature. When this box is checked, the operating loads updated from online data or a previous load flow study will be utilized in the load flow study.

Generation Category
Select one of the ten Generation Categories for the current Load Flow Study. With the selection of any category, ETAP uses the generator controls for the selected category, as specified in the Rating page of the
Generator editor. The generator controls will be different depending on the mode that the generator is operating under. The mode of generation is selected on the Info page of the Generator editor. The table below
shows the generation controls with respect to the mode of generation.

Mode Generation Category Control

Swing %V and Angle
Voltage Control %V and MW
MVAR Control MW and MVAR
PF Control MW and PF

Operating P,Q,V
This option is available if your ETAP key has the online feature. When this box is checked, the generator operating values updated from online data or a previous load flow study will be utilized in the load flow
study.

Load Diversity Factor

This section allows you to specify load diversity factors to be applied on the loading category load. When the Operating Load is selected, a diversity factor is not considered.

None
Select None to use the percent loading of each load as entered for the selected Loading Category.

Bus Minimum
When the minimum bus loading option is selected, all motors and other loads directly connected to each bus will be multiplied by the bus minimum diversity factor. Using this option, you can simulate load flow
studies with each bus having a different minimum diversity factor.

The minimum bus loading study option may be used to see the effect of transformer taps and capacitors (if any) on the system voltages under a minimum (light) loading condition.

Bus Maximum
When the Maximum Loading option is selected, all motors and other loads directly connected to each bus will be multiplied by the bus maximum diversity factor. Using this option, you can simulate load flow
studies with each bus having a different maximum diversity factor.

This study option is helpful when the future loading of the electrical system has to be considered and each bus may be loaded at a different maximum value.

Global Diversity Factor

Enter the diversity factors for all constant kVA, constant Z, generic, and constant I loads. When you select this option, ETAP will globally multiply all motors, static loads, constant current loads, and generic loads
of the selected Loading Category with the entered values for the respective load diversity factors.

Constant kVA
Constant kVA loads include induction motors, synchronous motors, conventional and unbalanced lumped loads with % motor load, UPS’s, and chargers.

Constant Z
Constant impedance loads include static loads, capacitors, harmonic filters, MOV’s, and conventional and unbalanced lumped loads with % static load.

Constant I
Constant current loads include unbalanced lumped loads with % constant current load.

Generic
Generic loads include lumped loads modeled using either the exponential, polynomial, or comprehensive model.

Please refer to the Calculations Methods for the load-modeling concepts used in ETAP.

Note: A motor load-multiplying factor of 125% implies that the motor loads of all buses are increased by 25 percent above their nominal values. This value can be smaller or greater than 100 percent.

Charger Loading
You have the option to use the Loading Category or the Operating Load for chargers. The operating load for a charger can only be updated from a DC load flow study.

Load Flow Analysis

Toolbar
Study Case Editor
- Info Page
- Loading Page
- Adjustment Page
- Alert Page
Display Options
Load Flow Calculation Methods
- 1-Phase/Panel System Load Flow Calculation
- Load Flow Required Data
Load Flow Output Reports
- Crystal Report
Alert View
Load Flow Result Analyzer
- Report and Result Selection
- General Information
- Bus Results
- Branch Results
- Loads
- Sources
Load Analyzer
- Editor
- Reports

Adjustment Page (Common to all LF Studies)

This page allows you to specify tolerance adjustments to length, equipment resistance, and impedance. Each tolerance adjustment can be applied based on the individual equipment percent tolerance setting or based
on a globally specified percent value.
Impedance Tolerance
This group allows you to consider tolerance adjustments to impedance values for transformer, reactor, and overload heater.

Transformer Impedance Adjustment

This adjustment is applied to transformer impedance. The net effect of the transformer impedance adjustment in load flow calculations is to increase the impedance by the specified percent tolerance value. For
example, if the transformer impedance is 12% and the tolerance is 10%, the adjusted impedance used in the load flow calculation will be 13.2%, resulting in higher losses.

The Impedance Adjustment can be applied to individual transformers by using the tolerance percent value specified in the Transformer Editor Rating page. A global Transformer Impedance Adjustment can be
specified as well by selecting and specifying a global tolerance other than 0% in the corresponding field of Load Flow Study Case Editor Adjustment page. The global Impedance Adjustment overrides any
individual transformer tolerance value.

Reactor Impedance Adjustment

This adjustment is applied to the reactor impedance. The Load Flow module increases the reactor impedance by the specified percent tolerance resulting in a larger impedance and consequently a larger voltage drop.
For example, if the impedance of the reactor is 0.1 Ohm and its tolerance is 5%, then the adjusted reactor impedance used in the load flow calculation is 0.105 Ohm.

The Impedance Adjustment can be applied to individual reactors by using the tolerance percent value specified in the Reactor Editor Rating page. A global Reactor Impedance Adjustment can be specified as well by
selecting and specifying a global tolerance other than 0% in the corresponding field of the Load Flow Study Case Editor Adjustment page. The global Impedance Adjustment overrides any individual reactor
tolerance value.

Overload Heater Resistance

This adjustment is applied to the overload heater (OH) resistance. The Load Flow module increases the OH resistance by the specified percent tolerance resulting in a larger resistance and consequently a larger
voltage drop. For example, if the resistance of the OH is 0.1 Ohm and its tolerance is 5%, then the adjusted OH resistance used in the load flow calculation is 0.105 Ohm.

The Resistance Adjustment can be applied to individual overload heaters by using the tolerance percent value specified in the Overload Heaters Editor Rating page. A global Overload Heater Resistance Adjustment
can be specified as well by selecting and specifying a global tolerance other than 0% in the corresponding field of Short Circuit Study Case Editor Adjustment page. The global Resistance Adjustment overrides any
individual overload heater tolerance value.

Length Tolerance
This section allows you to consider tolerance adjustments to cable and transmission line lengths.

Cable Length Adjustment

This adjustment is applied to the cable length. The Load Flow module increases the cable length by the specified percent tolerance resulting in larger impedance and consequently a larger voltage drop. For example,
if the length of the cable is 200 ft. and the tolerance is 5%, then the adjusted cable length used in the load flow calculation is 210 ft.

The Length Adjustment can be applied to individual cables by using the tolerance percent value specified in the Cable Editor Info page. A global Cable Length Adjustment can be specified as well by selecting and
specifying a global tolerance other than 0% in the corresponding field of the Load Flow Study Case Editor Adjustment page. The global Length Adjustment overrides any individual cable tolerance value.

Transmission Line Length Adjustment

This adjustment is applied to the transmission line length. The Load Flow module increases the transmission line length by the specified percent tolerance resulting in larger impedance and consequently a larger
voltage drop. For example, if the length of the transmission line is 2 miles and the tolerance is 2.5%, then the adjusted transmission line length used in the load flow calculation is 2.05 miles.

The Length Adjustment can be applied to individual lines by using the tolerance percent value specified in the Transmission Line Editor Info page. A global Transmission Line Length Adjustment can be specified as
well by selecting and specifying a global tolerance other than 0% in the corresponding field of the Load Flow Study Case Editor Adjustment page. The global Length Adjustment overrides any individual
transmission line tolerance value.

Resistance Temperature Correction

This group allows you to consider resistance correction based on the maximum operating temperature for cable and transmission line conductors. Each temperature resistance correction can be applied based on the
individual cable/line maximum temperature setting or based on a globally specified value.

Temperature Correction for Cable Resistance

This adjustment is applied to the cable conductor resistance. The Load Flow module adjusts the conductor resistance based on the maximum operating temperature. If the maximum operating temperature is greater
than the rated base temperature of the conductor, then its resistance is increased.

The temperature correction can be applied to individual cables by using the maximum operating temperature value specified in the Cable Editor Impedance Page. A global temperature correction can be specified as
well by selecting and specifying a global maximum temperature value in the corresponding field of the Load Flow Study Case Editor Adjustment Page. The global temperature correction value overrides any
individual Cable Impedance Page maximum temperature. Please refer to the Cable Editor Impedance Page section in Chapter 12 (AC-Editors).

Temperature Correction for Transmission Line Resistance

This adjustment is applied to the transmission line conductor resistance. The Load Flow module adjusts the conductor resistance based on the maximum operating temperature. If the maximum operating temperature
is greater than the rated base temperature of the conductor, then the resistance is increased.

The temperature correction can be applied to individual lines by using the maximum operating temperature value specified in the Transmission Line Editor Impedance page. A global temperature correction can be
specified as well by selecting and specifying a global maximum temperature value in the corresponding field of the Load Flow Study Case Editor Adjustment page. The global temperature correction value overrides
any individual Transmission Line Impedance page maximum temperature. Please refer to the Transmission Line Editor Impedance Page section in Chapter 12 (AC-Editors).

Load Flow Analysis

Toolbar
Study Case Editor
- Info Page
- Loading Page
- Adjustment Page
- Alert Page
Display Options
Load Flow Calculation Methods
- 1-Phase/Panel System Load Flow Calculation
- Load Flow Required Data
Load Flow Output Reports
- Crystal Report
Alert View
Load Flow Result Analyzer
- Report and Result Selection
- General Information
- Bus Results
- Branch Results
- Loads
- Sources
Load Analyzer
- Editor
- Reports

Alert Page - Load Flow Study Case

The Alert page in the Load Flow Study Case Editor is used to specify the setup of all the Simulation Alerts that are provided to notify you of an abnormal loading condition based on predetermined, “allowable”,
percent values and system topology. The functional capability of the Simulation Alert System is to generate alerts when there is an overload in protective devices, buses, transformers, cables, lines, panels, DC links,
reactors, generators, and power grid. The alerts are reported by the generation of different types of alerts, either graphically in the one-line diagram display or in the Alert View window.

Critical and Marginal Alerts

There are two types of simulation alerts generated after a load flow study. The difference between Marginal and Critical Alerts is their use of different percent value conditions to determine if an alert should be
generated. If a condition for a Critical alert is met, then an alert will be generated in the Alert View window and the overloaded element will turn red in the one-line diagram. The same is true for Marginal Alerts,
except that the overloaded component will be displayed in magenta color. Also, the Marginal Alerts check box must be selected if you wish to display the Marginal Alerts. If a device alert qualifies it for both
Critical and Marginal alerts, only Critical Alerts are displayed. It should be noted that in order for ETAP to generate alerts for an element type, both the element rating and the percent value entered in this page must
be non-zero. The element ratings for alert checking are given in the following sections.

Loading
This set of value fields allows you to enter the condition percent values of the monitored parameters used to determine if an alert should be reported based on loading conditions determined by a load flow
calculation. The Load Flow Loading Alerts generate overload alerts.

Bus Alert
The Load Flow module will generate a Bus Loading Alert if the Critical or Marginal percent limit of rated continuous current in the bus is exceeded. The rated continuous current in the bus is specified in the Rating
page of the Bus editor.

Cable Alert
The Load Flow module will generate a Cable Alert if the Critical or Marginal percent limit of allowable ampacity in the cable is exceeded. The allowable ampacity of the cable is specified in the Ampacity page of
the Cable editor.

Line Alert
The Load Flow module will generate a Line Alert if the Critical or Marginal percent limit of derated ampacity in the transmission line is exceeded. The derated ampacity of the transmission line is calculated in the
Ampacity page of the Transmission Line editor.

Reactor Alert
The Load Flow module will generate a Reactor Alert if the Critical or Marginal percent limit of rated current in the reactor is exceeded. The rated current in the reactor is specified in the Rating page of the Reactor
editor.

Transformer Alert
The Load Flow module will generate a Transformer Alert if the Critical or Marginal percent limit of maximum MVA of the transformer is exceeded. The maximum MVA of the transformer is specified in the Rating
page of the Transformer editor. The simulation alerts work for both two and three winding transformers.

Panel Alert
The Load Flow module will generate a Panel Alert if the Critical or Marginal percent limit of rated current in the panel is exceeded. The rated current of the panel is specified in the Rating page of the Panel editor.

Protective Device Alert

The Load Flow module will generate Protective Device Alerts when certain predetermined parameter value ratings are exceeded. The following table contains a list of the conditions used by the Alert Simulation
program to determine when to report an alert. Load flow results are compared to the monitored parameters listed in the following table:

Protective Devices Monitored parameters in percent of Condition reported

Low Voltage Circuit Breaker Continuous rated Current OverLoad
High Voltage Circuit Breaker Continuous rated Current OverLoad
Fuses Rated Current OverLoad
Contactors Continuous rated Current OverLoad
SPDT/SPST switches Continuous rated Current OverLoad
The Load Flow module will generate Protective Device Alerts only if the monitored parameter rating is larger than zero.

Generator Alert
The Load Flow module will generate a Generator Alert if the Critical or Marginal percent limit of rated MW of the generator is exceeded. The rated MW of the generator is specified in the Rating page of the
Generator editor.

Bus Voltage Alerts

Bus Voltage Simulation Alerts generate alerts if the voltage magnitude percent results from the load flow calculation exceed or are below the specified nominal kV rating percent values. Bus Voltage Alerts report
over voltage and under voltage alerts.

Generator/Power Grid Excitation Alerts

Simulation Alerts for generator and power grid excitation monitor the percent rated var limits. An alert for Over Excitation is reported if the Upper Excitation percent limit (Qmax) for the generator is exceeded
according to a load flow calculation. An alert for Under Excitation is reported if the generator Mvar result from the load flow calculation is below the specified Lower Excitation percent limit (Qmin). You have the
option to run the load flow calculation without monitoring Under Excitation conditions. An alert for Under Excitation will be reported if the UnderExcited (Q ) check box is selected. The Under Excitation
min
percent limit for the generator is 100% of Qmin.

ETAP also has two alerts for the generator built into the load flow calculation. ETAP will produce an Under-Power alert if the real power output of the generator, from the load flow calculation, is less than the value
of Pmin. You can specify Pmin in the Capability page of the Generator editor. Pmin must be non-zero in order for ETAP to generate the alert. Also, if the generator is modeled in Swing mode, it will absorb real
power in load flow if necessary; therefore, ETAP will produce a Pout<0 alert for Swing mode generators if the real power output from the load flow calculation is negative.

Marginal Limit
If the Marginal Limit option is checked, the Alert View window will display the marginal alerts as well. If not selected, the Alert View window will display only the critical alerts.

Auto Display
If the Auto Display option is checked, the Alert View window automatically opens after the load flow calculation completes. If not checked, the Alert View window can be opened by clicking the Alert View icon on
the Load Flow toolbar.

Load Flow Analysis

Toolbar
Study Case Editor
- Info Page
- Loading Page
- Adjustment Page
- Alert Page
Display Options
Load Flow Calculation Methods
- 1-Phase/Panel System Load Flow Calculation
- Load Flow Required Data
Load Flow Output Reports
- Crystal Report
Alert View
Load Flow Result Analyzer
- Report and Result Selection
- General Information
- Bus Results
- Branch Results
- Loads
- Sources
Load Analyzer
- Editor
- Reports

Load Flow Display Options

Results Page
The Load Flow Analysis Display Options consist of a Results page and three pages for Results, AC, AC-DC, and Colors information annotations. The colors and displayed annotations selected for each study are
specific to that study.

Show Units
Select this option to show units for power flow and current displayed on the one-line diagram.

Check All
Select this option to show all available result annotations. When this box is unchecked, the previous settings are restored.

Voltage
Voltage
Select kV or percent for voltage display on the one-line diagram from the list.

Bus Mag.
Select this option to display bus voltages on the one-line diagram. Bus voltages are displayed at 15 degrees.

Bus Angle
Select this option to display bus angles in degrees on the one-line diagram. Bus angles are displayed at ⌀15 degrees.

Load Term. Mag.

Select this option to display load (motors and static loads) terminal voltages on the one-line diagram. Load terminal voltages are displayed at 15 degrees. Load terminal voltages can be displayed based on load rated
kV or bus nominal kV, depending on the selection in Load Term. Base kV.

Load Term. Base kV

This group allows you to select base kV for load terminal magnitude, when the voltage is selected to be displayed in percent. This group will be disabled if it is selected to display voltage in kV.
Load Rated kV
Select this option to use load rated kV as the base for load terminal voltage display.

Bus Nom. kV
Select this option to use bus nominal kV as the base for load terminal voltage display.

Voltage Drop
Line/Cable
Select this option to display line and cable voltage drops on the one-line diagram.

Load FDR
Select this option to display the load feeder voltage drops.

Panel/UPS Systems
Results
Select this option to display results for panel systems in the one-line diagram, assuming that the Calc. 1-Phase/Panel System option has been checked in the study case when the load flow calculation was carried out.
If the Calc. Panel System option has not been checked in the load flow study case or the panel system display option is not checked, no results will be displayed in the one-line diagram.

Average Values
Select this option to display average values for panel system results as shown in the following table.

PANEL SYSTEM LOAD FLOW RESULTS DISPLAYED IN AVERAGE VALUES

PHASE TYPE Voltage Current Power
3-Phase Average Value Average Value Total Power
1-Phase, 3-Wire LL Value Average Value Total Power
1-Phase, 2-Wire Phase Value Phase Value Phase Value

Panel System Load Flow Results Displayed in Average Values

All Phases
Select this option to display individual phase values for panel system results. For 3-phase elements, voltage, current, and power for phases A, B, and C are displayed in sequence, and for one-phase three-wire
elements, voltage, current, and power for phases LL, L1, and L2 are displayed in sequence.

PANEL SYSTEM LOAD FLOW RESULTS DISPLAYED IN ALL PHASES

PHASE TYPE Voltage Current Power
3-Phase Phase A, B, & C Phase A, B, & C Phase A, B, & C
1-Phase, 3-Wire Phase LL, L1, & L2 Phase LL, L1, & L2 Phase LL, L1, & L2
1-Phase, 2-Wire Phase Value Phase Value Phase Value

PANEL SYSTEM LOAD FLOW RESULTS DISPLAYED IN ALL PHASES

Power Flows
You can specify how the flows will be displayed in this area.

Units
Select the unit (kVA or MVA) to be used to display power flow on the one-line diagram.

kW + jkvar
Select the kW + jkvar radio button to display power flow in kW+jkvar or MW+jMvar.

kVA
Select the kVA radio button to display power flow in kVA or MVA.
Amp
Select the Amp radio button to display current flow in amperes.

%PF
When the Amp or kVA radio button is selected, you can check this box to show power factor of power flow along with the current.

Flow Results
Branch
Select this option to display power flow through all branches on the one-line diagram. ETAP displays the power flow at one end of a branch, i.e., the end that has a positive kW value flowing into the branch. For
three-winding transformers, all three power flows are displayed.

Source
Select this option to display power flow for generators and power grids on the one-line diagram.

Load
Select this option to display power flow for motors, MOVs, capacitors, lumped loads, and static loads on the one-line diagram.

Composite Motor
Select this option to display power flow into composite motors.

Composite Network
Select the check box to display power flow into composite networks.

Branch Losses
Select this option to display branch losses on the one-line diagram. Losses are displayed inside a bracket in [kW+jkvar] or [MW+jMvar].

Meters
Ammeter
Check this option to display primary current for the branch to which an ammeter is attached.

Voltmeter
Check this option to display primary voltage for the bus to which a voltmeter is attached.

Multi-Meter
Check this option to display the measurements of a multi-meter, including bus voltage, branch current, branch power flow, power factor, and frequency.

Display Options Pages:

AC Page
AC-DC Page

Load Flow Analysis

Toolbar
Study Case Editor
- Info Page
- Loading Page
- Adjustment Page
- Alert Page
Display Options
Load Flow Calculation Methods
- 1-Phase/Panel System Load Flow Calculation
- Load Flow Required Data
Load Flow Output Reports
- Crystal Report
Alert View
Load Flow Result Analyzer
- Report and Result Selection
- General Information
- Bus Results
- Branch Results
- Loads
- Sources
Load Analyzer
- Editor
- Reports

Load Flow Calculation Methods

ETAP provides four load flow calculation methods: Adaptive Newton-Raphson, Newton-Raphson, Fast-Decoupled, and Accelerated Gauss-Seidel. They possess different convergent characteristics, and sometimes
one is more favorable in terms of achieving the best performance. You can select any one of them depending on your system configuration, generation, loading condition, and the initial bus voltages.

Newton-Raphson Method
The Newton-Raphson method formulates and solves iteratively the following load flow equation:

where P and Q are specified bus real and reactive power mismatch vectors between specified value and calculated value, respectively; DV and Dd represents bus voltage magnitude and angle vectors in an
incremental form; and J1 through J4 are called Jacobian matrices.

The Newton-Raphson method possesses a unique quadratic convergence characteristic. It usually has a very fast convergence speed compared to other load flow calculation methods. It also has the advantage that
the convergence criteria are specified to ensure convergence for bus real power and reactive power mismatches. This criterion gives you direct control of the accuracy you want to specify for the load flow solution.
The convergence criteria for the Newton-Raphson method are typically set to 0.001 MW and Mvar.

The Newton-Raphson method is highly dependent on the bus voltage initial values. A careful selection of bus voltage initial values is strongly recommended. Before running load flow using the Newton-Raphson
method, ETAP makes a few Gauss-Seidel iterations to establish a set of sound initial values for the bus voltages.

The Newton-Raphson method is recommended for use with any system as a first choice.

Adaptive Newton-Raphson Method

This improved Newton-Raphson Method introduces a set of smaller steps for iterations where a potential divergence condition is encountered. The smaller increments may help to reach a load flow solution for some
systems where the regular Newton-Raphson method might fail to reach one.

The Newton-Raphson method is based on the Taylor series approximation. For simplicity and incremental steps a linear interpolation/extrapolation of the additional time step increments is performed to improve the
solution.

The incremental steps are controlled by adjusting the value of ak to find a possible solution for the following solution step.

The test results prove that the adaptive load flow method can improve the convergence for distribution and transmission systems with significant series capacitance effects (i.e. negative series reactance). It is also
considered to possibly improve convergence for systems with very small impedance values, but that is not guaranteed.

One side effect of using this method is reduced calculation speed because of the incremental steps in the solution.

Fast-Decoupled Method
The Fast-Decoupled method is derived from the Newton-Raphson method. It takes the fact that a small change in the magnitude of bus voltage does not vary the real power at the bus appreciably, and likewise, for a
small change in the phase angle of the bus voltage, the reactive power does not change appreciably. Thus the load flow equation from the Newton-Raphson method can be simplified into two separate decoupled sets
of load flow equations, which can be solved iteratively:

The Fast-Decoupled method reduces computer memory storage by approximately half, compared to the Newton-Raphson method. It also solves the load flow equations using significantly less computer time than
that required by the Newton-Raphson method, since the Jacobian matrices are constant.

As with the Newton-Raphson method, convergence criteria of the Fast-Decoupled method is based on real power and reactive power mismatches, which are typically set to 0.001 in the order of MW and Mvar.

Although for a fixed number of iterations it is not as accurate as the Newton-Raphson method, the savings in computer time and the more favorable convergence criteria makes for a very good overall performance.

In general, the Fast-Decoupled method can be used as an alternative to the Newton-Raphson method, and it should definitely be given a try if the Newton-Raphson method has failed when dealing with long radial
systems or systems that have long transmission lines or cables.

Accelerated Gauss-Seidel Method

From the system nodal voltage equation

the Accelerated Gauss-Seidel method derives the following load flow equation and solves it iteratively:

where P and Q are specified bus real and reactive power vectors, V is the bus voltage vector, and YBUS is the system admittance matrix. Y*BUS and V* are the conjugates of YBUS and V respectively. VT is the
transpose of V.

The Accelerated Gauss-Seidel method has relatively lower requirements of the bus initial voltage values compared to the Newton-Raphson method and the Fast-Decoupled method. Instead of using bus real power
and reactive power mismatch as convergence criteria, the Accelerated Gauss-Seidel method checks bus voltage magnitude tolerance between two consecutive iterations to control the solution precision. The typical
value for bus voltage magnitude precision is set to 0.000001 pu.

The Accelerated Gauss-Seidel method has a slower convergence speed. When you apply appropriate acceleration factors, a significant increase in the rate of convergence can be obtained. The range for the
acceleration factor is between 1.2 and 1.7, and is typically set to 1.45.

Load Flow Convergence

As in any iterative solution method, the convergence of the load flow solution is affected by a number of factors specific to power systems.

Negative Impedance
Negative reactance should be avoided. As an example, the traditional method of modeling three-winding transformers by a Y equivalent model, using one impedance and two two-winding transformers, sometimes
results in a negative impedance value for one of the impedance branches. In this case, the negative impedance should be combined with other series circuit elements so that the result is a positive impedance value.
Load flow calculations may not converge if a large value of negative impedance is used. ETAP can now model three-winding transformers directly with no need for the user to do any conversions.

Negative Reactance
Series transmission line capacitance can create overall negative reactance on the branch element. In versions of ETAP, (11.1.1 and below), it is likely that larger negative reactance values may cause divergence.
ETAP 12.0.0 and higher includes a new method called Adaptive load flow.

Zero or Very Small Impedance

A zero or very small impedance value of any branch is not allowed, since this will result in infinity or a huge number in the system admittance matrix. You should represent this type of impedance by a tie circuit
breaker to solve the problem.

Widely Different Branch Impedance Values

Widely different branch impedance values on the same per unit base may result in a slow convergence. To avoid this situation, various techniques, such as combining series branches with low impedance values,
ignoring short length transmission lines and/or cables, or modeling a small impedance branch with tie circuit breakers, can be employed.

Long Radial System Configurations

Long radial system configurations usually take a longer time to converge than loop configurations. In general, the Fast-Decoupled method works faster than the Newton-Raphson or the Accelerated Gauss-Seidel
method for radial system.

Bad Bus Voltage Initial Values

Solution convergence speed and computing time are functions of the initial voltages for load-type buses. The closer the initial voltages are to their final profile, the faster the solution converges. The solution may not
converge if the initial voltages are too far from the final profile, thus it is recommended that the Update Bus Voltage option be used to obtain a set of sound initial bus voltages.

Modeling of Loads
Constant Power Load
Constant power loads include induction motors, synchronous motors, conventional and unbalanced lumped loads with % motor load, UPS’s, and chargers. The power output remains constant for all changes in input
voltage. Below are the respective I-V and P-V curves for a constant power load:

Constant Impedance Load

Constant impedance loads include static loads, capacitors, harmonic filters, MOV’s, and conventional and unbalanced lumped loads with % static load. The input power increases proportionally to the square of the
input voltage. Below are the respective I-V and P-V curves for a constant impedance load:

Constant Current Loads

Constant current loads include unbalanced lumped loads with % constant current load. The current remains constant for all changes in voltage. Below are the respective I-V and P-V curves for a constant current
load:
Generic Load
Generic loads include lumped loads using either the exponential, polynomial, or comprehensive model.

A generic load model expresses the characteristics of the load at any instant of time as algebraic functions of the bus voltage magnitude and frequency at that instant. Refer to Section 8.12 for more information.

Modeling of AC-DC Converters

In a Load Flow Study, chargers are represented as constant kVA loads connected to their AC input bus. An inverter is represented as an AC source without considering the internal impedances, which can have
several operating modes as a generator can have.

Modeling of HV DC’s
In a load flow study, the HV DC link is represented as a branch, which consists of a Rectifier, a DC line, and an Inverter. Both the Inverter and the Rectifier of the HV DC link require a connection either directly to a
swing bus or to a system containing a swing bus.

Modeling of SVC’s
In a load flow study, the SVC is represented as a variable static load. The SVC regulates voltage at its terminal by controlling the amount of reactive power injected into or absorbed from the power system. When
running load flow on a system containing an SVC, load flow will first determine the system voltages without the SVC. If the initial voltage of the bus connected to SVC is lower than the reference voltage, the SVC
will inject reactive power. And if the initial voltage of the bus connected to SVC is higher than the reference voltage, the SVC will absorb reactive power. Refer to section 11 for more information.

Modeling of UPS
In a Load Flow Study, the UPS is represented as a constant load at its input side and a swing source at its output side (where the output side is energized).

When the UPS is selected as a load based on its loading category in its loading page, the system that is connected to the UPS output side will be de-energized if there is not any other swing sources in the system and
the UPS is modeled as a pure constant load.

When the UPS is selected as a load based on its connected load, the UPS output bus will be modeled as a swing bus with the UPS rated output voltage as its regulating voltage for its output bus. Then the calculated
UPS output bus loading will be treated/shared as the UPS output side loading.

If multiple UPS selected as connected loads share the same output bus, the calculated UPS output bus loading will be shared among all the UPS by their maximum rated currents. The UPS output side loading will be
reflected onto the UPS input bus by considering its efficiency and the operating input power factor selection in its loading page. For example, if the UPS share of its output bus loading is P + j*Q, then the UPS
loading will be reflected onto its input bus based on the operating input PF selection as a load:

1. P/EFF + j*P/EFF*sqrt(1-PF*PF)/PF where EFF is the UPS efficiency and PF is the rated or user-defined power factor.
2. P/EFF + j*Q when connected load power factor is selected.

Modeling of VFD
In a Load Flow Study, the VFD is modeled the same way as the UPS except for:

l The VFD is modeled as a load based on its connected load.

l The VFD output swing bus voltage is specified by the VFD loading category.
l The VFD output side loading will be reflected onto its input side and shared equally by its input branches if the VFD is connected to multiple input branches. Otherwise, the VFD output side loading will be
reflected onto its input bus.

Different Factors Considered in Load Calculation

ETAP provides you with great flexibility in modeling load variations through different load factors, such as demand factor, load percent, service factor, and application factor, etc. Depending on your specifications,
these factors are used differently in calculating loads under several circumstances:

l Load Editor – Calculation of load for loading categories and voltage drop

l Input for Studies – Calculation of load specification for load flow and initial load for motor starting and transient stability studies

l Studies Results – Calculation of load displayed in one-line diagram from load flow, motor starting, and transient stability studies

l Bus Editor – Sum of load connected to a bus

The following two tables describe how these factors are used in these cases:

Factors Used for Motor Load Calculation

Bus
Load Editor Input to Studies Results from Studies
Editor

Load Loss Vd Load Loss Load Loss Vd

Bus Nominal kV x x x x x x x x
Bus Operating V x x x x x
Demand Factor x x x x x x x x x
Loading % x x x x x x x x x
Service Factor *
App. Factor *
Load Quantity x x x x x x x
Bus Diversity Factor * * * * *
Global Diversity Factor * * * * *

Factors Used for Static Load Calculation

Results from
Load Editor Input to Studies Bus
Studies
Editor
Load Loss Vd Load Loss Load Loss Vd
Bus Nominal kV x x x x x x x x x
Bus Operating V x x x x
Demand Factor x x x x x x x x x
Loading % x x x x x x x x x
App. Factor *
Load Quantity x x x x x x x
Bus Diversity Factor * * * * *
Global Diversity Factor * * * * *

* Indicates the factor is used in calculation if specified by the user in the related load editor or study case.
Notes:

l Motor load includes induction motor and generator, synchronous motor, and motor load portion of lumped load.

l Static load includes static load, capacitor, MOV, and static load portion of conventional and unbalanced lumped loads.

Comparison of System Element Models

Dynamic Static
Element Load Flow Transient Stability Motor Acceleration Motor Starting
Dynamically Constant Voltage Constant Voltage
Generators Infinite Bus
Modeled Behind Xd’ Behind Xd’
Exciter/Governors Dynamically
Not Applicable Not Modeled Not Modeled
Modeled
Constant Voltage
Constant Voltage Constant Voltage
Utility Ties Infinite Bus Behind X”
Behind X” Behind X”
Modeled
Dynamically or
Operating Motors Constant kVA Constant kVA Constant kVA
Constant kVA

Locked-Rotor Z and
Single1, Single2, Single1, Single2,
Power Factor
Starting Motors Not Applicable DBL1, & DBL2 DBL1, DBL2, &
Models TSC Models
Starters Not Applicable Modeled Modeled Modeled

Load Flow Analysis

Toolbar
Study Case Editor
- Info Page
- Loading Page
- Adjustment Page
- Alert Page
Display Options
Load Flow Calculation Methods
- 1-Phase/Panel System Load Flow Calculation
- Load Flow Required Data
Load Flow Output Reports
- Crystal Report
Alert View
Load Flow Result Analyzer
- Report and Result Selection
- General Information
- Bus Results
- Branch Results
- Loads
- Sources
Load Analyzer
- Editor
- Reports

1-Phase/Panel System Load Flow Calculation

When the Calc. Panel/UPS System option is checked in the study case, the panel/UPS system load flow will be carried out along with the 3-phase system in a load flow run. Due to special conditions for panel/UPS
systems, the calculations are performed with a different method from the one used for the 3-phase system.

When the Calc. Panel/UPS System option is not checked in the study case, loads from a panel/UPS system is summed up for the specified load category to the top element (a panel, a phase-adaptor, or an UPS) of
the panel/UPS system and this top element is treated as a load to the 3-phase system. In this load summation, loads are added up under rated voltage without considering losses and voltage drop.

1-Phase/Panel Systems
A panel system is defined as a radial sub-system that is powered through a top panel, a phase adaptor, or an 1-phase UPS connected to a 3-phase bus. A power system may contain several panel systems. Each panel
system has a top element that is either a 3-phase panel or a phase adapter.

Special Conditions for 1-Phase/Panel System Load Flow Calculation

Looped 1-Phase/Panel System
A 1-phase/panel system should be a radial sub-system. There should be no loops involved. Before load flow calculation, ETAP checks for loop configurations. In case any loops are detected in a 1-phase/panel
system, an error will be posted.

Transformer LTC
Transformer LTC is not considered for any transformer in 1-phase/panel systems. Even if the LTC field is checked in the Transformer Editor, it will be ignored in 1-phase/panel system load flow calculation.

Branch Shunt Impedance

Shunt impedance for branches such as cable, transmission line, and impedance are not included in the 1-phase/panel system load flow calculation.

Feeder Cable for Panel Internal Loads

In the load flow calculation, internal loads for a panel are lumped into an equivalent load. As a result, losses caused by feeder cables of panel internal loads are not considered in panel system load flow calculation.
However, feeder cables for external loads are included in the calculation.

Calculation Method
The 1-phase/panel system load flow calculation is carried out sequentially with 3-phase load flow to achieve accurate result. The calculation involved three stages.

Before the 3-phase system load flow calculation is performed, a load flow computation is carried out for each 1-phase/panel system for the loading category and diversity factors specified in the study case. In this
computation, the terminal bus voltage of the top element is assumed to be fixed at its initial value entered in the Bus Editor. The purpose of this pre-load-flow calculation is to accurately calculate 1-phase/panel
system load, including branch losses and effect of voltage drop on various types of loads.

Once the 1-phase/panel system load is calculated, it is stored in the top element. The 3-phase system load flow calculation is then carried out, in which the top element of each 1-phase/panel system is represented as
a single load connected to a 3-phase bus.

After the 3-phase system load flow is completed, a load flow calculation is carried out again for each 1-phase/panel system with the updated terminal bus voltage of the top element just calculated from the 3-phase
system load flow. The results of the calculation are reported on the one-line diagram and in Crystal Report.

Load Flow Analysis

Toolbar
Study Case Editor
- Info Page
- Loading Page
- Adjustment Page
- Alert Page
Display Options
Load Flow Calculation Methods
- 1-Phase/Panel System Load Flow Calculation
- Load Flow Required Data
Load Flow Output Reports
- Crystal Report
Alert View
Load Flow Result Analyzer
- Report and Result Selection
- General Information
- Bus Results
- Branch Results
- Loads
- Sources
Load Analyzer
- Editor
- Reports

Load Flow Required Data

Bus Data
Required data for load flow calculations for buses includes:

l Nominal kV

l %V and Angle (when Initial Condition is set to use Use Bus Voltages)

l Load Diversity Factor (when the Loading option is set to use Diversity Factor)

Branch Data
Branch data is entered into the Branch Editors, i.e., Transformer, Transmission Line, Cable, Reactor, and Impedance editors. Required data for load flow calculations for branches includes:

l Branch Z, R, X, or X/R values and units, tolerance, and temperature, if applicable

l Cable and transmission line, length, and unit

l Transformer rated kV and kVA/MVA, tap, and LTC settings

l Impedance base kV and base kVA/MVA

Power Grid Data

Required data for load flow calculations for power grids includes:

l Operating mode (Swing, Voltage Control, Mvar Control, or PF Control)

l Nominal kV

l %V and Angle for swing mode

l %V, MW loading, and Mvar limits (Qmax & Qmin) for Voltage Control mode

l MW and Mvar loading, and Mvar limits Mvar Control mode

l MW loading and PF, and Mvar limits for PF Control mode

Synchronous Generator Data

Required data for load flow calculations for synchronous generators includes:

l Operating mode (Swing, Voltage Control, or Mvar Control)

l Rated kV

l %V and Angle for swing mode of operation

l %V, MW loading, and Mvar limits (Qmax and Qmin) for Voltage Control mode

l MW and Mvar loading, and Mvar limits Mvar Control mode

l MW loading and PF, and Mvar limits for PF Control mode

Note: The Mvar limits (Qmax and Qmin) can also be calculated from the capability curve. The required additional data for this calculation includes:

l All data on the Capability page

l Synchronous reactance (Xd)

Inverter Data
Required data for load flow calculations for inverters includes:

l Inverter ID
l DC and AC rating data
l AC output voltage regulating data

Synchronous Motor Data

Required data for load flow calculations for synchronous motors includes:

l Rated kW/hp and kV

l Power factors and efficiencies at 100%, 75%, and 50% loadings

l % Loading for desired Loading Category

l Equipment cable data

Induction Motor Data

Required data for load flow calculations for induction motors includes:

l Rated kW/hp and kV

 l Power factors and efficiencies at 100%, 75%, and 50% loadings

l % Loading for desired Loading Category

l Equipment cable data

Static Load Data

Required data for load flow calculations for static loads includes:

l Static Load ID

l Rated kVA/MVA and kV

l Power factor

l % Loading for desired Loading Category

l Equipment cable data

Capacitor Data
Required data for load flow calculations for capacitors includes:

l Capacitor ID
l Rated kV, kvar/bank, and number of banks
l % Loading for desired Loading Category
l Equipment cable data

Lumped Load Data

Required data for load flow calculations for lumped loads includes:

Conventional

l Load ID
l Rated kV, kVA/MVA, power factor, and % motor load
l % Loading for desired Loading Category

Unbalanced

l Load ID
l Rated kV, kVA/MVA, power factor, % motor load, and % static load
l % Loading for desired Loading Category

Exponential

l Load ID
l Rated kV, P0, Q0, a, and b
l % Loading for desired Loading Category

Polynomial

l Load ID
l Rated kV, P0, Q0, p1, p2, q1, and q2
l % Loading for desired Loading Category

Comprehensive

l Load ID
l Rated kV, P0, Q0, a1, a2, b1, b2, p1, p2, p3, p4, q1, q2, q3, and q4
l % Loading for desired Loading Category

Charger and UPS Data

Required data for load flow calculations for chargers and UPS’s includes:

l Element ID
l Rated AC kV, MVA, and power factor, as well as DC rating data
l % Loading for desired Loading Category

HV DC Link Data
Required data for load flow calculations for HVDC links includes:

l Element ID
l All data on the Rating page is required for Load Flow calculations
l Inverter current margin (Im)

SVC Data
Required data for load flow calculations for SVC’s includes:

l Element ID
l Rated kV
l Inductive Rating (Either QL, IL, or BL)
l Capacitive Rating (Either QC, IC, or BC)
l Max Inductive Rating (Either QL(Max), or IL(Max))
l Max Capacitive Rating (Either QC(Min), or IC(Min))

Note: QC, QC(Min), and BL must be entered as a negative value

Panel Data
Required data for load flow calculations for panels includes:

l Element ID
l Rated kV and Amps
l Number of Branch Circuits
 l Loading and %Loading
l Phasing, Number of Poles, and State
l Connection Type, i.e. Internal, External, Spare, etc.

Other Data
There are some study case related data, which must also be provided. This includes:

l Method (Newton-Raphson, Fast-Decoupled, or Accelerated Gauss-Seidel)

l Max Iteration

l Precision

l Acceleration Factor (when Accelerated Gauss-Seidel method is selected)

l Loading Category

l Initial Voltage Condition

l Report (report format)

l Update (for bus voltages and transformer LTCs using load flow result)

The study case related data is entered into the Load Flow Study Case editor.

Load Flow Analysis

Toolbar
Study Case Editor
- Info Page
- Loading Page
- Adjustment Page
- Alert Page
Display Options
Load Flow Calculation Methods
- 1-Phase/Panel System Load Flow Calculation
- Load Flow Required Data
Load Flow Output Reports
- Crystal Report
Alert View
Load Flow Result Analyzer
- Report and Result Selection
- General Information
- Bus Results
- Branch Results
- Loads
- Sources
Load Analyzer
- Editor
- Reports

Load Flow Output Reports

The load flow calculation results are reported both on the one-line diagram and in the Crystal Reports format. The graphical one-line diagram displays the calculated bus voltages, branch flows and voltage drops,
load power consumption, etc. You can use the Display Options editor to specify the content to be displayed. It also flags abnormal operating conditions, such as overloaded cables and over- or undervoltage buses, in
different colors.

The Crystal Reports format provides you with detailed information for a load flow analysis. You can utilize the Load Flow Report Manager to help you view the output report.

Crystal Reports

Load Flow Analysis

Toolbar
Study Case Editor
- Info Page
- Loading Page
- Adjustment Page
- Alert Page
Display Options
Load Flow Calculation Methods
- 1-Phase/Panel System Load Flow Calculation
- Load Flow Required Data
Load Flow Output Reports
- Crystal Report
Alert View
Load Flow Result Analyzer
- Report and Result Selection
- General Information
- Bus Results
- Branch Results
- Loads
- Sources
Load Analyzer
- Editor
- Reports

Crystal Reports
View from Study Case Toolbar
This is a shortcut for the Report Manger. When you click on the View Output Report button, ETAP automatically opens the output report listed in the Study Case toolbar with the selected format. In the picture
shown below, the output report name is LF 100A and the selected format is Complete.
Report Manager
To open the Report Manager, simply click on the Report Manager button on the Load Flow toolbar. The editor includes four pages (Complete, Input, Result, and Summary) representing different sections of the
output report. The Report Manager allows you to select formats available for different portions of the report and view it via Crystal Reports. There are several fields and buttons common to every page, as described
below.

Output Report Name

This field displays the name of the output report you want to view.

Project File Name

This field displays the name of the project file based on which report was generated, along with the directory where the project file is located.

Path
This field displays the name of the project file based on which report was generated, along with the directory where the project file is located.

Help
Click on this button to access Help.

OK/Cancel
Click on the OK button to close the editor and open the Crystal Reports view to show the selected portion of the output report. If no selection is made, it will close the editor. Click on the Cancel button to close the
editor without viewing the report.

Complete
The complete report includes input data, results, and summary reports.

Viewer and File Options

You can view the report in the Crystal Reports viewer, or save the report in PDF, MS Word, Rich Text Format, or Excel format. If you wish this selection to be the default for reports, click the Set As Default check
box.
Input Data
This page allows you to select different formats for viewing input data, grouped according to type. They include:
Adjustments
Branch
Bus
Cable
Cover
Equipment Cable
High Voltage DC Link
Impedance
Line Coupling
NO Protective Devices
Reactor
SVC
Transformer
Results
This page allows you to select the desired output report.

Summary
This page allows you to select different portions of the load flow summary to view.

Note: Some portions of the summary are available only when you have selected specific options in the study case, such as Critical and Marginal Voltage options.

Alert-Complete
Alert-Critical
Alert-Marginal
Branch Loading
 Bus Loading
Losses
Summary

Load Flow Analysis

Toolbar
Study Case Editor
- Info Page
- Loading Page
- Adjustment Page
- Alert Page
Display Options
Load Flow Calculation Methods
- 1-Phase/Panel System Load Flow Calculation
- Load Flow Required Data
Load Flow Output Reports
- Crystal Report
Alert View
Load Flow Result Analyzer
- Report and Result Selection
- General Information
- Bus Results
- Branch Results
- Loads
- Sources
Load Analyzer
- Editor
- Reports

Alert View - Load Flow

The functional objective of the Alert View is to provide an immediate list of all the alerts generated by the load flow calculation. The Alert View window may be configured to automatically display as soon as the
load flow calculation is over by selecting the Auto Display check box in the Alarm page of the load flow study case. It may also be accessed by a left-click on the Alert View icon. The Alert View provides several
tabulated sections of information about the reported alerts. You may refer to Section 15.2.3 Alert page for detailed information on alerts for each type of elements.

Device ID
The Device Identification group of the Alert View lists the names of all the components that qualified as alerts after the load flow calculation.

Type
The Type group of the Alert View displays information about the type of the device having the displayed alert.
Condition
The Condition group of the Alert View provides a brief comment about the type of alert being reported. In the case of load flow alerts, the different conditions reported are Overloads, Over Voltage, Under Voltage,
Over Excited, and Under Excited.

Rating/Limit
The Rating group of the Alert View provides the rating information being used by the Load Flow module to determine whether an alert should be reported and of what kind. Section 15.2.3 Alert Page provides
detailed information on alerts for each type of elements.

Operating
The Operating group of the Alert View displays the results from the Load Flow calculation. The results listed here are used in combination with those displayed in the ratings section to determine the operating
percent values. These values are then compared to those entered in the Alert page of the Load Flow Study Case editor.

%Operating
This group displays the percent operating values calculated based on the load flow results and the different element ratings/Limits. The values displayed here are directly compared to the percent of monitored
parameters entered directly into the Alert page of the Load Flow Study Case editor. Based on the element type, system topology and given conditions, the Alert Simulation program uses these percent values to
determine if and what kind of alert should be displayed.

Phase Type
This group displays whether the alert being displayed is for a Single-Phase or 3-Phase component.

Load Flow Analysis

Toolbar
Study Case Editor
- Info Page
- Loading Page
- Adjustment Page
- Alert Page
Display Options
Load Flow Calculation Methods
- 1-Phase/Panel System Load Flow Calculation
- Load Flow Required Data
Load Flow Output Reports
- Crystal Report
Alert View
Load Flow Result Analyzer
- Report and Result Selection
- General Information
- Bus Results
- Branch Results
- Loads
- Sources
Load Analyzer
- Editor
- Reports

Load Flow Result Analyzer

The Load Flow Result Analyzer allows you to view the results of various load flow studies in one screen so you can analyze and compare the different results. You can compare the results of general information
about the project or more specific information such as the results contained from buses, branches, loads or sources in a load flow study. The Load Flow Result Analyzer is a time saving tool that allows you to
compare and analyze different reports coming from different projects, within the same directory, in a single display.

Report and Result Selections

Study Reports:
Select which Load Flow study reports to compare by clicking on the check box. The results of the selected study report(s) will appear in the display table.
Ref
Select the study report that is used as the reference. The Display table also indicates which study report is used as the reference by a green highlight on the study report name.

Report Type
Select which Report Type you would like displayed.

General Info
Selecting General will display the general information contained in the study report such as number of elements, system generation, loads and losses, and conversion parameters.

Bus Results
Selecting Bus will display the bus information contained in the study report.

Branch Results
Selecting Branch will display the branch information contained in the study report.

Loads
Selecting Load will display the load information contained in the study report.

Sources
Selecting Source will display the source information contained in the study report.

Project Report
Select which project report(s) you would like active.

Active Project
The first selection is defaulted to the open project file. This will limit you to all the reports generated from this project.

All Projects in Active Directory

This allows the user to compare reports from different projects that are located within the directory that the current (open) project file resides.

General Info
Under this category, general information that summarizes the study and the information that is reported in the first and last page of the output reports are displayed. When “General Info” is selected, the Display
Table is changed to show the following:

Study Case ID
Study case ID: unique name up to 25 characters.

Data Revision
This field indicates the name of the Data Revision used for the selected study report.

Configuration
This field indicates the configuration status being used for the selected study report.

Loading Cat
Display the name of the Loading Category used for the selected study report.

Generation Cat
Display the name of the Generation Category used for the selected study report.
Diversity Factor
Display the Load Diversity Factor used for the selected study report.

Buses
Total number of Energized Buses that exist in the selected study report.

Branches
Total number of Branches that exist in the selected study report.

Generators
Total number of Generators that exist in the selected study report.

Power Grids
Total number of Power Grids that exist in the selected study report.

Loads
Total number of Loads that exist in the selected study report.

Load-MW
Total Load in MW that exists in the selected study report.

Load-Mvar
Total Load in Mvar that exists in the selected study report.

Generation-MW
Total Generation in MW that exists in the selected study report.

Generation-Mvar
Total Generation in Mvar that exists in the selected study report.

Losses-MW
Total losses in MW that exist in the selected study report.

Losses-Mvar
Total losses in Mvar that exist in the selected study report.

Mismatch-MW
Total mismatch in MW that exists in the selected study report.

Mismatch-Mvar
Total mismatch in Mvar that exist in the selected study report.

Bus Results
Under this category, bus information and the load flow results for the buses are displayed. When “Bus Results” is selected, the Result Analyzer display is changed to show the following:

Bus Type
This section determines what type of buses to display in the table.

Source Buses
Buses that are connected to a Generator or Power Grid.

Nodes
Buses that have been graphically displayed as Nodes.

MCC & SWGR

Buses that have MCC or SWGR as the type selected in the Rating page.

Load Buses
Buses that have loads connected to them.

Bus Info
This section determines which bus information to display in the table.

Nominal kV
Display the bus nominal voltage in kV of the selected bus.

Amp Rating
Display the ampere rating of the selected bus.

Type
Display the bus type information: Gen, SWNG, or Load.
Unit
This section determines the measurement unit used to display the bus loading results and operating bus voltages.

Load Flow Results

This section determines which results to display in the table.
Note: When multiple study reports are selected, Calculated Results section becomes Radial buttons.

Voltage
Display operating voltage based on the result voltage unit (kV, % of Bus nominal kV, or Volts).

kW Loading
Display total bus loading (kW or MW).

kvar Loading
Display total bus loading (kvar or Mvar).

Amp Loading
Display Ampere Loading of the load directly connected to the bus.

% Loading
Displays the percent loading based on the calculated ampere loading and ampere rating of the bus.

Alert
This section allows you to enter the marginal and critical limits on the display table.
Note that the results will be highlighted based on these limits, not based on the limits set from the study case.

Loading
Highlights bus loading alerts.

OverVoltage
Highlights bus over voltage alerts.

UnderVoltage
Highlights bus under voltage alerts.

Display Options
Actual Value
Display the actual value of the results.

Differences with Ref.

Display the delta differences between the calculated results with respect to the values from the reference report.

Skip if Same - Delta is less than

Data that has the same results or a value within the delta limit, as the reference study will not be displayed.

Find
Select any bus from the Bus ID list and click find to locate that bus on your One-Line Diagram.
Branch Results
Under this category, branch information and the load flow results for the branches are displayed. When “Branch Results” is selected, the Result Analyzer display is changed to show the following:

Branch Type
Select the Branch type(s) to display on the table. The list of branch types is below:

l Transformer
l Cable
l Line
l Reactor
l Impedance
l Equipment Cable

Branch Info
This section determines which branch information to display in the table.

From Bus
Display “From Bus” connection for that element.

To Bus
Display “To Bus” connection for that element.

Type
Display the element type on the display table.

Rating 1 and Rating 2

Display the Rating for each branch. See table below for each Rating:

Unit
This section determines the measurement unit used to display the branch loading results and operating branch voltages.

Load Flow Results

This section determines which results to display in the table.
Note: When multiple study reports are selected, Calculated Results section becomes Radial buttons.
kW Flow
Display power flow (kW or MW)

kvar Flow
Display power flow (kvar or Mvar)

Amp Flow
Display ampere flow from one bus to another.

% PF
Display Power Factor (%)

% Loading
Display loading (%)

% Voltage Drop
Display voltage drop (%)

kW Losses
Display branch losses (kW or MW)

kvar Losses
Display branch losses (kvar or Mvar)

Alert
This section allows you to enter the marginal and critical limits on the display table.
Note that the results will be highlighted based on these limits, not based on the limits from the study case.

Loading
Highlight branch loading alerts.

Voltage Drop
Highlight branch voltage drop alerts.

Display Options

Actual Value
Display the actual value of the results.

Differences with Ref.

Display the delta differences between the calculated results with respect to the values from the reference report.

Skip if Same - Delta is less than

Data that has the same results or a value within the delta limit, as the reference study will not be displayed.

Find
Select any branch from the ID list and click find to locate that element on your One-Line Diagram.

Loads
Under this category, load information and the load flow results for the loads are displayed. When “Loads” is selected, the Result Analyzer display is changed to show the following:
Load Type
Select the Load type(s) to display on the table. The list of load types is below:

l Induction
l Synchronous
l Lumped
l Static
l MOV
l Capacitor
l SVC
l Filter

Load Info
This section determines which load information to display in the table.

Terminal Bus
Bus connected to the load.

Type
Display the load type on the display table.

Rating and Rating kV

Display the Rating for each load. See table below for each Rating:

Unit
This section determines the measurement unit used to display the operating load and load terminal voltage results.

Load Flow Results

This section determines which results to display in the table.
Note: When multiple study reports are selected, Calculated Results section becomes Radial buttons.

kW Loading
Total operating load (kW or MW)
kvar Loading
Total operating load (kvar or Mvar)

Amp Loading
Display the current loading results.

% PF
Display the Power factor (%).

% Loading
Displays the percent loading based on the calculated ampere loading and ampere rating of the load.

Terminal Voltage
Display the load terminal voltage results.

Alert
This section allows you to enter the marginal and critical limits on the display table.
Note that the results will be highlighted based on these limits, not based on the limits from the study case.

Loading
This highlights loading alerts for loads.

OverVoltage
This highlights over voltage alerts for loads.

UnderVoltage
This highlights under voltage alerts for loads.

Display Options

Actual Value
Display the actual value of the results.

Differences with Ref.

Display the delta differences between the calculated results with respect to the values from the reference report.

Skip if Same - Delta is less than

Data that has the same results or a value within the delta limit, as the reference study will not be displayed.

Find
Select any load from the ID list and click find to locate that load on your One-Line Diagram.

Sources
Under this category, source information and the load flow results for the sources are displayed. When “Sources” is selected, the Result Analyzer display is changed to show the following:

Source Type
Select the Source type(s) to display on the table. The list of source types is below:

l Power Grid
l Synchronous
l Wind Turbine

Source Info
This section determines which source information to display in the table.

Terminal Bus
Display the bus connected to the source.
Type
Display the source type.

Rating and Rating kV

Display the rating for each source. See table below for each Rating:

Unit
This section determines the measurement unit used to display the total operating source generation and the rating for each source.

Load Flow Results

This section determines which results to display in the table.
Note: When multiple study reports are selected, Calculated Results section becomes Radial buttons.

kW Generation
Total operating source generation (kW or MW).

kvar Generation
Total operating source generation (kvar or Mvar).

Amp
Source current results

% PF
Power factor of the source (%)

% Generation
Source generation (%)

Display Options

Actual Value
Display the actual value of the results.

Differences with Ref.

Display the delta differences between the calculated results with respect to the values from the reference report.

Skip if Same - Delta is less than

Data that has the same results or a value within the delta limit, as the reference study will not be displayed.

Find
Select any source from the ID list and click find to locate that source on your One-Line Diagram.

Load Flow Analysis

Toolbar
Study Case Editor
- Info Page
- Loading Page
- Adjustment Page
- Alert Page
Display Options
Load Flow Calculation Methods
- 1-Phase/Panel System Load Flow Calculation
- Load Flow Required Data
Load Flow Output Reports
- Crystal Report
Alert View
Load Flow Result Analyzer
- Report and Result Selection
- General Information
- Bus Results
- Branch Results
- Loads
- Sources
Load Analyzer
- Editor
- Reports

Load Analyzer
The Load Analyzer module is designed as a generalized load-list to report load-schedules for power system components such as switchgear, MCC, transformers, cables, lines, panels, etc. Different reports provide
informative data regarding all loads connected downstream to equipments.

This tool is helpful during the operating phase of a project, as well as design/planning phase where system studies may not be possible due to incomplete one-line diagram or data.

Reports include the following user options:

1. Base or Revision Data

2. Configuration
3. Loading Category
4. Connected / Operating Loads
5. Continuous / Intermittent / Spare Loads
6. Continuous / Non-Continuous Loads
7. Load Demand Factors
8. Global and Individual Bus Diversity (Deviation) Factors

In addition and in contrast with the regular Load Flow analysis, the Load Analyzer allows a deeper study of the different loads present in a system. This gives the user more flexibility in analyzing individual loads
using Minimum/Maximum Bus Loading, or to simply determine the actual connected and operating loads in a given system.

Notes:

l Looped configurations or systems with two swing sources (utility or generator) are not currently handled by the Load Analyzer. Only radial systems are handled.
l In case the load voltage from the nameplate of an element is different from the upstream Bus voltage, the Load Analyzer will not adjust the voltage of the element. Therefore, the Load Analyzer results will be
different from the Load Flow results.
l Wind turbines, MG sets, Harmonic Filters (HF), and Static var Compensators (SVC) loads are not considered by the Load Analyzer. These loads will be added in the future.
l 3-phase and 1-phase loads below an Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) are not considered by the Load Analyzer. Only the internal load of the UPS is considered.
l Feeder losses and branch losses are ignored by the Load Analyzer. The Load Flow program considers all branch losses.

Load Flow Analysis

Toolbar
Study Case Editor
- Info Page
- Loading Page
- Adjustment Page
- Alert Page
Display Options
Load Flow Calculation Methods
- 1-Phase/Panel System Load Flow Calculation
- Load Flow Required Data
Load Flow Output Reports
- Crystal Report
Alert View
Load Flow Result Analyzer
- Report and Result Selection
- General Information
- Bus Results
- Branch Results
- Loads
- Sources
Load Analyzer
- Editor
- Reports

Load Analyzer Editor

The Load Analyzer module is launched from the Load Flow mode and by clicking on the Load Analyzer icon, which is located on the right hand side toolbar.

Once the module is launched, the Load Analyzer Editor opens. Following is a list and description of the different fields available in this editor.

Project
The project name is displayed in this field. This filed is for your information and cannot be edited.

Revision
The project revision is displayed in this field. This field is for your information and cannot be edited. To change the revision you must close this editor, go to the Revision toolbar and select another revision.

Configuration
The project configuration is displayed in this field. This field is for your information and cannot be edited. To change the configuration you must close this editor, go to the Configuration toolbar and select another
configuration.

Output File Name

Enter the output report database filename. By default, ETAP enters the same name as the project name. The output file name can contain upto 250 characters.
Note: Very long filenames can cause text wrapping on the report headers and affect the report format. It is recommended to use up to 25 characters for the filename.

Loading Category
Select one of the ten Loading Categories for the current Load Analyzer study. With the selection of any category, ETAP uses the percent loading of individual motors and other loads as specified for the selected
category. Note that you can assign loading to each one of the ten categories from the Nameplate page of the induction machine and synchronous motor editors and the Loading or Rating page of other load
component editors.
Load Diversity Factory
In the Load Analyzer editor, you can choose the desired Load Diversity Factor applied to each of the three Demand Factors for each load (i.e. Continuous, Intermittent, and Spare). The different Load Diversity
Factors are the following:

l None (no load diversity factor is applied)

l Bus Max (individual Bus Max diversity factor is applied to directly connected loads)
l Bus Min (individual Bus Min diversity factor is applied to directly connected loads)
l Global Value (Global load diversity factor is applied to all loads)

For each Bus in the system, the user can define the upper and lower bounds of the Load Diversity Factor that will apply to the loads directly connected to that Bus. These individual Load Diversity Factors are
applied when Bus Max or Bus Min is selected from the Load Analyzer editor under each category - Continuous, Intermittent, and Spare. These values will not be taken into account for loads since Load Diversity
Factors are set to a Global Value. For instance, if the user selects Continuous Load to have a Global Value equal to 90%, then all Continuous Loads in the system will be multiplied by that unique Global Value.

Demand Factor
In ETAP, operation of loads fall under three status categories:

l Continuous (default is set to 100%, which means the load operates continuously)
l Intermittent (default is set to 50%, which means the load operates for 12 hours)
l Spare (default is set to 0%, which means the load is not operating)

The accounted percentage of the load falling under each category, called the Demand Factor, can be set for individual loads from each editor in the Info page.

Apply Bus Diversity Factor to Non-Directly Connected Loads

The Load Analyzer program allows the user to apply Load Diversity Factor to non-directly connected loads in the system. This means that if the Apply Bus Diversity Factor to Non-Directly Connected Load option
is checked, then the Load Diversity Factor of all buses in the system will be considered (i.e. multiple dipping is applied at all levels).

PF&EFF
For all induction and synchronous motors in the system, the user can select to either use the Rated Power Factor (PF) and Efficiency of motors, or to use interpolated values for the specified motor % loading.

If the Rated PF and/or Eff options are selected, then Rated PF and Eff will be used for synchronous motors, and PF and Eff of 100% loading will be used for induction machines.

If the Interpolate at Specified % Loading option is selected, then the program interpolates the Power Factor and Efficiency entered for both induction and synchronous motors at the specified % Loading. The
interpolation occurs linearly based on the Power Factor and Efficiency values entered at 100, 75, and 50 % Loadings. The Power Factor and Efficiency values can be entered for individual motors from their editor
and Nameplate page.

Load Flow Analysis

Toolbar
Study Case Editor
- Info Page
- Loading Page
- Adjustment Page
- Alert Page
Display Options
Load Flow Calculation Methods
- 1-Phase/Panel System Load Flow Calculation
- Load Flow Required Data
Load Flow Output Reports
- Crystal Report
Alert View
Load Flow Result Analyzer
- Report and Result Selection
- General Information
- Bus Results
- Branch Results
- Loads
- Sources
Load Analyzer
- Editor
- Reports

Load Analyzer Reports

Once the different settings have been selected from the Load Analyzer interface, click OK and the Load Analyzer Report Manager will open to display the results of the study. The user has the choice to select
different reports from the following tabs:

l Bus Loading
l Bus Summary
l Load List
l Schedules

Report Manager also displays the Output Report Name and the Path where project files are located. As a reminder, Load Analyzer is the only module that skips reporting of nodes in some of its reports. For other
ETAP modules, nodes and buses are treated the same way in output reports.

Load Analyzer reports can export into Viewer (Crystal Reports format), PDF, MS Word, Rich Text Format, and MS Excel and allows choosing any of these formats to be Set As Default.

For the Load Analyzer reports, ETAP creates Access databases with the extension of <filename>.LA1. This database is used to produce load analyzer output reports.

All reports include a header, which displays project name, business location, contract number, the engineer’s name, filename, ETAP logo, ETAP version number, report name, page number, date, serial number (SN),
revision number, configuration, and remarks with up to 120 characters. The project name, location, contract number, engineer’s name, and remarks can be set from the ETAP toolbar Project/Information. The
filename is set in the Output Filename given in the Load Analyzer Editor.

Bus Feeder (FDR) Loading Reports

The Bus FDR Loading-1, 2 & 3 reports are sorted alphabetically by Bus ID.

Bus FDR Loading-1 Report selected from Bus Loading tab in the Report Manager

Bus Loading Summary Reports

The Bus Loading Summary-1 & 2 reports provide the sum of all loads for all Buses including Connected and Operating Loads. These reports are sorted alphabetically by Bus ID.
Bus Loading Summary-1 report selected from Bus Summary tab of the Report Manager

Load List Report

The Load List reports provide load information ordered by Bus Loading Summary, by Bus, by Status, and by Load. As a note, Panels are not included in Load List by Status Report. These reports are sorted
alphabetically by Bus ID.

Load-List Bus Summary report selected from Load List tab of the Report Manager

Schedule Reports
The Bus Loading Schedule report displays the total load at each Bus including the effect of all multiplying parameters (i.e. % Loading, Demand Factor, and Load Diversity Factor). This Report tabulates only
downstream Buses and Loads (no equipment). This report is sorted by Bus kV first and then Bus ID.

The Cable Schedule Report tabulates all Equipment and Branch Cables present in the system. This report also provides information about the Connected Buses, kV, and other physical parameters for each Cable.

Transformer Loading Schedule-1 & 2 reports tabulate all Transformers present in the system. These reports also provide information about the Connected Buses, Impedance, and other electrical parameters for each
transformer.

Bus Loading Schedule Report selected from Schedules tab of the Report Manager

Load Flow Analysis

Toolbar
Study Case Editor
- Info Page
- Loading Page
- Adjustment Page
- Alert Page
Display Options
Load Flow Calculation Methods
- 1-Phase/Panel System Load Flow Calculation
- Load Flow Required Data
Load Flow Output Reports
- Crystal Report
Alert View
Load Flow Result Analyzer
- Report and Result Selection
- General Information
- Bus Results
- Branch Results
- Loads
- Sources
Load Analyzer
- Editor
- Reports