Background of IS 800

Objective > to achieve economy in the use of structural steel using

rational standards
• Code of Practice for General Construction in Steel – 1956
• Code of Practice for the use of Mild Steel in General Building
Construction- First Revision in 1962
➢ use of mild steel
➢ introduction to plastic theory
• Code of practice for use of Structural Steel in General Building
Construction- Second Revision 1984
• Changes in IS 800 : 1984
1. SI units are considered
2. ISO system symbols are considered
3. Various steel grades are introduced
4. Expansion joints are discussed
5. Design philosophy based on plastic theory
6. Specific provision for deflection
7. Effective length of columns for different end conditions
8. Revised formulation for compressive strength is proposed
9. Bending stress calculation is simplified
• Indian Standard (IS) General Construction in Steel – Code of Practice –
Third Revision 2007
➢Major changes
1. Design philosophy – Limit State Method (LSM)
2. Inclusion of IS of rivets, bolts and other fasteners
3. Design and detailing for earthquake loads
4. Fatigue
5. Durability
6. Fire resistance
7. Fabrication and erection
Types of Structural Steel
➢Structural Steel (IS 2062): Carbon and manganese main strengthening
elements
➢High Strength Structural Steel (IS 2062): Has high carbon content thus
reduced ductility, toughness, and weldability
➢Weathering Steel: Low alloy atmospheric corrosion-resistant steels,
which are often left unpainted
➢Stainless Steel: Low carbon steels to which minimum of 10.5% (max
20%) chromium and 0.50% nickel is added
➢Fire Resistance Steel: Known as thermo-mechanically treated steels,
perform better than ordinary steels under fire
Hot rolled vs Cold rolled steel
• Hot rolled
➢Easier to make, shape and form
➢Billet heated to 1700 degree Fahrenheit then rolled in desired shape
➢Later cooled at room temperature – less control over final shape and size
➢Warping, rough texture and slight distortions – disadvantages
• Cold rolled
➢Cooled steel is processed further by braking or cold roll forming to achieve
desired shapes
➢Smooth, shiner, accurate shapes are obtained
➢Very expensive
➢Very few shapes can be made (sheets, box section)
Shapes of Steel Sections
Types of Steel
• Mild steel: carbon content- up to 0.10% - steel sections used in buildings,
bridges, etc
• Medium carbon steel: carbon content – up to 0.25% - boiler plates,
structural steel, etc
: carbon content – up to 0.45% - rails, tiers, etc
: carbon content – up to 0.60% - hammers, etc
• High-carbon steel or hard steel: 0.75 % - sledgehammers, springs, etc
: 0.90% - stone mason’s tools, etc
: 1.00% - chisels, hammers, saws, etc
: 1.10% - axes, punches, etc
Properties of Structural Steel
• Mild Steel
Tensile Test - YouTube
Chemical Properties IS 2062:2006 vs 2011
Mechanical Properties IS 2062:2006 vs 2011
 Mechanical properties of IS 800:2007

A – SS subjected to normal conditions and non-critical

E – Engineering Steel applications
Fe – iron/steel B – SS subjected to critical loading where temp>0 oC, brittle
W – weldable fracture
C – SS subjected to critical + impact loading up to -40oC
Advantages and Disadvantages of Structural Steel
+
• Steel members have high strength per unit weight. Thus, a steel member of a small section which has
little self-weight is able to resist heavy loads
• Being light, conveniently handled and transported. Hence, prefabricated members can be frequently
provided
• Properly maintained steel structures have a long life
• Properties of steel mostly do not change with time
• Steel, being ductile, does not fail suddenly, gives early evidences in the form of large deflections
• Modifications can be easily done in steel structures
• Fast construction/erection
• Highest scrap value amongst all building materials
-
• Corrosion
• Fire proof treatment, very expensive
Physical properties of Structural Steel (Pg. 12)
Design Philosophy - Working Stress Design(WSD)
• Stresses developed due to characteristic loads (working) must be less
than the "allowable stresses", which is a fraction of yield stress
• Allowable (permissible) stress = Yield stress / Factor of safety (FoS)
• Working stress ≤ permissible stress

LIMITATIONS
• Linear elastic behaviour considered
• Neglects geometric, material non-linearity, buckling, long-term creep
and shrinkage, residual stresses, etc
• No realistic measure is provided for the actual FoS
Design Basis
• Objective
• Achieve an acceptable probability that the structures will perform
satisfactorily for the intended purpose during the design life
• With an appropriate FoS structures should sustain all the loads and
deformations during construction and in use and have an adequate
resistance to certain expected loads and fire
• Structures should be stable and have alternate load paths to
disproportionate overall collapse under accidental load
Limit State Design (LSD)
• Limit states are the states beyond which the structure no longer satisfies
the specified performance requirements
➢Limit state of strength (Ultimate limit state)
Associated with failures under the action of probable and most unfavourable
combination of loads on the structure using appropriate FoS
➢Loss of equilibrium of the structure as a whole or any of its parts or components
➢Loss of stability of the structure or any of its parts including supports and
foundations
➢Failure by excessive deformation, yielding, rupture, buckling etc
➢Fracture due to fatigue
➢Brittle fracture
➢Limit state of serviceability
Limit states beyond which specified service criteria are no longer met
➢Deformation and deflections, which may adversely affect the appearacne or
effective use of structure, or may cause improper functioning of equipment or
services, or may cause damages to finishes and non-structural members
➢Vibrations in a structure or any of its components causing discomfort to the
people, damages to the structure, or its components
➢Repairable damage due to fatigue
➢Corrosion and durability
➢Ponding of structures
Loads and Forces
• Dead load (IS 875 – Part I)
• Imposed loads (live, crane, dust, wave, and earth pressure,
etc.) (IS 875 – Part II)
• Snow load (IS 875 – Part IV)
• Wind load (IS 875 – Part III)
• Earthquake load (IS 1893 - 2016)
• Erection load (clause 3.3 of IS 800:2007)
• Accidental loads such as those due to blast, impact of vehicles, etc.
• Secondary effects due to contraction or expansion due to temperature
changes, differential settlements of the structure as a whole or its
components, eccentric connections, rigidity of joints differing from design
assumptions
Partial safety factors
• Loads – to account for uncertainties in estimating the magnitudes of
dead or live loads
Pg. 29, Table 4
• Materials – to account for uncertainties in the structural steel
developed during manufacturing process, construction, local buckling
etc. Pg. 30, Table 5
• Reliability of LSD is ensured by satisfying the requirement:
Design Action (Loads) ≤ Design strength (resistance or capacity)
Idealised Stress – Strain Behaviour
Assumptions: 1) Idealised elastoplastic stress-strain curve.
2) Beam bent by pure couple, axial, shear forces, strains,
stresses other than normal stresses neglected. 3) Plane section
same before and after bending. 4) C/S is symmetrical w.r.t axis
of bending

5 The Behavior of Unrestrained Steel Beams - YouTube

Moment – Rotation curve
 Classification of Cross Section – Flexure (pg. 17)
NOTES
1. Web slenderness ratio is such that its buckling before
yielding is prevented
2. Since this classification is based on bending, it cannot
be used for compression members
3. Only plastic and compact sections should be used in
LSD
4. The class of section is determined by the lowest class of
all its constituent elements
Local flange buckling of a plate girder in bending: Materials
Lab on-line - YouTube
Convention of Member Axis (Pg. 12)
Shape Factor
• Ratio of plastic moment and yield moment
S = Mp/My
= fyZp/fyZe
S = Zp/Ze
Ze = elastic section modulus
Zp = plastic section modulus
• Find the shape factor for the Tee-section 100 mm flange width, 10 mm thick flange and web,
depth of web = 150 mm
Load Factor (LF)
• Ratio of collapse load to working load
Connections
• Why? –
➢ Steel structural members used in structures have to span great
lengths and enclose large three dimensional spaces
➢Hence, connections are necessary to synthesize such spatial
structures from one- and two-dimensional elements and also to bring
about stability of structures under different loads
• Limitations –
➢ Any joint in a structure is a weak point/location
➢Usually connection failure is not as ductile as that of steel member
failure
➢To achieve an economical design, usually it is important that the
connections develop the full strength of the members
Types of Connections
• Bolted
• Welded
• Moment resisting
• Riveted
Bolted Connections
Types of Bolts
• Unfinished / Black / C grade (IS 1363 : 2002) – used for light structures under
static loads such as small trusses, purlins, bracings, platforms. Made of MS with
square or hexagonal head and nuts.
• Turned – used in special jobs in machine and where there are dynamic loads.
➢Precision / A grade (IS 1364 : 2002)
➢Semi-precision / B grade (IS 3640 : 1982, IS 1364 : 2002)
• Ribbed – used rarely in ordinary steel structures.
• High strength (IS 3757 : 1985 and IS 4000 : 1992)
➢ don’t allow any slip between providing rigid connections
➢ Load is transferred by friction only (no shear and bearing)
➢ smaller size of overall connections
➢ noiseless fabrication
Bolted Connections
Bolted Connections
Types of Bolts used
• Black
➢unfinished and are made of mild steel and are usually of Grade 4.6
➢have adequate strength and ductility when used properly; but while
tightening, the nut snug tight (defined as the tightness that exists when all
plies in a joint are in firm contact) will twist off easily if tightened too much
• Turned
➢Available in grades 4.6 to 8.8
➢have uniform shanks and are inserted in close tolerance drilled holes and
made snug tight by box spanners
➢diameter of the hole is about 1.5 to 2.0 mm larger than the bolt diameter
for ease in fitting
Bolted Connections
Types of Bolts used
• HSFG (grades from 8.8 to 10.9)
➢extremely efficient connections and perform well under
fluctuating/fatigue load conditions
➢washers are usually tapered when used on rolled steel sections
➢The tension in the bolt ensures that no slip takes place under working
conditions and so the load transmission from plate to the bolt is
through friction and not by bearing
➢However, under ultimate load, the friction may be overcome leading
to a slip and so bearing will govern the design
Bolted Connections
Classification
Based on – 1. Type of resultant force transferred

Concentric connections

Moment Connections
Bolted Connections
Classification
Based on – 2. Type of force experienced by the bolts

Lap connection Butt connection

Based on – 3. Force transfer mechanism by the bolts

Tension Connections Tension + Shear connections

Bolted Connections (Force transfer Mechanism)
Bearing type connections
• Plates are in firm contact but may slip under
loading until the hole surface bears against the bolt
• The load transmitted from plate to bolt is
therefore by bearing and the bolt is in shear

Bearing of plates Bearing failure of plate

Bolted Connections (Force transfer Mechanism)
Bolt in Shear

Bolted connection - plate

shear - YouTube
Bolted Connection - Bolt
Shear - YouTube
Bolted Connections (Force transfer Mechanism)
Bolt in Tension

Bolted Steel Connection -

Plate Tearing - YouTube
Bolted Connections (Force transfer Mechanism)
HSFG Bolt
• HSFG connections are designed such that under service load the force
does not exceed the frictional resistance so that the relative slip is
avoided during service
• When the external force exceeds the frictional resistance the plates
slip until the bolts come into contact with the plate and start bearing
against the hole
• Beyond this point the external force is resisted by the combined
action of the frictional resistance and the bearing resistance
Tension Member
• Tension members are linear members in which axial forces act so as to
elongate (stretch) the member
• Tension members carry loads most efficiently, since the entire cross section
is subjected to uniform stress
• Cross section of Tension Members

• Modes of Failure
• Gross Section Yielding
• Although steel tension members can sustain loads up to the ultimate load without
failure, the elongation of the members at this load would be nearly 10-15% of the
original length and the structure supported by the member would become
unserviceable.
• Hence, in the design of tension members, the yield load is usually taken as the
limiting load. The corresponding design strength in member under axial tension is
given by
• Net Section Rupture
• Frequently plates under tension have bolt holes. The tensile stress in
a plate at the cross section of a hole is not uniformly distributed in
the elastic range, but exhibits stress concentration adjacent to the
hole

Elastic
• The ratio of the maximum elastic stress adjacent to the hole to the
average stress on the net cross section is referred to as the Stress
Concentration Factor.
• This factor is in the range of 2 to 3, depending upon the ratio of the
diameter of the hole to the width of the plate normal to the direction
of stress
• In statically loaded tension members with a hole, the point adjacent to the
hole reaches yield stress, fy, first.
• On further loading, the stress at that point remains constant at the yield
stress and the section plastifies progressively away from the hole
Elasto-plastic

• until the entire net section at the hole reaches the yield stress,fy,
Plastic

• Finally, the rupture (tension failure) of the member occurs when the entire
net cross section reaches the ultimate stress, fu
Ultimate
• Since only a small length of the member adjacent to the smallest
cross section at the holes would stretch a lot at the ultimate stress,
and the overall member elongation need not be large, as long as the
stresses in the gross section is below the yield stress.
• Hence, the design strength as governed by net cross-section at the
hole, is given by
• Similarly threaded rods subjected to tension could fail by rupture at
the root of the threaded region and hence net area, An, is the root
area of the threaded section
• The design tension of the plates with hole or the threaded rod could
also be governed by yielding of the gross cross section beyond the
thread (with area equal to Ag) above which the member deformation
becomes large and objectionable and the corresponding design load
is given by

Notes.pdf