9/12/2020

CEC502 : DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE

(topic-I : Introduction)

Online
PRESENTATION

by
Dr. Amiya K. Samanta
@ce.nitdgp.ac.in Professor

National Institute of Technology Department of Civil Engineering

Durgapur (Structural Division)

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Outline

Introduction

Steel Making

IS 800-2007

Analysis Methods
& Design
Limit State
Method of Design

Summary
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INTRODUCTION

Design in broad sense covers

1. Planning of the unit /structure based on assignment drawing
2. Choosing configuration of the structure for given requirement
3. Structural Analysis, Design & Detailing of components

Structural design means

a) The elements of the structure are to be proportioned & joined together
b) They are able to carry /withstand the load or effects of the load that are
likely to act during service period
c) Without excessive deformation or collapse

Requires
1. Most practical assessment of loads
2. Theoretical Analysis & Design
3. Compliance with relevant code of practice applicable to the country
/project

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INTRODUCTION

The structural design process

Knowledge
Invention or modification of structural Experience
Imagination
system /Configuration Intuition
Creativity
Preliminary analysis Approximation
Loads
Behaviour
Proportioning Members and Joints Design Criteria
Design Codes
Loads
Analysis of Structural Sysytem Behaviour
Design criteria
Evaluation of Anaylsis Output /Results
Design codes
Final Design

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INTRODUCTION

General Types of Structures

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INTRODUCTION

Why Steel as construction material

1. High Strength /Weight ratio.
2. Higher level of ductility (suitable for EQ resistant structures)
3. Fully recyclable
4. Prefabrication
5. De-mountability
6. Speed of Erection
7. Requires Fire /corrosion protection
8. Tolerance level low, requires proper training for welding /bolting.

Structural Steel design attention

a) Method of Analysis /design
b) Fabrication
c) Erection

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INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION

Relevant IS Code of Practice :

1. IS 800:2007 General Construction Practice for hot-rolled

section
2. IS 808:1989 Dimensions of Sections
3. IS 811:1987 Cold formed light guage steel
4. IS 816:1969 Welding
5. IS 1364:2002 Bolts
6. IS 2062:2011 Steel properties
7. IS 1161:2014 Steel Tubes
8. IS 4923:1998 Hollow Steel Sections
9. IS 875:1987 Design loads (DL /LL /WL…)

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INTRODUCTION

History of Steel use

1. Foam Steel first used during 500-400 BC in China,
then Europe.
2. Ashokan pillars, Puri Temples 1500yrs old
3. 1st major Application of Cast Iron (Carbon content
2-4%) : Arch Bridge in England in 1779
4. Wrought Iron (Carbon content 1.5%) stronger, high
tensile strength, used in suspension bridge in 1784
5. In fact, steel first introduced in 1740 in England
with carbon content (0.25-1.5%)

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INTRODUCTION

Steel Making
1. Open hearth process (oldest one, slow /economical)
2. Basic Oxygen steel making (BOS)
3. Electric arc Method (stainless steel making)

Steel making plant uses..

1. MELTING (at 16000C in blast furnace to float off slag /unwanted impurities, Molten
material cooled /solidified called PIG IRON)
2. REFINING (Molten material from blast furnace taken to steel melting shop to
reduce further impurities)
3. CASTING (liquidified steel solidified in large blocks called INGOTS)
4. HOT ROLLING (Semifinished products BILLETs /BLOOMS /SLABs are heated in
1200 to make maetal malleable and rolled into finished products)

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INTRODUCTION

Steel Designation
1. Fe410WA : Fe for Steel, 410 Ult. Tensile Strength UTS, W
for Weldable
2. “A” for normal /non-critical applications (prone to ductile
failure)
3. “B” for Critical loading (prone to brittle fracture)
4. “C” for having impact properties

Steel Notations..
1. ISJB (Indian Standard Junior Beams)
2. ISLB (Indian Standard Light-weight Beams)
3. ISMB (Indian Standard Medium-weight Beams)
4. ISHB (Indian Stadard Heavy-wt Beams
5. ISWB (Indian Standard Wide Flange Beams)

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INTRODUCTION

Common Types of Steel Section

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INTRODUCTION

Role of Designer (to choose)

1. Appropriate Material
2. Arrangement of structural Systems (bracing,
connection-rigid)
3. Type of Joints (Bolts /welds)
4. Method of Fabrication & Erection
5. Type of Cladding
6. Fire protection, if any
7. Etc.

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INTRODUCTION

Types of Structural Systems..

1. Tapered Portal
2. Truss & Cantilever Column
3. Braced Frame
4. Space-deck Roof
5. Tower
Type of Beam-Column Joints :
6. Guyed Tower 1. Seating Cleat
7. Transmission line Tower 2. Web Cleat
3. Rigid beam-column
8. Radio /Microwave tower 4. Haunched beam-column

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INTRODUCTION

Structural Systems :

Tapered Portal Truss Portal

Braced Frame Water Tank Tower /Staging

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INTRODUCTION

Structural Systems :

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INTRODUCTION

Industrial Shed :

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INTRODUCTION

Types of Beam-Column Joints..

1. Seating Cleat
2. Web Cleat
3. Simple beam-column
4. Rigid beam-column
5. Haunched beam-column

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INTRODUCTION

Beam-Column Simple Connection

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INTRODUCTION

Beam-Column Rigid Connection

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IS : 800-2007

Terminology
1. Leading /Accompanying Load
2. Actual Length
3. Brittle /ductile Cladding
4. Buckling load
5. Ductility
6. Edge distance, pitch, end distance
7. High Shear
8. Partial Safety Factors Page (1-31)
9. Poisson’s Ratio (Section 1 to 4)
10. Shear Lag
11. Slender section

Steel –Physical Property ..

1. Unit weight 7850 kg/m3
2. Modulus of Elasticity 200.0GPa
3. Poisson Ratio0.3
4. Modulus of rigidity 76.9GPa

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IS : 800-2007

Stress strain curve for high strength steel

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IS : 800-2007

Mechanical Properties of some typical Structural Steel

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Analysis Methods & Design

Analysis
1. Statically Determinate : Law of Statics /Equilibrium
2. Statically Indeterminate : Slope Deflection /Moment distribution
/Portal Method /Catilever Method /Matrix Method

In General
1. First Order Elastic Analysis
2. Second Order Elastic Analysis
3. First Order Plastic Analysis
4. Advanced Analysis (Second Order Inelastic or Frame
Instability /Buckling Analysis)
5. Dynamic Analysis

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Analysis Methods & Design

Load-Displacement characteristics of different analysis method

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Analysis Methods & Design

Elastic Analysis
1. First Order :
Linear Elastic Material Behaviour (negligible deformation ->Yielding effect
neglected-> principle of Superposition valid) + Equilibrium of undeformed
geometry, Also member Instability effects due to P-delta effects is ignored
Moment in the member of a Single storey portal is linear
2. Second Order :
Linear Elastic Material Behaviour + Equilibrium of deformed geometry
member Instability effects due to P-delta effects is included -> Iterative
procedure required.

First Order Elastic Analysis, Such as

Slope Deflection /Moment distribution /Matrix Method of Analysis
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Analysis Methods & Design

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Analysis Methods & Design

Second-order Elastic Analysis

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Analysis Methods & Design

Loads :
1. Dead /Permanent Gravity Load (DL)
2. Imposed Load (LL /IL)
3. Crane Load
4. Snow /dust Load
5. WL /EL
6. Erection Load
7. Accidental /Blast Load
8. Secondary effects due to diff settlement or thermal loading

Load Combinations
I. Dl + LL
II. DL + LL + WL /EL
III. DL + WL /EL
IV. DL + Erection Load
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Limit State Method of Design

Designer has to ensure the structures, he designs are:

• Fit for their purpose
• Safe
• Economical and durable

Uncertainties affecting the safety of a structure

are due to:
 uncertainty about loading
 uncertainty about material strength and
 uncertainty about structural dimensions and
behaviour

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Limit State Method of Design

• Uncertainties in service life are due to:

 Variability of the loads
 Variability of the load distribution through the
structure

• Characteristic resistance:
Value of resistance below which not more than a
prescribed percentage of test results may be expected
to fall

• Characteristic load:
Value of the load, which has an accepted probability of
not being exceeded during the life span of the
structure.
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Limit State Method of Design

Allowable Stress Design (ASD)

• Allowable stress = (Yield stress) / (Factor of safety)
• Stresses caused by the characteristic loads must
be less than an “allowable stress”, which is a
fraction of the yield stress.
• Allowable stress may be defined in terms of a
“factor of safety" which represents a margin for
overload and other unknown factors which could be
tolerated by the structure.
Limitations
• material non-linearity, non-linear behaviour in the post buckled state and
• yielding locally and redistributing the loads not accounted for.
• no allowance for redistribution of loads in statically indeterminate members

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Limit State Method of Design

•“Limit States" are the various conditions in

which a structure would be considered to have
failed to fulfil the purpose for which it was built.

•“Ultimate Limit States” are those catastrophic

states, which require a larger reliability in order
to reduce the probability of its occurrence to a
very low level.

•“Serviceability Limit State" refers to the limits

on acceptable performance of the structure.

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Limit State Method of Design

General Principles of Limit State Design

» Structure to be designed for the Limit States at
which they would become unfit for their
intended purpose by choosing, appropriate
partial safety factors, based on probabilistic
methods.

» Two partial safety factors, one applied to

loading (f) and another to the material strength
(m) shall be employed.

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Limit State Method of Design

• f allows for ;

– the possible deviation of the actual

behaviour of the structure from the analysis
model
– deviation of loads from specified values and
– reduced probability that the various loads
acting together will simultaneously reach
the characteristic value.

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Limit State Method of Design

• m takes account;

– the possible deviation of the material in the

structure from that assumed in design
– the possible reduction in the strength of the
material from its characteristic value and
– manufacturing tolerances.
– Mode of failure (ductile or brittle).

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Limit State Method of Design

Limit State of Strength Serviceability Limit State

Strength (yield, buckling) Deflection

Stability against overturning /sway Vibration
Fracture due to fatigue Repairable damage due to fatigue
Corrosion
Brittle Fracture
Fire

Limit States

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Limit State Method of Design

LIMIT STATES FOR DESIGN

PURPOSES
•Ultimate Limit State is related to the maximum design load capacity
under extreme conditions. The partial load factors are chosen to reflect
the probability of extreme conditions, when loads act alone or in
combination.

•Serviceability Limit State is related to the criteria governing normal use.

Unfactored loads are used to check the adequacy of the structure.

•Fatigue Limit State is important where distress to the structure by

repeated loading is a possibility.

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Limit State Method of Design

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Limit State Method of Design

TABLE 5.2 PARTIAL SAFETY FACTOR FOR MATERIALS, m

Sl. No Definition Partial Safety Factor

1 Resistance, governed by yielding m0 1.10
2 Resistance of member to buckling m0 1.10
3 Resistance, governed by ultimate 1.25
stress m1
4 Resistance of connection m1 Shop Field
Fabrications Fabrications

(i)Bolts-Friction Type, mf 1.25 1.25

(ii) Bolts-Bearing Type, mb 1.25 1.25

(iii) Rivets 1.25 1.25

(iv) Welds 1.25 1.50

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Limit State Method of Design

TABLE 5.3 DEFLECTION LIMITS OTHER THAN FOR PITCHED ROOF PORTAL FRAME

Type
of Maximum
Deflection Design Load Member Supporting
buildi Deflection
ng
Live load Purlin Roof cladding Span / 150
Live load Simple span Brittle cladding Span / 240
Live load Cantilever Brittle cladding Span / 120
Elastic
Live load Simple span Span / 180
cladding
Elastic
Live load Cantilever Span / 90
cladding
Industrial building

Live load Simple span Floor Span / 300

Live load Cantilever Floor Span / 150
Vertical

Crane load
Gantry Crane Span / 500
(Manual operation)
Crane load
(Electric operation Gantry Crane Span / 750
up to 50 t)
Crane load
(Electric operation Gantry Crane Span / 1000
over 50 t)
Inward –12 mm
Crane (Vertical) + Roof load Gantry Crane
Outward –25 mm
Moving load
Gantry Crane Span / 600
(Charge cars, etc.)
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Limit State Method of Design

TABLE 5.3 DEFLECTION LIMITS OTHER THAN FOR PITCHED ROOF PORTAL FRAME

Type of Design Maximum

Deflection Member Supporting
building Load Deflection
No Elastic
Column Height / 150
cranes cladding
Lateral Crane + wind

No Masonry/brittl
Industrial building

Column Height / 240

cranes e cladding
Span / 400
Crane
Gantry
Crane
(lateral) Relative
10 mm
between rails
Column/fram Gantry Height / 100
e (pendent
Crane operated) Height / 240
Column/fram Gantry (cab
e operated)
Not
Floors &
Other Buildings

Vertical

Live load susceptible Span / 300

roofs
to cracking
Susceptible
Live load Floor & Roof Span / 360
to cracking
Wind Building Height / 300
Lateral

---
Wind Inter storey Storey
drift height / 300

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Summary

This Topic /Chapter focusses on

1. A general discussion on Steel as a useful Construction
/building material for Design Engineers
2. Relevant IS codes of Practice
3. Steel manufacturing /making Processes
4. Behaviour /properties of Steel material and its grade
/designation
5. Various steel Structural Configuration.
6. Behavioral difference with RC Structures.
7. Basic Terminologies of interest and General design
consideration, basis of structural design from IS 800-
2007 (Section 1-4)
8. Design Philosophy of LSM and it’s implementation in
regard to IS 800-2007
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Expected Topic Outcome /Questions

This Topic /Chapter will attract mainly

MCQ & short notes for Learners from
1. Properties of Steel
2. Stress-Strain Curve of Steel
3. Steel making processes
4. Relevant IS code title
5. Partial Safety factors, loading & Load combination
deflection limits etc. from Section 1-4 of IS code
6. Short notes from IS Code
7. Design Philosophy of LSM
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Reference /Study Materials Resources

1. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/105/106/105106112/
2. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/105/105/105105162/
3. http://www.nptelvideos.in/2012/11/design-of-steel-
structures.html
4. https://india.oup.com/orcs/9780199460915/
5. Design of Steel Structures, LSM by N Subramanian

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