LIFE PROCESSES

Most of the digestion and absorption of the food takes place in the
(a) small intestine (b) liver (c) stomach (d) large intestine. Answer: (a) small intestine

Mention the raw materials required for photosynthesis.

Raw materials required for photosynthesis are carbon dioxide (CO2), water, light and chloroplast.

State the location and function of gastric glands.

Gastric glands are present in the wall of the stomach. They secrete gastric juices containing mucus, protein
digesting enzymes pepsin, rennin and hydrochloric acid (HCl).

Name the glands present in the wall of the stomach that release secretions for digestion of food. Write the
three components of secretion that are released by these glands.
Stomach’s muscular wall contains gastric glands. These glands secrete gastric juices which contain dilute
hydrochloric acid, mucus and two protein digesting enzymes rennin and pepsin.

Complete the following flow chart as per the given instructions.

Answer:
a – Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
b – Protein digesting enzyme pepsin
c – Mucus
d – HCl makes medium acidic for the activation of an enzyme pepsin and kill the pathogens.
e – Pepsin acts in acidic medium which breaks down proteins into peptones.
f – Mucus protects the inner lining of stomach from corroding action of HCl.

(a) State the role played by the following in the process of digestion :
(i) Enzyme trypsin (ii) Enzyme lipase-
(b) List two functions of finger-like projections present in the small intestine.

(a) (i) Enzyme trypsin : This enzyme is produced by the pancreas in an inactive form called trypsinogen.
Trypsin converts remaining proteins into peptones and the peptones into peptides and amino acids.
(ii) Enzyme lipase : It is secreted by pancreas and small intestine. Lipase converts fats into fatty acids and
glycerol.
(b) Internally, the wall of the small intestine is provided with long finger-like projections called villi. Two
functions of villi are :
(i) The villi greatly increase the absorptive surface area of the inner lining of small intestine.
(ii) The large surface area of small intestine helps in rapid absorption of digested food.

Explain the significance of photosynthesis. Write the balanced chemical equation involved in the process.
Photosynthesis is important for a number of reasons:
(i) Food : By photosynthesis, green plants synthesise food from simple raw materials like Sunlight, CO2 and
H2O. Thus, it sustains life on earth.
(ii) Oxygen : Oxygen released during the process of photosynthesis is needed by animals and humans for
respiration. It is also required for respiration of microbes. Oxygen also supports combustion of fuels.
(iii) Fuels : Fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas are forms of stored solar energy synthesised millions of
years ago through photosynthesis. Balanced chemical equation involved in the process of photosynthesis is
given as :

Differentiate between autotrophs and hetero- trophs and give one example of each.
Autotrophs Heterotrophs
(i) These organisms are able to form organic They cannot produce organic compounds from inorganic
substances from simple inorganic substances such sources and therefore completely rely on consuming
as CO2 and H2O and light. other organisms for its food requirement.
(ii) They have chlorophyll to trap solar energy. Chlorophyll is absent, so they cannot trap solar energy.
(iii) They can be chemoautotroph and They can be saprophytic, parasitic and holozoic in mode
photoautotroph. of nutrition.
(iv) Autotrophs are placed at the bottom of the Heterotrophs are placed above autotrophs in the food
food chain as producers. chain as consumers.

(v) Green plants, some bacteria and some Mushrooms, Euglena, cow, goat, etc., are examples of
protozoa like Euglena are examples of autotrophs. heterotrophs.

Explain with the help of neat and well labelled diagrams the different steps involved in nutrition in Amoeba.
Diagram - refer text book
The mode of nutrition in Amoeba is holozoic. The process of obtaining food by Amoeba is called
phagocytosis.
1. Amoeba ingests food by using its finger-like projections called pseudopodia.
2. The food is engulfed with a little surrounding water to form a food vacuole inside the Amoeba. The
food is digested inside food vacuole by digestive enzymes.
3. Food is absorbed directly into the cytoplasm of Amoeba by diffusion.
4. Food is used to obtain energy and growth of Amoeba.
5. When considerable amount of undigested food collects inside Amoeba then its cell membrane
ruptures at any place to throw out this undigested food.

(a) What is peristaltic movement?

(b) ‘Stomata remain closed in desert plants during daytime’. How do they do photosynthesis?
(a) The relaxation of gut muscles to move the partially digested food downwards throughout the alimentary
canal is called peristaltic movement (wave like)
(b) In desert plants, stomata open at night and take in carbon dioxide (CO2). Stomata remain closed during
daytime to prevent the loss of water by transpiration. They store the CO2 in their cells until the sun comes
out so that they can carry on with photosynthesis during the daytime.

(a) Why is nutrition necessary for the human body?

(b) What causes movement of food inside the alimentary canal?
(c) Why is small intestine in herbivores longer than in carnivores?
(d) What will happen if mucus is not secreted by the gastric glands?
(a) Human body continuously require energy for their life activities like respiration, circulation, excretion,
etc. Energy is required even we are sleeping because a number of biological processes keep on occurring.
All these processes require energy and this energy is obtained from nutrition. Nutrition is also needed for
growth and repair of human body.
(b) The wall of alimentary tract contains muscles which can contract and expand alternately. The contraction
and expansion movement of the walls of food pipe is called peristaltic movement. The peristaltic movement
moves the partially digested food in all the digestive organs throughout the alimentary canal.
(c) Herbivores eat plants which is rich in cellulose. Cellulose takes longer time for complete digestion by the
enzymes present in symbiotic bacteria. Therefore, they have longer small intestine. Carnivores, feed on flesh
which is easier to digest and do not contain cellulose also. Therefore, they have shorter intestine for
digestion of food eaten by them.
(d) Gastric glands secrete HCl, mucus, rennin and pepsin enzymes. Mucus protects the inner lining of
stomach from the action of HCl and enzymes. In the absence of mucus, there would be erosion of inner
lining of stomach leading to acidity and ulcers.

(a) State the form in which the following are stored:

(i) Unused carbohydrates in plants.
(ii) The energy derived from food in humans,
(b) Describe the process of nutrition in Amoeba with the help of diagram.
(a) (i) Unused carbohydrates in plants are stored in the form of complex sugar known as starch. They are
later broken down into simple sugars (glucose) when energy is needed.
(ii) The assimilated food molecules hold energy in their chemical bonds. Their bond energy is released by
oxidation in the cell. This energy is trapped by forming bonds between ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and
inorganic phosphate (Pi) to synthesise ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) molecules. These bonds are later
broken by enzymatic hydrolysis and the energy released is utilised for cellular processes.
(b) Amoeba is a unicellular animal. Amoeba eats tiny (microscopic) plants and animals which float in water.
The mode of nutrition in Amoeba is holozoic. The process of obtaining food by Amoeba is called
phagocytosis. When a food particle comes close to Amoeba, it ingests the food particle by forming
temporary finger-like projections called pseudopodia around it. The food is engulfed with a little
surrounding water to form a food vacuole inside the Amoeba. The food is digested inside food vacuole by
digestive enzymes and absorbed directly into the cytoplasm of Amoeba cell by diffusion. A part of absorbed
food is used to obtain energy and the remaining part is utilised for growth of Amoeba. When considerable
amount of undigested food collects inside Amoeba then its cell membrane ruptures at any place to throw out
this undigested food. This process is called egestion.

Anaerobic process

(a) takes place in yeast during fermentation beings

(b) takes place in the presence of oxygen (d) produces ethanol, oxygen and energy
(c) produces only energy in the muscles of human
Answer: (a) takes place in yeast during fermentation

Diffusion is insufficient to meet the oxygen requirement of multicellular organisms like human. State
reason.
Answer: Due to higher metabolic rate and the volume of human body is so large that oxygen cannot diffuse
into all cells of the body quickly as oxygen will have to travel large distances to reach each and every cell.
So diffusion is insufficient to meet the oxygen demand of multicellular organisms.

Write two different ways in which glucose is oxidised to provide energy in human body. Write the products
formed in each case.
The two different ways by which glucose is oxidised to provide energy in human body are:
(i) Aerobic respiration : The end products in aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide, water and energy.

(a) In the process of respiration, state the function of alveoli.

(b) Rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than that in terrestrial organisms. Give reasons.
(c) Complete the following pathway showing the breakdown of glucose.

Answer:
(a) Functions of alveoli are :
(i) They increase the surface area for exchange of gases.
(ii) The thin walls of alveoli facilitate rapid exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveolar air and
blood.
(b) Aquatic animals like fishes obtain oxygen from water present in the dissolved form through their gills.
The amount of dissolved oxygen is quite small as compared to the amount of oxygen in the air. Therefore, to
obtain required oxygen from water, aquatic animals have to breathe much faster than the terrestrial
organisms.

Write three points of difference between breathing and respiration.

Breathing Respiration
(i) It is a physical process. It involves inhalation of It is a biochemical process. It involves exchange of
fresh air and exhalation of foul air. respiratory gases and also oxidation of food.
It is both an extracellular as well as intracellular
(ii) It is an extracellular process.
process.
(iii) It does not involve enzyme action rather two It involves a number of enzymes required for
types of muscles are involved in this process. oxidation of food.
(iv) It does not release energy, infact it consumes
It releases energy.
energy.
(v) It is confined to certain organs only. It occurs in all the cells of the body.

Write three points of difference between respiration in plants and respiration in animals.
Plant respiration Animal respiration
(i) All parts of plants, like roots, stem and leaves,
Animal performs respiration as a single unit.
perform respiration individually.

(ii) There is little transport of respiratory gases from one Respiratory gases are usually transported over
part to the other during respiration. long distance inside an animal during respiration.

(iii) Respiration occurs at a very slow rate. It is a fast process in animals.

Gases are transported by specialised blood
(iv) There is no special gas transport system.
vascular system.

(v) Respiratory organ in plants are generally stomata in Respiratory organ in animals are generally lungs
leaves, lenticels in stem and general surface of roots. and gills.
(a) Why is there a difference in the rate of breathing between aquatic organisms and terrestrial organisms?
Explain
(b) Draw a diagram of human respiratory system and label – pharynx, trachea, lungs, diaphragm and
alveolar sac on it
(a) Terrestrial organisms inspire atmospheric oxygen, while aquatic organisms thrive on the dissolved
oxygen present in water. Air contains about 21% of oxygen while water has less than 1% oxygen in
dissolved state. Oxygen diffuses through water at a much slower rate as compared to air. A terrestrial
organism has the advantage of utilising greater amount of oxygen at a faster rate with lesser effort whereas,
aquatic organisms have to put more effort to obtain the same amount of oxygen, therefore breathing in
aquatic organisms is much faster than the terrestrial organisms.
(b) The labelled diagram of human respiratory system ref text book

(a) State reasons for the following:

(i) Herbivores need a longer small intestine while carnivores have shorter small intestine.
(ii) The lungs are designed in human beings to maximise the area for exchange of gases.
Answer:
(a) (i) Herbivores need a longer small intestine than that of carnivores because their diet is mostly grass and
plants, that contains more fibres and cellulose which are hard to digest. Longer small intestine also hosts
many small bacteria that process and break down cellulose into glucose which is a source of energy.
Carnivores diet is not rich in cellulose so, they do not need to harbour bacteria for cellulose digestion.
(ii) Human lungs have a highly branched network of respiratory tubes. A primary bronchus divides into
secondary bronchus, which in turn forms tertiary bronchus. Tertiary bronchus divides repeatedly into
bronchioles which finally terminate into alveoli. Alveoli are small, rounded polyhedral pouches which are
extremely thin- walled and possess a network of capillaries, for the exchange of gases. Due to vast surface
area of alveoli, exchange of gases becomes a fast and effective process. Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into
pulmonary blood capillaries and CO2 diffuses out from capillaries into alveoli.

Name the respiratory pigment present in human beings.

State the function of rings of cartilage present in our throat.
Respiratory pigment present in human beings is haemoglobin.
Rings of cartilage are C in shape, stacked one on top of the other. These cartilaginous rings prevent the
trachea from collapsing and blocking the airway.

(a) Draw a diagram of human respiratory system and label: Trachea, Bronchi and Diaphragm.
(b) Give reasons for the following:
(i) Lungs always contain residual volume.
(ii) Nostrils are lined with mucus.
Answer:
(a) Refer text book
(b) (i) Lungs always contain residual volume so that during the breathing cycle, when air is inhaled and
exhaled, there must be sufficient time for oxygen to be absorbed and for the carbon dioxide to be released. It
is also important as it prevents the lungs from collapsing.
(ii) Mucus and hair present in nostrils help in filtration of inhaled air. It traps harmful substances and germs
present in air.

Which one of the following statements is correct about the human circulatory system?
(a) Blood transports only oxygen and not carbon dioxide.
(b) Human heart has five chambers.
(c) Valves ensure that the blood does not flow backwards.
(d) Both oxygen – rich and oxygen – deficient blood gets mixed in the heart.
Answer: (c) Valves ensure that the blood does not flow backwards.

Name the vein which brings blood to left atrium from lungs.
Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium of heart.
Define translocation in reference to plants.
The transport of food prepared in the leaves, by the process of photosynthesis, to various parts (roots, stem,
branches, etc.) of the plant is called translocation.

Write three types of blood vessels. Give one important feature of each.
The three types of blood vessels in human body are: (i) arteries, (ii) veins and (iii) capillaries.
(i) Arteries are the blood vessels which carry blood from heart to various parts of the body. The walls of
arteries are thick, elastic and muscular that enables them to dilate but not rupture when the heart contracts
and forces blood into them.
(ii) Veins are thin walled blood vessels which bring blood from the body back to the heart. They are larger
and hold more blood than the arteries. The lumen of veins are provided with valves to prevent the backflow
of blood.
(iii) Capillaries are thin walled and extremely narrow blood vessels which occur at the terminals of artery
and vein. The wall of capillaries are permeable to water and dissolved substances so that the exchange of
materials between the blood and body cells can take place.

(a) Write two water conducting tissues present in plants. How does water enter continuously into the root
xylem? (b) Explain why plants have low energy needs as compared to animals.
(a) Xylem tracheids and vessels are two water conducting tissues present in plants that help in rapid
movement of water. In xylem tissue, vessels and tracheids of the roots, stems and leaves are interconnected
to form a continuous system of water conducting channels reaching all parts of the plant.
Minerals and water needed by the plants are absorbed by root hairs from the soil by the process of osmosis
and take in minerals by the process of diffusion. Thus, a difference in concentration of ions is created
between the roots and the soil which enables the water to enter into roots to compensate the difference in
concentration. The water, along with dissolved minerals from root hairs, passes into xylem vessels through
cells of the cortex, endodermis and pericycle and then ascent of sap (i.e., upward movement of water and
mineral salts from roots to the aerial parts of the plant against the gravitational force) takes place from xylem
of the roots to the xylem of stem and leaves through vessels and tracheids. Evaporation of water molecules
from the cells of leaves creates a suction pressure which pulls the water from xylem cells.
(b) Plants are autotrophic and do not have to move from one place to another in search of their food.
Movements in a plant are usually at the cellular level and hence they required less amount of energy.
Whereas animals are heterotrophic and locomotive in search of food and other activities, hence require
higher amount of energy than of plants.

Explain how the translocation of materials in phloem tissue in plants is achieved by utilising energy.
The phloem cells transport the soluble food materials to all parts of plant. The transport of food from leaves
to different parts of plant is termed as translocation. Components of phloem are sieve tubes, companion
cells, phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres. The food is manufactured in the mesophyll cells (or
photosynthetic cells) of a leaf. The manufactured food enters into sieve tubes of the phloem and is
transported as a dilute aqueous solution either in upward or downward direction. Food is transported to all
non-green parts of the plant for their growth and metabolic activities. Besides food molecules, phloem also
transports amino acids, hormones synthesised in the shoot tips and root tips and other metabolites.
In this process, glucose is transferred to phloem tissue using energy from ATP. This increases the osmotic
pressure of the tissue causing the water to move into it (endosmosis). Soluble material is then transferred
from phloem tissue to other tissues which have less pressure than in the phloem. Thus, according to plants
requirement, the material is translocated from higher osmotic pressure areas to lower osmotic pressure areas.

What do the following transport?

(i) Xylem (ii) Phloem (iii) Pulmonary vein (iv) Vena cava (v) Pulmonary artery (vi) Aorta
(i) Xylem is a specialised plant conducting tissue that transports water and minerals from roots to all aerial
parts of plants which occurs against gravitational force with the help of ascent of sap.
(ii) Phloem transports food that is prepared in the leaves, through photosynthesis, to various parts of plant.
This process is called translocation. Phloem also transports amino acids, hormones synthesised in the shoot
tips and root tips and other metabolites.
(iii) Pulmonary vein present in human circulatory system brings oxygenated blood from lungs to the left
atrium of heart.
(iv) Vena cava transport deoxygenated blood collected by all veins of body vein and pass it to the right
atrium of heart.
(v) Pulmonary artery transports deoxygenated blood from right atrium of heart to lungs for oxygenation.
(vi) Aorta transports oxygenated blood from left atrium to systemic arteries which further take the blood to
various body parts and organs.

Explain giving any three reasons the significance of transpiration in plants.

Significance of transpiration in plants:
(i) The absorbed water is transported from roots to leaves through xylem vessels which is greatly influenced
by transpiration pull.
(ii) The water stream moving upwards carries dissolved minerals with it. Transpiration also helps in
distributing these minerals throughout the plant.
(iii) The evaporation of water during transpiration provide cooling effect to the leaves.

List in tabular form three differences between arteries and veins. (Board Term I, 2013)
Differences between arteries and veins are as follows:
Arteries Veins
(i) Arteries are the blood vessels which carry blood Veins are blood vessels which bring blood from the
away from the heart for distribution to the body. body back to the heart.
Their walls are thin and valves are present to prevent
(ii) Arteries walls are thick and valves are absent.
back flow of blood.
(iii) Blood passing through narrow lumen of arteries The blood passing through wide lumen of veins is
is mostly oxygenated and has a considerable deoxygenated (except in pulmonary veins) and has low
pressure. pressure.
(iv) More elastic and placed deeply. Less elastic and superficially placed.

Give reasons:
(a) Ventricles have thicker muscular walls than atria.
(b) Transport system in plants is slow.
(c) Circulation of blood in aquatic vertebrates differs from that in terrestrial vertebrates.
(d) During the daytime, water and minerals travel faster through xylem as compared to the night.
(e) Veins have valves whereas arteries do not.
(a) Since ventricles have to pump blood into various organs with high pressure, they have thicker walls than
atria.
(b) Transport system in plants is less elaborate than in animals, as plants are less active, so their cells do not
need to be supplied with materials so quickly.
(c) The aquatic vertebrates like fish have gills to oxygenate blood. The flow of blood in a fish is single
circulation because the blood passes through the heart only once in one complete cycle of body. The
terrestrial vertebrates like birds and humans have double circulation as the blood travels heart twice in one
complete cycle of blood and they have lungs for oxygenation of blood.
(d) It is because during daytime rate of transpiration is higher.
(e) The lumen of veins have valves, which allow the blood in them to flow in only one direction. Thus
prevent back flow of blood.

(a) “Blood circulation in fishes is different from the blood circulation in human beings”. Justify the
statement.
(b) Describe “blood circulation” in human beings.
(a) Fishes have only two chambers in their heart, the blood is pumped to the gills to get oxygenated blood
and from there it passes directly to rest of the body. Thus, the blood goes only once through the heart during
one cycle of passage through the body. This type of circulation is termed as single circulation.
In human beings, during circulation blood travels twice through the heart in one complete cycle of the body
and is called double circulation. The pathway of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart is
called pulmonary circulation and the pathway of blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back to
heart is called systemic circulation.
(b) Deoxygenated blood from the body tissues is poured into right atrium. Contraction of heart forces it into
right ventricle. From right ventricle, deoxygenated blood flows to the lungs through pulmonary artery.
Oxygenated blood from lungs is returned into left atrium and then into left ventricle. The left ventricle forces
the oxygenated blood to the whole body. Thus, for making one complete round or circulation circuit around
all body parts, the blood passes through the heart twice. This is known as double circulation of blood.

(a) Mention any two components of blood.

(b) Trace the movement of oxygenated blood in the body.
(c) Write the function of valves present in between atria and ventricles.
(d) Write one structural difference between the composition of artery and veins.
(a) Two components of blood are blood plasma and blood corpuscles.
(b) Deoxygenated blood gets oxygenated in the lungs, from there it moves to heart and pumped to different
parts of the body. Its path can be traced out as
Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium of heart → Aorta → Arteries → Body parts
(c) When blood is pumped, valves prevent back flow of blood between ventricles and atria. They open and
allow the right amount of blood to flow from one chamber to the other.
(d) Structural difference between veins and arteries is as follows:
Veins: Veins have thin, less elastic and less muscular walls. They have valves to prevent back flow of blood.
Arteries: Arteries have thick, elastic and muscular walls with no valves.

Draw a diagram of human excretory system and label kidneys, ureters on it. Refer text book
Draw a neat diagram of excretory system of human beings and label on it:
(i) Left kidney (ii) Urinary bladder.

Describe the structure and function of nephron with the help of diagram.
The function of nephron is filtration of blood and elimination of waste material from it. Blood is filtered
from the blood capillaries into Bowmans capsule and pour the filtrate into the renal tubule. In this part, large
amount of water and useful substances like glucose, amino acid, minerals ions, etc., are reabsorbed.
Nitrogenous waste along with little amount of water is sent to the urinary bladder, which later expels the
urine to the outside through urethra. ( diagram refer text book)

(a) Name four types of metabolic wastes produced by humans.

(b) Name any two human excretory organs other than kidney.
(a) Four types of metabolic wastes produced by human are urea, carbon dioxide, water and salts.
(b) Two human excretory organs other than kidneys are:
(i) Lungs : They help to eliminate carbon dioxide.
(ii) Liver : It is an excretory organ as it converts harmful amino acids to harmless urea and haemoglobin of
worn out RBCs to bilirubin and biliverdin that can be excreted out of the body.

(a) Name the organs that form the excretory system in human beings.
(b) Describe in brief how urine is produced in human body.
(a) Excretory system (Urinary system) in human beings consists of a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters,
urinary bladder and urethra.
(b) In the kidney, the wastes are converted to urine by three processes :
(i) Ultrafiltration : In it, large amount of water along with certain harmful substances like urea, uric acid, K+,
ammonium salts, creatinine, etc., and certain useful substances like glucose, amino acids, Na+, etc., pass
through glomerular capillaries and glomerular membrane into cavity of Bowman’s capsule of nephrons
under pressure. The filtrate so formed is called nephric filtrate which is moved towards ureter.
(ii) Selective reabsorption : In it, large amount of water and sodium, whole of glucose and amino acids and
small amount of urea are passed back from nephric filtrate into blood capillaries. It occurs either by back
diffusion (i.e., water and urea) or active transport (i.e., Na+, glucose and amino acids). It generally occurs in
PCT (Proximal convoluted tubule) of nephrons.
(iii) Tubular secretion : In this, certain harmful chemicals like uric acid, creatinine, K+, etc., are passed from
blood capillaries surrounding the nephron into nephric filtrate by active transport. It generally occurs in DCT
(Distal convoluted tubule) of nephrons. Now, the fluid is termed as urine and is excreted out of the excretory
organs.

(a) Define excretion.

(b) Name the basic filtration unit present in the kidney.
(c) Draw excretory system in human beings and label the following organs of excretory system which
perform following functions:
(i) form urine (ii) is a long tube which collects urine from kidney
(iii) store urine until it is passed out.
(a) The biological process involved in the removal of wastes, produced during various metabolic activities in
the body from the body of an organism is called excretion. The wastes are non-gaseous nitrogenous wastes
like ammonia, urea, uric acid, etc., along with excess of water, salts and pigments.
(b) Basic filtration unit present in kidney is nephron.
(c) Refer to answer …..
(i) Kidney (ii) Ureter (iii) Urinary bladder

What are nephrons ? How is a nephron involved in the filtration of blood and formation of urine?
Nephrons are the functional unit of kidney. Each kidney has about one million nephrons. Each nephron
consists of a cup-shaped structure called Bowman’s capsule containing a bunch of capillaries called
glomerulus. Bowman’s capsule leads into tubular structure which ultimately joins the transverse collecting
tubule.
Filtration of blood and formation of urine in nephron involves the following steps:
(i) The blood along with waste and excess water is brought to kidney by renal arteries. Blood is filtered from
the blood capillaries into Bowmans capsule.
(ii) As the nephric filtrate passes through the tubular part of nephron, useful substances like glucose, amino
acid, mineral ions, water, etc., are reabsorbed by blood capillaries surrounding the nephron.
(iii) Tubular secretion occurs mainly in the renal tubule and the collecting duct of the nephron where
additional wastes are excreted from the blood stream into the filtrate.
(iv) The fluid that flows through collecting tubule is urine which consists of water, urea, uric acid, mineral
ions like sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphates, etc.

(a) Draw a well-labelled diagram of structural and functional unit of kidney.

(b) Explain the mechanism of the urine formation.

Amoeba shows following kind of nutrition –

a. autotrophic c. saprotrophic
b. holozoic d. parasitic
Ans: (b) holozoic

The process by which blood is cleared of metabolic wastes in case of kidney failure is called
a. artificial kidney c. transplantation
b. dialysis d. filtration
Ans: b) dialysis

Woody plants carry gaseous exchange through

a. root hair c. Lenticels
b. stem hair d. epidermal cell
Ans: (c) Lenticels.

Where does digestion of starch begin in human body?

Ans: The digestion of starch begins in the human body in the mouth.
Give one example of each of saprophytic and parasitic nutrition.
Ans: One example each of saprophytic and parasitic nutrition is as follows:
Parasitic Nutrition – Plasmodium (Protozoa)
Saprophytic Nutrition – fungi.

Which of the following statements about the autographs is incorrect?

a. They store carbohydrates in the form of starch.
b. They constitute the first trophy level in food chains.
c. They convert CO2 and water into carbohydrates in the absence of sunlight
d. They synthesize carbohydrates from CO2 and water in the presence of sunlight & chlorophyll.
Ans: c) They convert CO2 and water into carbohydrates in the absence of sunlight.

Which of these is not a part of the small intestine?

a. Duodenum c. Ileum
b. Jejunum d. Rectum
Ans: d) Rectum is not a part of the small intestine.

During contraction of the heart, what prevents backflow of blood?

a. Thin walls of atria c. Valves in heart
b. Thick muscular walls of ventricles d. All of the above
Ans: c) Valves in heart

Name excretory organs in amoeba and earthworm.

Ans: The excretory organ in amoeba and earthworms are as follows:
Amoeba – Cell membrane, Earthworm – skin

Name the plant tissue through which water and minerals are transported in plants.
Ans: The plant tissue through which water and minerals are transported in plants is Xylem.

Trachea do not collapse when there is not much air because they are –
a. thick and muscular c. have valves
b. having cartilaginous rings d. supported by the larynx.
Ans: b) having cartilaginous rings.

Which one of the following blood vessels contains only deoxygenated blood?
a. pulmonary vein c. capillaries
b. pulmonary artery d. Aorta
Ans: b) Pulmonary artery

The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires –

a. Chlorophyll c. Carbon – dioxide & water
b. Sunlight d. All of the above
Ans: d) All of the above

Name the red pigment carrying oxygen in the blood.

Ans: The red pigment carrying oxygen in blood Haemoglobin.

Name the hormone which is responsible for the reabsorption of water in nephrons.
Ans: The hormone which is responsible for reabsorption of water in nephrons Antidiuretic – hormone (ADH)
or vasopressin.

When air is blown from the mouth into a test tube containing lime water, the lime water turned milky
due to the presence of –
a) oxygen b) nitrogen c) water vapours d) carbon – dioxide
Ans: d) carbon – dioxide

In which of the following group/ groups of animals, heart does not pump oxygenated blood to different parts
of the body?
a. Pisces only c. Amphibians and reptiles only
b. Amphibians only d. Pisces and amphibian
Ans: The following group/ groups of animals, in which the heart does not pump oxygenated blood to different
parts of the body a) Pisces only.

The filtration units of kidneys are called –

a. Ureter c. Neurons
b. Urethra d. Nephrons.
Ans: d) nephrons

What is the mode of nutrition in fungi and plasmodium?

Ans: The mode of nutrition in fungi and plasmodium are as following:
Fungi – Saprophytic Plasmodium – parasitic.

Which of them contain less nitrogenous waste – renal vein or the renal artery?
Ans: Renal veins contain less nitrogenous waste.

Amoeba captures food with the help of –

a. Teeth c. pseudopodia
b. cilia d. tentacles
Ans: c) pseudopodia.

Which of the following is most appropriate for aerobic respiration?

a. Glucose→mitochondriapyruvate→cytoplasm = CO2+H2O+Energy
b. Glucose→cytoplasmpyruvate→mitochondria = CO2+H2O+Energy
c. Glucose→cytoplasmpyruvate+Energy→mitochondria = CO2+H2O
d. Glucose→cytoplasmpyruvate+Energy→mitochondria = CO2+H2O+Energy
Ans: (b) Glucose→cytoplasmpyruvate→mitochondria =CO2+H2O+Energy.

Name the part of the alimentary canal that receives bile from the liver.
a. Oesophagus c. Small intestine
b. Stomach d. Large intestine
Ans: The part of the alimentary canal that receives bile from the liver c) Small Intestine.

What is glycolysis?
Ans: Breakdown of Glucose into pyruvate is known as glycolysis.

Name the largest artery of the body.

Ans: The largest artery of the body is Aorta.

The kidneys in human beings are parts of the system for

a. nutrition c. excretion
b. respiration d. transpiration
Ans: The kidneys in human beings are parts of the system for (c) excretion.

The xylem in plants are responsible for

a. transport of water c. transport of amino acids
b. transport of food d. transport of oxygen
Ans: (a) transport of water.

The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires

 a. carbon dioxide and water c. sunlight
b. chlorophyll d. all of the above
Ans: The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires (d) all of the above.

The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide, water and energy takes place in
a. cytoplasm c. chloroplast
b. mitochondria d. nucleus
Ans: The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide, water and energy takes place in (b) mitochondria.

Food moves down the gut by peristalsis. Which region of the brain controls peristalsis.
Ans: Food moves down the gut by peristalsis and the region of brain which controls peristalsis is the
Medulla of the hindbrain.

Name the pigment present in plants, which can absorb solar energy.
Ans: The pigment present in plants, which can absorb solar energy is Chlorophyll.

Which of the four chambers of the human heart has the thickest muscular walls?
Ans: Right ventricle has the thickest muscular walls.

Which part of the visible spectrum is absorbed by chlorophyll pigments?

Ans: Blue and Red light are absorbed by chlorophyll pigments.

Name the cartilaginous flap which closes the glottis to check the entry of food into it during swallowing.
Ans: The cartilaginous flap which closes the glottis to check the entry of food into it during swallowing is
Epiglottis.

Which equipment is used to facilitate breathing during serious breathing problems?

Ans: The equipment that is used to facilitate breathing during serious breathing problems is Ventilator.

What do you mean by double circulation of blood?

Ans: Double circulation of blood means that blood passes through the heart twice for each cycle of the body.

What is common for cuscuta, ticks and leeches?

Ans: Cuscuta, ticks, and leeches all feed in a parasitic manner, harming their hosts in the process.

What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism have with regard to obtaining oxygen
for respiration?
Ans: Terrestrial organisms have evolved to be more efficient at absorbing oxygen from the air than watery
organisms. –
i. Increased respiratory surface area.
ii. Very fine and delicate surface for easy exchange of oxygen and carbon – dioxide.
iii. Placement of respiratory surface within the body for protection.
iv. The mechanism for transporting air into and out of the respiratory surface, which absorbs oxygen.

Differentiate between single and double circulation found in vertebrates.

Single Circulation Double circulation

1. In this, blood passes only once through the heart in 1. Blood passes only once through the heart in
one complete cycle. one complete cycle.

2. The blood in the heart is both oxygenated and

2. Only deoxygenated blood flows via the heart.
deoxygenated.

3. It is ineffective. 3. It's more effective.

Name the substrates for the following enzymes.
a. trypsin c. pepsin
b. amylase d. lipase
Ans: The substrates for the following enzymes are as shown below
a) Protein b) Starch c) Protein d) Lipids

What are the two stages in photosynthesis?

Ans: Two stages in photosynthesis are–
a. Light reaction – Photolysis of water is the process of breaking down water molecules into hydrogen
and oxygen using light energy.
b. Dark reaction – Carbon dioxide CO2 is fixed and converted into glucose, a simple carbohydrate.

What is the difference between arteries & veins?

Arteries Veins

1. It is responsible for transporting blood away from the heart. 1. It transports blood to the heart.

2. They have very thin walls. 2. They have a sturdy wall around them.

3. They have narrow lumen. 3. They have a wide lumen.

4. Pressure is high. 4. Pressure is low.

5. It carries oxygenated blood. 5. It carries deoxygenated blood.

What is villi? What are its functions?

Ans: Villi are projections in the small intestine's inner lining that resemble fingers. They enhance the surface
area available for digested meal absorption in the small intestine.

What type of respiration takes place in human muscles during vigorous exercise and why?
Ans: Anaerobic respiration occurs in human muscles during severe exercise. During exercise, our energy
requirement increases, so our striated muscles start respiring anaerobically in the lack of oxygen and produce
ATP molecules.

How is opening and closing of stomata regulated?

Ans: Guard cells control the closure and opening of the stomata. The stomata open when the guard cells
enlarge or become turgid owing to water ingress. Because of the loss of water, the guard cells shrink and the
stomata close.

State two vital functions of the kidney.

Ans: Function of the kidney are –
1. It keeps the body's water balance in check.
2. It regulates calcium levels in the blood to keep bones healthy.

Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration

1. In the presence of oxygen, it occurs. 1. It happens when oxygen isn't present.

2. It can be found in the cytoplasm and

2. It's found in the cytoplasm.
mitochondria.
 3. Complete breakdown of glucose. 3. Incomplete breakdown of glucose.

4. End products are CO2 and ethyl alcohol or lactic

4. End products are CO2 and H2O.
acid.

Meat is easier to digest as compared to grass. Why?

Ans: Meat is easier to digest because our digestive juices contain enzymes that can break down meat, but our
bodies cannot break down cellulose, which is a major component of grass.

Differentiate between transport of materials in xylem & phloem.

Xylem Phloem

1. It transports water and minerals. 1. It transports food materials.

2. Only upwards transport of substances is 2. Substances are transported in both upward and downward
possible. directions.

What is the role of the glomerulus in the kidney?

Ans: Glomerulus, like Bowman's Capsule, is a collection of capillaries found in the cup. It gets blood from
the renal artery, which is responsible for transporting excretory wastes from the body to the kidney. It
removes from the liver water, salts, glucose, urea, nitrogen-containing protein end products, and yellow bile
components.

Why is it essential to match the blood groups of donors and receiver person before arranging transfusion of
blood?
Ans: Blood RBCs carry both antigen and antibodies. If the blood is not matched before transfusion, the
recipient's blood produces antibodies against the donor blood and destroys blood cells, resulting in a blood
shortage and death.

Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated & deoxygenated blood in mammals & birds?
Ans: The separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood allows the organism to receive adequate oxygen.
This mechanism is beneficial to creatures who demand a lot of energy. Mammals and birds use oxygen to
obtain energy in order to maintain a consistent body temperature.

Why are the walls of the trachea supported by cartilaginous rings?

Ans: The trachea is held together by cartilaginous rings that keep it from collapsing even when there isn't
much air in it.

What are the raw materials for photosynthesis?

Ans: Raw materials for photosynthesis are – Carbon – dioxide, Water and Sunlight - Chlorophyll

What is the role of the diaphragm during inhalation and exhalation?

Ans: During inhalation and exhalation, the diaphragm changes form, increasing and decreasing the capacity
of the thoracic cavity. This causes air to enter and exit the lungs.

What is the advantage of four chambers of heart?

Ans: A septum separates the right and left halves of the heart, preventing oxygenated and deoxygenated
blood from mingling. This satisfies their constant need for energy to keep their body temperature steady.
Their energy requirements are substantial, which are met effectively due to the non-mixing of oxygenated
and deoxygenated blood.
Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of multicellular organisms like humans?
Ans: As all cells in multicellular animals are not in direct contact with the environment, simple diffusion is
insufficient to supply the needs of all body cells.

What criteria do we use to decide whether something is alive?

Ans: To be considered alive, all living organisms must have movement at the molecular level, as well as
respiration and other life processes such as nutrition, respiration, transportation, and excretion.

What is the function of digestive enzymes?

Ans: Enzymes break down food's different complicated components into simple, soluble components that
can be easily absorbed.

How are the lungs designed in human beings to maximize the area for exchange of gases?
Ans: Bronchioles end in alveoli, which are balloon-like structures in the lungs. Alveoli have a network of
blood capillaries that increase the surface area available for gas exchange.

What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food?

Ans: Salivary amylase is an enzyme found in the mouth that breaks down starch, a complicated molecule,
into glucose.

While eating you are advised not to talk. Why are you advised to do so?
Ans: We are urged to do so because food particles may enter the windpipe when eating, causing choking.

We say that movement is a characteristic of living organisms but we always don’t see visible movements in
plants. Comment.
Ans: Plants do not always show obvious movement. It doesn't necessarily imply that they aren't living. In
their bodies, molecular movements take place.

If a person is working on a treadmill in a gymnasium, will it affect his rate of breathing? How?
Ans: Yes, it will have an impact on his breathing rate. To satisfy the increased demand for energy, the rate
of breathing will increase in order to supply more oxygen.

If you compare your rate of breathing by feeling your chest movement with the number of times a fish opens
and closes its mouth. Which will be higher and way?
Ans: As the amount of dissolved oxygen in water is relatively low compared to the amount of oxygen in the
air, the number of times a fish opens and closes its mouth will be higher. As a result, aquatic organisms
breathe at a significantly higher rate than terrestrial organisms.

Mucus is not used for churning the food or digesting it. Then why is it secreted in the stomach?
Ans: In order to protect the stomach's inner lining from being harmed by HCI, mucus is released. Excessive
HCI secretion can harm the lining of the stomach and cause a peptic ulcer.

In the process of Photosynthesis food A is prepared which gets converted into food B. What are A and B?
Why is A converted to B?
Ans: Glucose is food A, whereas starch is food B. As B is an insoluble carbohydrate, it is transformed to A.
It is more compact, making it better for storage.

When we are asleep we are not performing any activity while our life processes are going on. Why?
Ans: “The maintenance functions of living organisms must go on even when they are not doing anything
particular.” That is why the life processes are going on even while we are asleep or not performing any
activity.

What will be the outcome if a farmer floods (over irrigation) his field every day?
Ans: The oxygen contained in the interspaces of the soil will be replaced by water, affecting plant respiration.
Name the respiratory organs of:
(i) fish Ans: The respiratory organs of fish are gills.
(ii) mosquito Ans: The respiratory organs of mosquitoes are Trachea (air tubes).
(iii) earthworm.\ Ans: The respiratory organs of earthworms are moist skin.

Due to the availability of less water, how does the plant cope with the lack of water in desert conditions?
Ans: To preserve moisture, they open their stomata at night and close them during the day.

After a vigorous exercise, you may experience cramps in your leg muscles. Why does this happen?
Ans: Leg muscle cramps are produced by a sudden build-up of lactic acid in our muscles following strenuous
exercise.

What will happen if carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin?

Ans: If haemoglobin binds firmly to carbon monoxide, oxygen will not be transported by blood, resulting in
the organism's death.

Chloroplasts are called energy convertors. Explain.

Ans: As chloroplasts catch solar energy and convert it to chemical energy, they are known as energy
converters.

Why is the rate of breathing much faster in aquatic organisms than those in terrestrial organisms?
Ans: Aquatic species get their oxygen from dissolved oxygen in the water. Water has a relatively low oxygen
availability as compared to air. As a result, aquatic organisms must breathe more quickly than terrestrial
organisms.

Why are glomeruli considered as dialysis bags?

Ans: The glomeruli's major filtering function is selective filtration. Small molecules comprising glucose,
salts, urea, and liquid senim are filtered. Etc. Proteins and other big molecules remain in the blood. As a
result, the glomeruli of the kidneys serve as dialysis bags.

Autotrophs synthesize food for the living world. Justify this statement in one sentence only by
interconnecting autotrophs and heterotrophs.
Ans: The food producers are autotrophs, and all heterotrophs directly or indirectly consume the food
produced by the autotrophs.

Veins and arteries carry blood. Which of these carry blood?

Away from the heart? Ans: Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
Back to the heart? Ans: Veins carry blood back to the heart.

Which of the organs perform the following functions in humans?

Absorption of food. Ans: Absorption of food takes place in the small intestine.
Absorption of water Ans: Large intestine

Name the areas in a woody stem through which respiratory exchange of gases take place.
Ans: In a woody stem, the bark has lenticels for gaseous exchange.

Why doesn’t the lungs collapse even after forceful expiration?

Ans: Even after forced expiration to maximum capacity, residual volume refers to the amount of air that
remains in the lungs following forceful expiration. As a result, even after a strong expiration, the lungs do
not collapse.

“If there were no algae there would be no fish in the sea”. Comment.
Ans: Photosynthesis results in the production of O2 by algae. The oxygen used by fish in the sea is used for
breathing. There would have been no oxygen created if algae had not existed. As a result, fish may have
died.
Why is the process of diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirement of human beings?
Ans: For bigger multicellular creatures like humans, the diffusion method is insufficient to transport O2 to
all areas of the body. As a result, the respiratory pigment haemoglobin absorbs oxygen from the air and
transports it throughout our bodies via blood.

What are the functions of lymph in our body?

a) It removes tissue fluid from the interstitial region and restores it to the bloodstream.
b) Through tissue fluid, it gathers carbon dioxide, waste products, and metabolites from tissues.
c) Lymph contains lymphocytes (WBCs), which aid in the body's immunity and fight against invading
invaders.

How is haemoglobin associated with respiration explained?

Ans: The respiratory pigment haemoglobin is responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Haemoglobin is a crimson pigment with a strong oxygen affinity. Oxyhemoglobin transports oxygen from the
lungs to the cells of the body. Carbon dioxide is carried to the lungs by carbamino – haemoglobin from the
bodily cells.

What are the modes of excretion in plants?

a. The plants get rid of excess water by transpiration.
b. Plants' only primary gas excretory product is oxygen. Plants emit it into the environment by diffusion.
Organic wastes of plants are stored within dead permanent tissues such as wood or within leaves or bark
which are periodically removed.
c. The plants also excrete some waste substances into the soil around them.
d. Plant waste products are accumulated in cellular vacuoles in large quantities.

Give an experiment to prove the essentiality of light for photosynthesis. Refer text book

What is “translocation”? Why it is essential for plants.

Ans: The term "translocation" refers to the movement of organic solutes within plants. It is required since
all cells require sustenance to perform their essential tasks. It affects the storage organs of roots, fruits,
seeds, and developing organs in both upward and downward directions.

How respiration takes place in plants?

Ans: There are three modes for the exchange of gases in plants –
a) Some little plants can exchange gaseous matter by simply diffusing it throughout their entire surface.
b) Stomata on the leaves and green stems of large flowering plants exchange gases.
c) Exchange occurs in woody stems through fractures in the bark or lenticels.

How is transpiration pull responsible for upward movement of water?

Ans: Transpiration is the process through which leaves lose water in the form of water vapours through
stomata. Continuous transpiration causes a suction in the xylem elements' water column, which reaches the
roots. This is known as transpiration pull. The water column of the plant is drawn up from the bottom to the
top due to transpiration.

Discuss the major steps involved in the process of nutrition in human beings.
Ans: Major steps involved in human nutrition are –
a) Ingestion – Food is taken in through the mouth. Humans have a holozoic feeding mode. Solid particles
are swallowed by them.
b) Digestion – In the alimentary canal, mechanical and chemical processes are used to break down complex
dietary materials into simpler ones.
c) Absorption – The little finger-like projections, or villi, of the small intestine absorb digested food.
d) Assimilation – Food is absorbed and transported to all cells via blood, where it is used for energy,
growth, and development.
 e) Egestion – Food from the small intestine passes through to the big intestine, where it is ejected out by
Anus.

Discuss the mode of nutrition in amoeba.

With the help of a labelled diagram, discuss the structure of the cross–section of leaf.
Ans: diagram refer text book
i. Epidermis – The epidermis is the cell's outermost layer. Stomata are tiny pores that connect cells in
the lower epidermis.
ii. Mesophyll – Mesophyll refers to the chloroplast-containing parenchyma cells. Palisade and
spongy parenchyma are the two types.

What do you mean by ‘lymph’? Mention its function.

Ans: Lymph- Tissue fluid, or lymph, is the fluid that fills the gaps between the cells in the tissues.
Functions of lymph:
i. It returns tissue fluid from the interstitial spaces into the blood.
ii. Lacteals, which are lymph capillaries found in intestinal villi, aid in fat absorption.
iii. Through tissue fluid, it gathers carbon dioxide, waste products, and metabolites from tissues.

How are lungs designed in human beings to maximize the area of exchange of gases?
Ans: Lungs have evolved various characteristics to allow for effective gas exchange. The modifications are
as follows:
a. Increased surface area
b. Very fine and delicate surface for easy exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
c. The mechanism for transporting air into and out of the respiratory surface, which absorbs oxygen.

Dark reactions of photosynthesis do not need light. Do plants undergo dark reactions at night?
Ans: The term "dark reaction" does not refer to a reaction that occurs in the absence of light, such as at
night. In fact, these reactions are independent of light energy and occur at the same time as light reactions.

Differentiate inhalation and exhalation.

Inhalation Exhalation

1. It is taking in of air from the

1. It is expelling out of the air from the lungs.
atmosphere

2. Diaphragm relaxes and becomes dome

2. Diaphragm contract & flattens.
shaped.

3. Ribs movement is forward & outward. 3. Ribs movement is downward & inward

4. Volume of thoracic cavity increases 4. Volume of thoracic cavity decreases

5. Pressure of thoracic cavity decreases 5. Pressure of thoracic cavity increases

What are the functions of the human respiratory system?

(i). The cellular respiration function requires gaseous exchange.
(ii). The vocal cords produce sound.
(iii). Abdominal compression assists with urination, face passing, and birthing.
(iv). Laughing and sneezing to clean the respiratory surface on their own.
15. With the help of a diagram, show pulmonary circulation in man.

What is the role of skin, lungs and intestine in the process of excretion in man?
Ans: The role of skin, lungs and intestine in the process of excretion in man are:
Skin – Skin excrete excess salts and water in the form of sweat.
Lungs – Exhalation causes carbon dioxide to be expelled from the lungs.
Intestine – Intestine throw out undigested food in the form of faeces through the anus

Explain the structure of chloroplast. Refer text book

Why and how does water enter continuously into the root xylem of plants?
Ans: Water and minerals are transported to the plant body via xylem. Root hairs are hairs that grow on a plant's
roots. The root hairs come into close touch with the water film that forms between soil particles. Diffusion
allows water and minerals to penetrate the root hair. The water and minerals are taken by the root hair from
the soil move via the epidermis, root cortex, endodermis, and root xylem by osmosis from cell to cell. The
plant's xylem vessels in the root are connected to the xylem vessels in the stem. As a result, dissolved mineral-
containing water passes through the root xylem vessels and into the stem xylem vessels. The stem's xylem
vessels branch out into the plant's leaves. As a result, the water and minerals supplied by the xylem vessels in
the stem reach the leaves via the branched xylem vessels that enter each area of the leaf from the petiole. As
a result, water and minerals from the earth reach the plants' leaves via the root and stem. The suction created
by the evaporation of water molecules from the cells of a leaf pulls water from the xylem cells of roots.
Transpiration is the loss of water from the aerial portions of plants in the form of vapour.

What is the role of following in human digestive system

Mucous Ans: Mucus – It shields the stomach's inner life from HCl.
Bicarbonate Ans: Bicarbonate – It alkalizes the acidic meal so that pancreatic enzymes may work on it.
Trypsin Ans: Trypsin – It digest proteins into amino acids.

What are outside raw materials used for by an organism?

Food, Water and Oxygen

What processes would you consider essential for maintaining life?

Nutrition, Respiration, Transportation and Excretion

Where do plants get each of the raw materials required for photosynthesis?
Ans: Plants do get each of the raw materials required for photosynthesis from:
a) Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. b) Light from Sun c) Water from Soil
d) Chlorophyll from chloroplast of green plants.
What is the difference between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition?
Autotrophic Nutrition Heterotrophic Nutrition

1. The form of nutrition in which an organism uses 1. The mode of nutrition in which an organism is
sunlight energy to produce its own food from unable to produce food from simple inorganic
simple inorganic components such as carbon components such as carbon dioxide and water
dioxide and water found in the environment. All and must rely on food from other species. Human
green plants. cat dog etc

What is the role of acids in our stomach?

Ans: HCl plays the following role in our stomach:
a. Make the medium acidic to allow the pepsin enzyme to work.
b. Kills the harmful bacteria present in food & promote the digestion

How is small intestine designed to absorb digested?

Ans: The villi, which are finger-like projections on the inner lining of the small intestine, enhance the surface
area available for absorption. The villi are densely packed with blood arteries that convey the absorbed food
to all of the body's cells. It is used to obtain energy and repair damaged tissues.

What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism have with regard to obtaining
oxygen for respiration?
Ans: In comparison to aquatic organisms, terrestrial organisms breathe at a slower rate. This is owing to the
fact that there is less oxygen in water than there is in air, thus aquatic species breathe at a faster rate.

What are different ways in which glucose is oxidized to provide energy in various organisms?
Ans: The pathways of break-down of glucose in various organisms are as below:

How is oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in human beings?

Ans: In humans, the pigment haemoglobin is found in RBC and has a high affinity for oxygen. It absorbs
oxygen from the air in the lungs and transports it to tissues that are oxygen-deficient. In blood plasma, some
oxygen is carried in a dissolved condition. Because carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen, it
is usually carried through human blood as a dissolved form.

What are the components of the transport system in human beings? What are the functions of these
components?
a. Heart- receives and pumps the blood.
b. Arteries- carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to various organs:
c. Veins- Bring back blood to the heart.
d. Capillaries- exchange of various materials and gases between blood and tissues.

Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds?
Ans: The right and left sides of the heart are separated to prevent oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from
mingling. This separation allows for a very effective oxygen supply to the organism. This is important in
creatures with high energy needs, such as birds and mammals, that use energy to maintain their body
temperature all of the time.

What are the components of the transport system in highly organized plants?
Ans: The xylem and phloem transport systems are found in higher plants. Water and minerals are
transported from the root to different parts of the plant via vessels and tracheids in xylems. Food is
transported from leaves to storage organs and other sections of the plant by phloem, which is made up of
sieve tubes and companion cells.
How are water and minerals transported in plants?
Ans: Plants transport water and minerals through the xylem, which is made up of tracheids and vessels.
Osmosis transports water and minerals received by root hairs to the xylem tissues of the root. Water travels
from the root xylem to the stem xylem and then to the leaves.

How is food transported in plants?

Ans: Plants carry food via the phloem, which is made up of sieve tubes, sieve cells, and companion cells.
Food is prepared in leaves and transferred to the phloem of the leaves in a soluble form. Food is actively
transported to all other areas of the plant.

What are the methods used by plants to get rid of excretory products?
Ans: The methods used by plants to get rid of excretory products are:
(i) During respiration, plants produce carbon dioxide as a waste product, and photosynthesis produces oxygen
as a waste product.
Excess water is removed through transpiration.
Some waste products like gums and resins are stored in older xylem tissue.

How is the amount of urine produced regulated?

Ans: The amount of urine produced is determined by the amount of excess water in the body and the amount
of water-soluble waste to be expelled. When the amount of water and dissolved waste in a boy is high, the
amount of urine generated is high, and when the amount of wastes is low, the amount of urine produced is
low. Its also regulated by ADH

How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does this process take place?
Ans: The small intestine is where lipids are digested. The fats that enter the intestine take the form of big
globules. These huge globules are broken down into smaller globules by bile juice. Following that, the fat-
digesting enzyme lipase, which is found in pancreatic and intestinal juice, turns it into fatty acids and
glycerol.

What are the necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition and what are its by-products?
Light, Chlorophyll, Water and Carbon dioxide By-products are: Oxygen and Water

What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Refer the chart
Name some organisms that use anaerobic mode of respiration.
Yeast, bacteria, and some internal parasites, such as tapeworms, use anaerobic respiration.

How are the alveoli designed to maximize the exchange of gases?

To promote the exchange of gases between blood and the air-filled alveoli, the alveoli have thin walls and are
richly supplied with a network of blood veins. They have a balloon-like shape to maximise gas exchange
surface area. The alveolar walls are folded and have a significant surface area. It has a large network of blood
arteries that serve as a surface for gas exchange.

What would be the consequence of a deficiency of haemoglobin in our bodies?

Ans: Haemoglobin is a pigment found in red blood cells. It has a strong preference for oxygen. It transports
oxygen from the lungs to other tissues that are oxygen-deficient. The presence of less haemoglobin reduces
the oxygen supply to tissues. A person with low haemoglobin levels will become exhausted quickly and
seem pale.

Leaves of a healthy potted plant were coated with petroleum jelly. How will it affect the plant? State two
reasons.
1. There will be no transpiration.
2. There will be no exchange of gases which will affect the rate of photosynthesis.
What are the differences between the transport of materials in xylem and phloem?
Xylem Phloem

1. It transports water and minerals from roots 1. It transport food materials from leaves to root and
to leaves. storage organs

2. Only upwards transport of substances is 2. Substances are transported in both upward and
possible. downward directions.

3. It consists of tracheids and vessels. etc 3. It consists of sieve tubes and companion cells. etc

Compare the functioning of alveoli in the lungs and nephron in the kidneys with respect to their
structure and functioning.
Alveoli Nephron

1. They have thin-walled balloon-like structures. The 1. Nephron is a cluster of very thin-walled blood
alveoli provide a surface extensively supplied with capillaries found in the kidney, Each capillary’s
body capillaries for the exchange of gases in the cluster remains associated with the cup-shaped
lungs. Carbon dioxide is released in the cavity of end of a tube called Bowman’s capsule that
alveoli and oxygen is taken by haemoglobin present collects the filtered urine, at the same time the
in the RBC of blood. useful substances are reabsorbed.

How does respiration in plants differ from that in animals?

Ans: In plants, all portions such as the root, stem, and leaves do individual respiration, but in animals, either
the general body surface or particular organs such as the skin, gills, and lungs perform respiration. Plants have
a significantly slower rate of respiration than animals. Gases are not transported from one section of the plant
to another way they are in animals.

What are tooth decay?

Ans: After eating sugary food (chocolates and sweets), acid is generated in the mouth. The pH of the mouth
is lowered by this acid. When the pH of the acid generated in the mouth falls below, tooth decay begins.
This is because the acid develops strong enough to attack and damage the enamel of our teeth.

Name the cartilaginous flap which closes the glottis to check the entry of food into it during swallowing.
Epiglottis

If the xylem gets blocked what will happen to plant

Ans: It's possible that the tissue that became clogged was the xylem. Water and minerals taken by roots
from the soil are carried to the leaves and other parts of the plant via the xylem. As a result, if the xylem is
obstructed, the leaves will be deprived of nutrients and will wilt.

How does respiration in plants differ from that in animals?

Ans: In plants, all portions such as the root, stem, and leaves do individual respiration, but in animals, either
the general body surface or particular organs such as the skin, gills, and lungs perform respiration. Plants have
a significantly slower rate of respiration than animals. Gases are not transported from one section of the plant
to another way they are in animals.

Write one feature which is common to each of the following pairs of the term/organs.
glycogen and starch Ans: The feature that is common to the following pair is Carbohydrate (food).
chlorophyll and haemoglobin Ans: The feature that is common to the following pair is Pigments.
gills and lungs Ans: The feature that is common to the following pair is Respiratory organs.
arteries and veins. Ans: The feature that is common to the following pair is Blood vessels.
A certain tissue in a green plant somehow gets blocked and the leaves wilted. What was the tissue that
got blocked?
Ans: It's possible that the tissue that became clogged was the xylem. Water and minerals taken by roots
from the soil are carried to the leaves and other parts of the plant via the xylem. As a result, if the xylem is
obstructed, the leaves will be deprived of nutrients and will wilt.

Write the functions of the following in the digestive process:

Bile Ans: Bile: It is secreted by the gallbladder and it emulsifies & it into the smaller droplets for their easy
digestion.
Bicarbonate secreted by the duodenal wall. Ans: It provides an alkaline medium in the duodenum which is
needed for the action of pancreatic enzymes of different food components for their digestion.
Pancreatic amylase. Ans: Pancreatic amylase enzyme digests starch and changes it into maltose.

The two openings of the pharynx, one leading to the trachea and the other leading to oesophagus, lie very
close to each other. Yet food we swallow normally does not enter into our trachea. Why?
Ans: The food does not enter the trachea because the aperture leading to the trachea (glottis) is covered by a
cartilaginous flap termed the epiglottis during swallowing, leaving the food with no other option except to
go down the oesophagus.

How would it affect the digestion of proteins and carbohydrates in the duodenum of man if there is a
blockade in the pancreatic duct?
Ans: The pancreatic juice is secreted by the pancreas and enters the duodenum. Pancreatic amylase and
trypsin are enzymes that aid in the digestion of carbohydrates and proteins. As a result, if there is a blockade,
carbohydrate and protein digestion is impaired.

What is ‘clotting of blood?’ Write a flow chart showing major events taking place in clotting of blood?
Ans: Formation of a clot at the site of injury to stop bleeding is known as ‘clotting of blood.’ Steps for
clotting of blood flow chart refer text book

2. With the help of a labelled diagram of the human excretory system, Mention its important
part and explain them.
1) Kidney – It is the excretory system's functional unit. About a million small coiled channels called
nephrons make up each kidney. The basic filtration unit in the kidneys is the nephron. The glomerulus,
Bowman's capsule, and convoluted tubule are the components.
2) Ureter – Wastes come out of the kidney into the ureter.
3) Urinary Bladder – The ureter pours its contents into a muscular sac called the urinary bladder. And store
the urine temporarily
4) Urethra – Urine flows from the bladder to the outside through the urethra.

(i) Draw a well-labelled diagram of the human digestive system

Ans: A well labelled diagram of the human digestive system is as shown below:

(ii) Describe the role of following in digestion.

a. Bile Ans: Bile – emulsification of fats
b. Salivary amylase Ans: Salivary amylase – digest starch in the mouth
c. HCl Ans: HCl – Activate pepsinogen by making medium acidic in stomata.

With the help of a labelled diagram, Discuss the mechanism of respiration in human beings.
Diagram refer text book
a. Breathing – Taking in oxygen and expelling carbon – dioxide out is called breathing. It involves
the following steps –
Inhalation – It is consuming oxygen. It happens when the muscles linked to the ribcage contract. The
ribs are lifted and the diaphragm is flattened, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. As a result,
the pressure inside the thoracic cavity drops, allowing air to flow into the lungs.
Exhalation – It is the process of releasing carbon dioxide. It happens when the muscles linked to the ribs
relax and the diaphragm is formed. This reduces the volume of the thoracic cavity, lowers air pressure, and
expels air from the lungs.
b) Exchange of Gases – It takes place between the alveoli of the lungs and surrounding blood
capillaries.
c) Transport of Gases in Blood – Haemoglobin is a protein that transports oxygen throughout the body.
In the form of any haemoglobin, oxygen is transported from the lungs to the bodily cells.
d) Oxidation of Food – Break down of glucose molecules that produce energy. It occurs in chondria.

Describe an experiment to prove that carbon – dioxide is essential for the process of photosynthesis.
Ans: Experiment showing that carbon dioxide is essential for photosynthesis.
1. Take a potted plant with elongated leaves
2. Take an empty bottle and put a little amount of potassium hydroxide (KOH) in it.
3. Now cut the cork of the bottle into two parts and place it on one of the leaves of the potted plant in
between the two parts of the cork.
4. Now put the bottle in the presence of sunlight for 72 – 96 hours.
5. Now test the leaf for the presence of starch.

Describe the structure and functioning of nephron.

Ans: Each nephron is a collection of blood capillaries with very thin walls. Each glomerulus (capillary
cluster) in the kidney is linked to the cup-shaped Bowman's capsule, which collects the filtered urine. The
blood is filtered by the nephron to eliminate nitrogenous waste.
They also absorb some vital substances from the filtrate, including glucose, amino acids, minerals, and a
significant amount of water.

Describe double circulation in human beings. Why is it necessary?

Ans: During each cycle, blood passes through the heart twice in mammals and birds. Double circulation is the
term for this situation.
Blood that has been deoxygenated enters the right auricle and then enters the right ventricle, where it is pushed
to the lungs for oxygenation. It travels from the lungs to the left auricle, where it is oxygenated, and then to
the left ventricle, where it is pumped to various regions of the body.
Such a circulatory system prevents the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, allowing for an
effective supply of oxygen to the body

In human alimentary canal, name the site of complete digestion of various component of food. Explain the
process of digestion?

List three difference between arteries and veins in tabular form?

List the three kind of blood vessels of human circulatory system and write their function in tabular form?
(i) “The breathing cycle is rhythmic whereas exchange of gases is a continue process”. Justify the statement.
(ii) What happen if conducting tubes of circulatory system develops a leak? State in brief how could this be
avoided?
(iii) How opening and closing stomata take place?

Describe in brief the function of kidney, Ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra?

What is double circulation in human being? Why it is necessary.

(i) Name two different ways in which glucose is oxidised to provide in various organism. (ii) Write any two
difference between the ways of oxidation of glucose in organism.

(a) Name the process by which autotrophs prepare their own food.
(b) List the three events which occur during the process.
(c) State two sources from which plants obtain nitrogen for the synthesis of protein and other compounds
Define the term parasite. Name one plant parasite and one animal parasite. Some organism breakdown the
food material outside the body and then absorb it. Give two example

Give reason: (i) Fine hair and mucus present in the nasal passage? (ii) Rings of cartilage are present in the
throat?

(a)Name the following: (i) The three carbon molecules that is formed due to break down of glucose during
respiration. (ii) During the nitrogenous waste that is remove from the blood in our kidney.

How do unicellular organism generally remove waste.

Write any three difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

State the function of the following component of transport system: (i) Blood (ii) Lymph
(a) List two function of stomata. (b)What are the raw material used during photosynthesis?

Explain the process of digestion of food in mouth, stomach, and small intestine in the body?

(a) What is meant by the breathing? What happen when to the rate of breathing during vigorous exercise and
why?
(b) Define translocation with respect to transport in plants. Why is it essential for plants? Where in plants are
the following synthesized?

(a) Write the mechanism by which fishes breath in water.

(b) Name the balloon like structures present in lungs list its two function.
(c) Name the respiratory pigment and write its role in human being.

(a) Name the process and explain the type of nutrition found in green plants. List the raw material required for
this process.
(b) Write three events that occur during this process.

(a) Write the name of different components of transports system in human beings and state their function in
brief.
(b) How is blood clot from, if a leak develops in the system of blood vessels?

Name the term for transport of food from leaves to other parts of plants. Translocation of food.

What process in plants is known as transpiration ?

It is loss of water in the vapour form from the exposed parts of a plant.

Name the tissue which transports soluble products of photosynthesis in a plant. - Phloem.

Name the tissue which transports water and minerals in a plant. - Xylem.

How do autotrophs obtain CO2 and N2 to make their food ?

Autotrophs obtain CO2 from air and N2 as nitrate or ammonium ion from soil.

Which pancreatic enzyme is effective in digesting protein ? - Trypsin.

Which enzyme present in saliva breaks down starch ?- Ptyalin or salivary amylase.

What is the role of acid in our stomach ?

HCl of gastric juice disinfects the food and acidifies it for proper functioning of proteolytic enzyme pepsin.
What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food ?
Saliva moistens the ingested food with mucus, sterilises it with lysozyme and partially digests starch part of
food into sugar with the help of salivary amylase or ptyalin.

State the function of digestive enzymes.

Digestive enzymes are hydrolytic enzymes which cause breakdown of complex and insoluble components of
food into simple, soluble and absorbable substances.

Name the two ways in which glucose is oxidised to provide energy in various organisms.
Aerobic respiration in which glucose is completely oxidised to carbon dioxide and water with the help of
oxygen releasing 686 kcal of energy per mole.
1. Anaerobic respiration in which glucose is incompletely broken down in the absence of oxygen to form
generally either lactic acid or ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide releasing about 50 kcal of energy.

Where do plants get each of the raw materials required for photosynthesis ?
Carbon, Water and Mineral Salts. From soil in terrestrial plants and liquid medium in aquatic habitat.
Energy. Solar radiations.

Where does digestion of fat take place in our body?

Digestion of fat occurs in first part (duodenum and jejunum) of small intestine with the help of enzyme
lipase that acts on emulsified fat to form fatty acids and glycerol.

Mention how organisms like Bread Mould and Mushroom obtain their food. (CBSE Foreign 2010)
They obtain their food saprophytically from external organic matter by dissolving the same with the help of
digestive enzymes.

Name the component of blood that helps in the formation of blood clot in the event of a cut.
Blood platelets which release thromboplastin on rupturing.

State one difference between autotrophic and heterotrophic modes of nutrition.

In autotrophic nutrition, the food is self manufactured while it is obtained ready-made from outside in
heterotrophic nutrition.

Name the process in plants where water is lost as water vapour. - Transpiration.

What is translocation in plants ?

Translocation is passage of food materials in solution form in plants from the region of their supply or
manufacture to the region of their use or storage.

State basic difference in the processes of respiration and photosynthesis. (CBSE Foreign 2010)
Respiration is a catabolic process in which glucose is broken down to release energy while photosynthesis is
an anabolic process in which glucose and other organic substances are manufactured from raw materials
with help of solar radiations.

Name the intermediate and the end products of glucose breakdown in aerobic respiration.
Intermediate: Pyruvic acid (+ Energy)
End Products: CO2 + H2O (+ Energy)

What is the purpose of sending blood to the kidney for filtration ?

For removal of nitrogenous wastes, excess salts and some toxins.

Name the stored food of animals. - Glycogen and fat.

How does transport of water occur at night in the absence of transpiration ?
Due to root pressure and partly to meet daytime water deficit of aerial parts.

Name the component of food not digested in stomach. - Starch and other carbohydrates.

State the purpose of making urine.

Extract the soluble waste products from the blood for expulsion out of the body.

Mention the site of complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats in humans.- Small intestine.
Ventricles have thicker muscular walls than atria. ,Give reason.)
Ventricles have to pump blood forcefully so as to reach even distant capillaries, right ventricle into lungs
and left ventricle to all the remaining body parts, while atria are to pump blood into adjacent ventricles.

How do plant cells change their shape ?

Due to osmotic entry or exit of water and differential thickening, eg., guard cells.

Name two enzymes present in pancreatic juice.

Trypsinogen, pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, Chymotrypsinogen

State the function of alveoli in the lungs

Exchange of gases (CO2 and O2) between blood and air.

Name the form in which energy derived from food is stored in humans liver. Glycogen (and fat).

When we breathe out, the air passage does not collapse. Why ?
Due to the presence of rings (c-shaped) of cartilage.

Name the process used by single celled organism for taking in food, exchange of gases or removal of wastes.
Diffusion.

Identify the category in which organisms using carbon dioxide and water as food are placed.
Autotrophs/photoautotrophs.

Even when we are not doing any apparent activity, we need energy. Justify giving reason.
A lot of metabolic activity is continuously occurring even when we are not doing any work, e.g., heart beat,
breathing, digestion, absorption, blood circulation, etc. All of them require energy.

Name the components of blood which transport

1. Food, carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes
2. Oxygen
1. Blood Plasma. Food, CO2 and nitrogenous wastes.
2. Erythrocytes (Haemoglobin). Oxygen.

Rings of cartilage are present in trachea. Why ?

To prevent the collapse of air passage after expiration.

Explain the significance of peristaltic movement that occurs all along the gut during digestion.
Peristaltic movement or peristalsis is a wave of alternate contraction and expansion that passes through the
gut from oesophagus to large intestine. It moves the food forward in a regulated manner along the digestive
tract for processing in each part properly.

(a) Name two different ways in which glucose is oxidised to provide energy in various organisms.
(b) Write any two differences between the two ways of oxidation of glucose in organisms.
(a) Aerobic and anaerobic.
(b) Differences
 Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration
1. Oxygen. There is complete breakdown of There is incomplete breakdown of respiratory
respiratory substrate with the help of oxygen, the substrate due to non-use of oxygen with atleast one
products being CO2 and H2O. product being organic.
2. Energy. It forms 38 ATP molecules per glucose It forms only two ATP molecules per glucose
molecule. molecule.

What is the function of trachea ? Why do the walls not collapse even when there is less air in it ?
Trachea is a tube that connects pharynx with lungs for carrying air to and from lungs. Trachea is lined by
ciliated mucus secreting pseudostratified epithelium for trapping dust particles and microbes.
Trachea does not collapse in reduced air pressure due to support of C-shaped cartilaginous rings.

Name any two digestive enzymes secreted in the human digestive system and write their function

How do they take up carbon dioxide and perform photosynthesis ?

Carbon dioxide is absorbed during night when stomata are open. It is fixed in malic acid from which the
same is released during day time for performing Calvin cycle in light.

(a) What will happen to guard cells and the stomatal pore when water flows into guard cells.
(b) How do plants transmit information from cell to cell ?
(a) Guard cells swell up and a stomatal pore is created in between them.
(b) Information is transmitted from one plant cell to another cell through plasmodesmata and hormones.

What are the different ways in which glucose is oxidised to provide energy in various organisms ?

What is excretion ? How do unicellular organisms remove their wastes ?

Excretion is the biological process of removal of harmful metabolic waste products from the body.
In unicellular organisms, excretion occurs through simple diffusion from the surface.

What is internal energy reserve in plants ? Do the animals have the same energy reserve ?
The major internal energy reserve in plants is starch (a complex carbohydrate). Animals do not have the
same energy reserve. Instead, they possess glycogen (and fat).

Major amount of water is selectively reabsorbed by the tubular part of nephron in humans. What are the
factors on which the amount of water reabsorbed depends ?
1. Amount of excess water present.
2. Amount of dissolved wastes to be excreted.

Name two digestive glands associated with digestive system in humans. Name their secretions.
1. Salivary glands — saliva. 2. Pancreas — pancreatic juice.

Which mechanism plays an important role in transportation of water in plants

(a) During daytime (b) At night ?
(a) Transpiration pull (b) Water deficit of daytime and afterwards root pressure.

Give reasons for the following :

(a) Why is diffusion not sufficient to meet oxygen requirement of all the cells in multicellular organisms ?
(b) How desert plants perform photosynthesis if their stomata remain closed during the day ?
(a) All living cells are not in direct contact with environment. Diffusion is a slow process and it will take
very long time, days and months, to reach every living cell inside the body of a multicellular organisms.
(b) Carbon dioxide is absorbed during night when stomata are open. It is fixed in malic acid from which the
same is released during day time for performing Calvin cycle in light.

What is translocation ? How does it take place in plant?

Translocation is the transport of nutrients/food in solution form inside phloem from the region of
photosynthesis (or storage) to the area of consumption. For translocation, food molecules or nutrients enter
phloem actively, develop an osmotic pressure and pass to the area of utilisation in a mass flow where active
withdrawal occurs.

State two differences between arteries and veins.

Artery Vein
1. Direction of Flow. It carries blood from heart to an
It brings blood from an organ towards the heart.
organ.
2. Speed. Blood flow is rapid in artery. Blood flow is slow in vein.
3. Jerks. Blood flows with jerks. Blood flows smoothly.
4. Pressure. Blood flows under pressure There is little pressure.
5. Internal Valves. They are absent. Internal valves are present to prevent back flow.
6. Wall. It is thick and elastic. It is comparatively thinner and little elastic.
7. Lumen. Narrow. Wide.
8. Type of Blood. Artery carries oxygenated blood Vein carries deoxygenated blood except pulmonary
except pulmonary arteries. veins.
9. Occurrence. It is deep seated. It is superficial.
10. Collapsibility. Artery is not collapsible. Vein is collapsible.
11. Blood After Death. It does not contain blood after
Vein is full of blood even after death.
death.

Explain the process of nutrition in Amoeba.

Explain parasitic mode of nutrition with two examples.

Parasitic mode of nutrition is a mode of nutrition where one living being (parasite) obtains food from
another living being (host) of different species.
Examples. Ascaris (in human intestine), Cuscuta (on other plants).

Leakage of blood from vessels reduces the efficiency of pumping system. How is leakage prevented ?
Blood contains blood platelets. In the region of leakage, the platelets burst and release thromboplastin. It
helps in coagulation of blood and seal the place of leakage or injury.

Leaves of a healthy potted plant were coated with vaseline. Will this plant remain healthy for long ? Give
reasons for your answer.
1. It is unable to obtain oxygen from air for respiration,
2. It is unable to perform photosynthesis as no carbon dioxide diffuses from air.
3. In the absence of transpiration, the leaves get heated up and injured.

How is the process of transpiration useful to plant ? :

1. It helps in upward transport of sap (water and minerals)
2. Transpiration cools down the sun-exposed leaves and concentrates the minerals present in the rising
water.

Mention the two main components of the transport system in plants.

State one function of each one of these components.
Transport system of plants consists of two main components, xylem and phloem. Xylem (through vessels
and tracheids) takes part in conduction of sap mostly in the upward direction. Phloem (through sieve tubes)
transports food marterials both in upward and downward directions.
State the function of guard cells. What will happen to guard cells and stomatal pore when water flows to
guard cells.
Function of Guard cells : Opening, closing and regulating the stomata or stomatal pores.
Flow of Water : Passage of water into guard cells will make them turgid. The turgid guard cells bend is such
a way as to open the stomatal pore.

Give reason :
(i) Fine hair and mucus are present in the nasal passage. (ii) Rings of cartilage are present in the throat.
(i) They trap fine dust particles and microbes from inhaled air.
(ii) They prevent collapsing of trachea when air pressure is low.

Tooth enamel is the hardest substance in our body. Name the compound of which it is made up of. At what
pH of the mouth it gets corroded ? State the role of bacteria present in the mouth. Suggest a method to
prevent tooth decay.
Enamel is chemically hydroxyapetite (= calcium phosphate, 95%) along with proteins emamelins (5%). It
gets corroded in acidic pH. The acid is produced by bacterium Streptococcus mutans that forms plaques over
teeth if the teeth are not regularly cleaned as after meals.

Mention the site of complete digestion in our body. Name the end products formed on complete digestion of
carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
Site: Small intestine.
End Products: Carbohydrates. Glucose. Proteins. Amino acids. Fats. Fatty acids and glycerol.

(i) Write the balanced chemical equation for the process of photosynthesis.
(ii) When do desert plants take up CO2 and perform photosynthesis ?

(ii) Carbon dioxide is absorbed during night when stomata are open. It is fixed in malic acid from which the
same is released during day time for performing Calvin cycle in light.

(i) Why are cramps caused in our muscles during sudden activity ?
(ii) Name the type of respiration that takes place in Yeast during fermentation.
(i) Cramps develop in muscles during excessive activity due to formation and accumulation of lactic acid as
a result of lesser oxygen availability than required by muscles.
(ii) Anaerobic respiration.

In an experiment to prepare temporary mount of leaf peel, staining of leaf peel is done before putting a drop
of glycerine. Explain why ?
Staining is required for clearer observation as it brings about differentiation of cells and cellular
components.
As extra stain has to be removed, staining is carried out before mounting.

In the experiment to prepare temporary mount of leaf peel, which stain is preferred and how is extra stain on
the slide removed.
Stain Preferred . Safranin. Removal of Extra Stain. By blotting/filter paper.

Explain why only turgid leaf is selected for the preparation of temporary mount of a leaf peel.
1. The peel can be removed easily,
2. Peel can be spread easily.
3. The cells are of normal shape and structure.
In an experiment to prepare temporary stained mount of a leaf epidermal peel, how can extra stain be
removed ? What possible outcome would be observed if it is removed with cotton wool ?
Extra stain is removed with the help of blotting paper. Cotton wool is not used as it has a tendency to spread
the stain.

David observed temporary mount of leaf peel under the high power of microscope. He found two types of
nucleated cells. Name the cells observed by him.
Epidermal cells, guard cells (of stomata).

You have been provided with a freshly plucked leaf of Rhoeo or Lilly. What will you do to obtain a
transparent leaf peel?
Twist and tear the leaf obliquely with a jerk. A small transparent peel will be observed. The same is cut and
placed in a drop of water or watch glass having water. In Rhoeo, it is the lower side which gives a good peel.
In an experiment to prepare temporary mount of a leaf peel to show its stomata Ram was provided with a
monocot leaf whereas Shyam, a dicot leaf.

Mention the ideal location where you would expect them to obtain the leaf peel for the experiment.
Middle of the leaf. It is twisted and torn with a jerk. In dicot leaf, stomata occur mostly on the lower surface
while in monocot leaf both the surfaces possess stomata.

Mention the shape of guard cells and write its constituents.

In dicots the guard cells are bean-shaped in outline. They are two in number and joined at the ends with
thick walls towards each other and thin walls towards outside. Each guard cell contains a single nucleus and
a number of chlroplasts.

State any two functions of the cells that surround the stomata.
Functions of Guard Cells :
1. Opening and closing of stomata.
2. Allowing exchange of gases and transpiration.

Explain why leaf is preferred for preparation of temporary mount to show stomata. State two functions of
stomata.
Leaf is the plant organ where maximum number of stomata are present.
Functions :
1. Absorption of CO2
2. Release of O2 during day time.
3. Seat of maximum transpiration.

Mention the materials required to prepare a temporary mount of leaf peel to show stomata.
Apparatus: A small potted plant, a small pot of the same size and same amount of soil as that of potted plant,
a stick of the height of the plant, plastic sheets.
Observation: The internal surface of the plastic sheet belonging to the set having potted plant becomes wet.
There is no such change in the second set.

Suresh prepared a list of materials required to prepare a temporary mount of leaf peel to show stomata but
his list is not complete. Name any four materials which are not included in his list.
Leaf, petridish, coverslip, needle, forceps, brush, watch glass, safranin, microscope.
Water, blotting paper, dilute glycerine, slide.

Name the observed parts of a temporary mount of a leaf peel when it is focussed under :
(a) Low power (b) High power of a compound microscope.
(a) Low Power : Leaf epidermal cells and a few stomata, each with two minute greenish guard cells.
(b) High Power : A stomate surrounded by colourless epidermal cells. The stomate has two bean-shaped
guard cells with thicker inner walls, a number of chloroplasts and one nucleus in each.
Draw a labelled diagram of cross-section of a leaf.

(i) Name any two substances that are selectively reabsorbed as the urine flows along the tube.
(ii) Name the part of the excretory system in which urine is stored for some time.
(i) Glucose, amino acids. (ii) Urinary bladder.

Name two enzymes secreted by pancreas. Write the function performed by these two.

Give reason –
(i) The two ventricles have thicker muscular walls than the two atria in human heart.
(ii) The capillaries have walls which are one-celled thick.
(i) Atria are to receive blood from veins and pump the same into adjacent ventricles only. They have,
therefore, thin walls. Ventricles are to pump blood into arteries forcefully as it is to be sent to lungs (right
ventricle) and all parts of the body (left ventricle). Therefore, walls of ventricles are thick and muscular with
those of left ventricle being thicker.
(ii) Capillaries take part in exchange of materials (nutrients, wastes, gases) between blood and tissue fluid.

Name the cells that control the opening and closing of stomatal pore. Flow do they perform this function ?
Guard cells: Opening and closing of stomata is regulated by gain or loss of turgidity of their guard cells.
During opening of stomata, guard cells withdraw K+ ions from surrounding epidermal cells, followed by
absorption of water from them. As a result, guard cells swell up and become turgid. Their outer thin and
elastic walls bend outwardly followed by outward movement of thicker inner walls. The latter creates a pore
in between the two guard cells.
During closure movement of stomata, guard cells send out K+ ions. Water also passes out. Guard cells
become flaccid. Their inner thick walls come to touch each other. The stomatal pore gets closed.

(i) Name two organisms that obtain food through parasitic nutritive strategy,
(ii) How do fungi obtain their food ?
(i) Parasitic Nutrition. Cuscuta (a plant), Plasmodium (Malarial Parasite).
(ii) Most of the fungi are saprotrophs. They obtain their nourishment from organic matter.

Saprotrophs pour digestive enzymes over the organic matter in order to dissolve it. The dissolved ingredients
are absorbed. David observed a temporary mount of a leaf under high power of microscope. He found two
types of nucle¬ated cells. Name the cells observed by him.

Epidermal cells, pairs of guard cells forming stomata.

What are stomata ? Draw labelled diagram of stomata. Write any two functions of stomata.
(a) Stomata. They are pores regualted by two chloroplast containing guard cells that occur in the epidermis
of leaves and young stems for exchange of gases and transpiration.
(b) Diagram. Refer text book
(c) Functions of Stomata,
1. Exchange of gases,
2. Transpiration.
.
When is blood clotting useful ? In a flow chart illustrate the four major events involved in blood clotting.
Usefulness of Blood Clotting.
(i) “Plugging the place of injury.
(ii) Stoppage of blood flow from the region of injured blood vessel.
Events in Blood Clotting:

Give reasons for the following :

(i) Glottis is covered by epiglottis
(ii) Lung alveoli are covered with blood capillaries
(iii) The wall of trachea is supported by cartilage rings.
(i) Epiglottis. To prevent entry of food and water during swallowing.
(ii) Lung Alveoli. Lung alveoli constitute the respiratory surface of the lungs. Their walls have rich supply
of blood for gaseous exchange, i.e. passage of oxygen from alveolar air to blood and passage of carbon
dioxide from blood to alveolar air.
(iii) Tracheal Rings (C-shaped). For providing support, preventing collapse of trachea and allowing for
uninterrupted flow of air.

(a) What do you mean by double circulation of blood ?

(b) Why is it necessary ?
(a) Double circulation is the passage of same blood twice through heart, first from right side to lungs and
back to left side for passage to rest of the body to be returned to right side. It consists of two components,
pulmonary circulation (from heart to lungs and back) and systemic circulation (from heart to different parts
of body and back). In pulmonary circulation deoxygenated blood is converted into oxygenated blood. In
systemic circulation oxygenated blood is supplied to all parts of the body. It gets changed into deoxygenated
form.
(b) Importance. Double circulation ensures supply of oxygenated blood to all body parts for efficient release
of energy to ensure higher physical activity and thermoregulation of body. It also provides for direct passage
of all deoxygenated blood to lungs for oxygenation.

(a) Name the process by which autotrophs prepare their own food.
(b) List three events which occur during this process.
(c) State two sources from which plants obtain nitrogen for synthesis of proteins and other compounds.
(a) Process. Photosynthesis.
(b) Events, refer text book.
(c) Sources of Nitrogen,
1. Nitrate from soil,
2. Ammonium ion from soil.

What are final products produced after digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats ?
Carbohydrates. Glucose.
Proteins. Amino acids. Fats. Fatty acids and glycerol.

When a sportsman runs, he gets muscle cramps. Why ? Or

Lack of oxygen in muscles often leads to cramps among cricketers. Explain. Why ?
Cramp is an involuntary contraction of an already contracted muscle. It occurs due to accumulation of lactic
acid during anaerobic breakdown of glucose when oxygen supply is unable to match the requirement. Lactic
acid acts on neuromuscular junction producing fatigue and cramps.

The pH of the mouth of a person is lower than 5.5. What changes will occur in his mouth ? How can these
changes be controlled ? Write any two measures.
(a) pH of the mouth becomes lower than 5.5, despite regular secretion of near neutral saliva, due to presence
» of decaying food and bacteria present therein.
(b) Enamel of teeth being made of hydroxyapedte (calcium phosphate) undergoes corrosion in acidic
medium. This starts tooth decay.
(c)
1. Routinely cleaning the mouth after meals,
2. Brushing the teeth with tooth paste which is generally alkaline.

(a) “Breathing cycle is rhythmic whereas exchange of gases is a continuous process”. Justify this statement.
(b) What happens if conducting tubes of circulatory system develops a leak ? State in brief how could this be
avoided ?
(c) How opening and closing of stomata take place ?
(a) Even after forceful exhalation, a large quantity’of air called residual volume is left in the lungs. It is
helpful in continuous exchange of gases.
(b) Leakage will result in loss of blood from circulatory system, loss of efficiency of pumping system and
non-supply of fresh blood to many organs. It results in death. To avoid it, blood platelets release
thromboplastin in the region of leakage. It helps in sealing the place of injury through clotting of blood.
(c) Opening and closing of stomata take place by gain and loss of turgidity in the guard cells.

Assume you are a veterinary doctor and you had removed a good length of small intestine of a bear that was
suffering from an intestinal tumour. Now, would you suggest a plant based or a meat based diet for the bear
after its recovery ? Give reason for your suggestion.

Meat based. A nonvegetarian diet requires a shorter alimentary canal while a vegetarian diet requires a
longer alimentary canal for complete digestion.

In the human alimentary canal, name the site of complete digestion of various components of food. Explain
the process of digestion.
Site of Complete Digestion. Small intestine.
Digestion. It is the conversion of complex insoluble food ingredients into simple absorbable form. Digestion
is essential as complex components of food cannot pass into body cells for nourishment. Digestion occurs
with the help of digestive enzymes. In simple holozoic animals, it is intracellular. In higher animals
digestion is performed in a digestive tract and is, therefore, intercellular or extracellular. The digested
materials are absorbed, transported and picked up by individual cells of the body for assimilation.

List three kinds of blood vessels of human circulatory system and write their functions in a tabular form.
Capillaries, arteries and veins.
1. Capillaries,
1. Exchange of materials between blood and tissue fluid,
2. Filtering out tissue fluid and diapedesis
Arteries and veins refer the table
.
Name three different glands associated with the digestive system in humans. Also name their secretion
1. Salivary Glands: They are three pairs, a pair each of parotid, submaxillary and sublingual. Secretion is
called saliva. It contains antimicrobial lysozyme and digestive enzyme ptyalin or salivary amylase.
2. Liver: It secretion is called bile. Bile takes part in alkalisation of food and emulsification of fat.
3. Pancreas: It secretion is called pancreatic juice. It contains proteolytic enzyme trypsin (secreted as
trypsinogen), pancreatic lipase (steapsin) and pancreatic amylase (amylopsin).
4. Gastric gland – Pepsinogen, HCL and mucus
5. Intestinal gland - lipase, amylase, sucrase, lactase, maltase, aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase,
List in tubular form three differences between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration

With the help of a schematic flow chart, show the breakdown of glucose in a cell to provide energy :
In the presence of oxygen, In the absence of oxygen and When there is lack of oxygen.

(a) Name the respiratory pigment in human beings and state the cell in which it is present.
(b) A product is formed is our muscles due to breakdown of glucose when there is lack of oxygen. Name the
product and also mention the effect of build up of this product.
(c) Differentiate between fermentation in Yeast and aerobic respiration on the basis of end products formed.
(a)
1. Respiratory Pigment. Haemoglobin 2. Cell. Red blood corpuscles or erythrocytes

(b)
1. Product. Lactic acid 2. Effect. Fatigue and cramps.
(c) In yeast, fermentation produces alcohol and CO2 while aerobic respiration forms only CO2 and water.

Mention the role of following in digestion :

1. Pepsin 3. Villi
2. Saliva 4. Bile Juic

1. Pepsin: Breakdown of proteins into pepteoses and proteoses in acidic medium.

2. Saliva: Moistening of food, partial breakdown of starch and glycogen to form maltose by means of
enzyme ptyalin (salivary amylase).
3. Villi: Their bases bear intestinal glands that secrete intestinal juice for completion of digestion. Villi
take part in absorption of digested food.
4. Bile Juice – Juice released by liver is bile.
Functions
1. Neutralising acidity of chyme,
2. Making food alkaline for action of pancreatic enzymes,
3. Emulsification of fat.

List the role of each of the following in our digestive system :

(a) Muscles of stomach wall (b) Hydrochloric acid (c) Mucus
(a) Muscles of Stomach. They bring about churning movement that breaks food into small particles and
mixes it with gastric juice.
(b) Hydrochloric Acid. It is gastric secretion which softens, sterilises and acidifies the food for action of
enzyme pepsin.
(c) Mucus. It lubricates the food passing through alimentary canal and protects the wall of digestive tract
from digestive enzymes.

(a) Why is transpiration important for plants ?

(b) Why plants generally wilt in the afternoon and regain their freshness in the next morning ? (CCE 2013)
(a) Importance
1. Cooling: Evaporation of water from the aerial parts results in lowering of their temperature which will
otherwise rise due to exposure to sun.
2. Concentration of Mineral:. Transpiration helps in increasing concentration of minerals present in
rising water.
3. Transport: It creates a pull that helps in transport of water and minerals.
(b) Excessive transpiration and comparatively less water absorption from soil during hotter parts of day
creates a water deficit in the leaf cells resulting in their loss of turgidity. As a result plants show wilting.
There is little transpiration during evening and night while absorption and ascent of sap continue. As a result
leaf cells become turgid and the plant regains its freshness in the morning.
 (a) In which form, nitrogen is taken by plants ?
(b) What type of nutrition is present in Bread Mould ?
(a) Nitrate, nitrite, ammonium ions and some organic compounds elaborated by bacteria.
(b) Bread Mould (Rhizopus) is a fungus that undertakes saprophytic type of heterotrophic nutrition. Its
rhizoidal hyphae are fixed in medium having organic food/organic remains. They secrete digestive enzymes
into the medium. The enzymes cause breakdown of complex compounds into simple and soluble substances.
The fungus absorbs the same.

(a) Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of large multicellular organisms like
humans ?
(b) What type of arrangement exists in the bodies of large animals to meet their oxygen requirement
adequately ?
(a) Every living cell requires oxygen for performing cellular respiration. In unicellular organisms (e.g.,
Amoeba), the single cell is in direct contact with environment. Oxygen passes into it through diffusion. In
simple multicellular organisms (e.g., Hydra), every cell may also get oxygen through diffusion from
environment. This is not possible in complex multicellular organisms like humans. The body is covered by
dead cells. The living cells are not in contact with external environment. Air containing intercellular spaces
are absent. Therefore, quick diffusion cannot occur. Cell to cell diffusion is a very slow process. Passage of
oxygen from lungs to toes through cell to cell diffusion will take about three years. Therefore, diffusion
cannot meet the oxygen requirement of multicellular organisms like humans.
(b) Large animals have a respiratory system for meeting their oxygen requirement,
1. There is a large moist permeable membrane over a respiratory area for quick exchange of gases,
2. The respiratory surface has abundant blood supply for bringing in CO2 and taking away O2.
3. There is a mechanism for quick movement of fresh air over the respiratory surface and rapid disposal
of foul air.

(a) Mohan’s friend was seriously injured and lost a lot of blood. He was advised blood transfusion
immediately. But because of the rare blood group, it was not available. Immediately Mohan and his friends
made efforts for the announcement to be made on TV and Radio. Soon they got many people to help them
and a life was saved,
(a) What is the composition of blood ?
(b) How is oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in our body ?
(c) What values are being displayed by Mohan and his friends ? (CCE 2013)
(a) Composition of Blood,
1. Plasma (55% of blood, 92% water, 8% solutes),
2. Red blood corpuscles (erythrocytes),
3. White blood corpuscles (leucocytes),
4. Blood platelets.
(b) Transport of O2 and CO2 – The two are transported by blood. Oxygen is picked up by blood from
respiratory surface (97% as oxyhaemoglobin and 3% dissolved in plasma). In body tissues, oxygen separates
from blood and passes into cells through tissue fluid. In return, blood picks up CO2 from cells (70% as
bicarbonates, 7% as carbonic acid and 23% as carbaminohaemoglobin) for disposal over the respiratory
surface.
(c) Values Shown by Mohan and His Friends,
1. Comradeship
2. Social awakening and social service
3. Management skills.

(a) List the functions of juice released by the liver.

(b) Pancreas acts both as endocrine and exocrine gland. Justify giving reasons.
(a) Juice released by liver is bile.
Functions
1. Neutralising acidity of chyme,
2. Making food alkaline for action of pancreatic enzymes,
 3. Emulsification of fat.
(b) Pancreas is heterocrine gland having both exocrine and endocrine regions. Exocrine regions produce
pancreatic juice while endocrine regions secrete hormones like insulin and glucagon.

“About 180 litre of filtrate is produced each day but only 1.5 litre of urine is excreted out.” Justify this
statement.
Glomerular filtrate contains a lot of water and useful substances while the blood passing into efferent
arteriole contains a good quantity of wastes. Therefore, a long passage and hence lot of filtrate is required to
correct the situation. It involves reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, ions and water in PCT and secretion
of urea and other wastes from blood capillaries into urine in DCT. Urine concentration occurs in PCT, loops
of Henle, DCT, collecting tubules and ducts.

(a) Name the site of complete digestion in human,

(b) Small intestine receives the secretions of which two organs ?
(c) Which organ secretes trypsin ?
(a) Small intestine (b) Pancreas and liver (c) Pancreas as trypsinogen.

List three characteristics of lungs which make them an efficient respiratory surface. (CCE 2013)
1. Large surface area of about 80 m² for exchange of respiratory gases in the form of several million
alveoli.
2. Rich supply of blood capillaries over alveoli for quick exchange of gases,
3. Non-collapsible respriatory passage supported of chitinous rings in early part and surfactant in
delicate part,
4. Closure in thorax where a small drop of pressure causes inhalation and a small rise in pressure
produces exhalation.

(a) With the help of neat labelled diagram show how Amoeba captures its food ?
(b) What is the mode of nutrition in Amoeba ?
(a) As soon as Amoeba comes in contact with a food particle, it put out pseudopodia around it, engulfs the
same and forms a vesicle called phagosome. A lysosome fuses with phagosome to produce a food vacuole.
Digestion occurs. The digested nutrients pass out into cytoplasm for assimilation. The food vacuole with
indigestible material passes to the surface and throws out the undigested [Link]., 1-11 B and E.

(b) Holozoic.
(a) What is translocation ? Why is it essential for plants ?
(b) Where are the substances translocated by phloem delivered ?
(a) Translocation is passage of food materials in solution form in plants from the region of their supply or
manufacture to the region of their use or storage.
In plants the region of manufacture of food is only foliage while food is required by the whole plant
including deep root tips and top buds and flowers. Similarly regions of storage are also away. Therefore, a
translocation is always required.
(b) Delivery of Translocated Substances. The major areas where translocated substances are delivered are
storage regions, growing regions, ripening fruits, etc. Of course, every living cell requires the translocates.

(a) Why does a piece of bread taste sweet when chewed for some time ?
(b) Cellulose acts as a roughage in man but serves as a source of nutrient in cow. Justify the statement.
(a) Bread contains starch which is acted upon by ptyalin (salivary amylase) to form sweet sugar maltose.
(b) Human beings have no enzymes and symbiotic bacteria for digestion of cellulose. Therefore, cellulose
functions only as roughage in human beings. In cow the stomach contains cellulose digesting (fermenting)
bacteria and protozoa that convert it into soluble and absorbable components including glucose.

Explain why is the transportation of materials necessary in animals ?

Animals are complex multicellular organisms where there is specialisation for almost all functions like
intake of food, exchange of gases and elimination of body wastes. However, every cell of the body requires
nutrients and oxygen. It also eliminates nitrogrnous wastes. Therefore, each and every cell has to be
connected to a transportation system for receiving and giving out materials. The transportation system is
blood circulatory system in vertebrates. It picks up nutrients from digestive tract, oxygen from respiratory
system and hormones from endocrine glands. The same are supplied to cells. Similarly, it takes carbon
dioxide to respiratory surface and excretory products to kidneys for removal from’ the body.

Write one function each of the following components of the transport system in human beings :
(a) Blood vessels (b) Lymph (c) Heart.
(a) Blood Vessels. Transport of blood to different parts of the body and exchange of materials in the region
of capillaries.
(b) Lymph. To collect extra tissue fluid and materials which cannot directly enter the blood, pouring the
same into blood.
(c) Heart. Pumping of bood, deoxygenated to lungs and oxygenated to all the remaining parts of the body.

Draw a diagram of human respiratory system and label on it - (i) Diaphragm and (ii) Larynx.

Three Kinds of Blood Cells. Red blood corpuscles, white blood corpuscles and blood platelets.
1. Red Blood Corpucles (RBCs, Erythrocytes). Transport of oxygen and smaller quantity of CO2.
2. White Blood Corpuscles (WBCs, Leucocytes). Phagocytosis (of microbes and broken body cells) and
immune response.
3. Blood Platelets (Thrombocytes). Blood clotting and plugging place of injury.

Draw a diagram of human excretory system and label kidneys/left kidney, ureters/urinary bladder on it.

Draw a neat diagram of sectional view of human heart and label on it

(i) Pulmonary artery (ii) Pulmonary vein.

In single celled organisms, diffusion is sufficient to meet all their requirements of food, exchange of gases or
removal of wastes but it is not in case of multicellular organisms. Explain the reason for this difference.

Single celled organisms are in direct contact with the environment so that diffusion is helpful to them in
exchange of gases, removal of wastes and even meeting their requirement of food. However, in most *
multicellular organisms, the body is covered by dead cells. Cell to cell diffusion is unable to meet the
requirement of all body cells. For example, in humans cell to cell diffusion will take three .years to send
oxygen from lungs to toes. Multicellular organisms have developed specialised structures for performing
different functions, e.g., digestive tract, respiratory surface, excretory organs. These structures are connected
to all body cells through a transport system, e.g., circulatory system in animals, xylem and phloem in plants.
The transport system is quite fast to bring materials to and from the cells.

(a) State the reason for the following :

1. Rings of cartilage are present in the trachea 2. Plants look green in colour.
(b) Write other names of the following :
3. Alveolar sac 4. Voice box

1. For providing support, prevent collapse under low pressure and allowing uninterrupted flow of air.
2. Presence of photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll.
3. Alveolar Sac. Sacculus alveolares, air sac. 4. Voice Box. Larynx.

In the experimental set up to establish that one of the atmospheric gases is essential for photosynthesis in
plants
(i) Name the atmospheric gas which is essential for photosynthesis.
(ii) What is kept in watch glass in figure a and why ?
(iii) State the difference between the plants in the pots a and b after a few days.
(i) CO2 (ii) KOH in order to deprive the plant in a of CO2.
(iii) After a few days the plant in pot a will turn yellow and may wither due to absence of nourishment. The
plant of pot b will, however, remain healthy and green.
Explain how water and minerals are transported in plants.
Water and minerals absorbed by the plant roots are passed into xylem as sap. Sap present in xylem is under
tension or negative pressure as mesophyll and other cells of aerials parts lose water to the outside through
transpiration.
Development of Negative Pressure. Loss of water by mesophyll and other cells of aerial parts in
transpiration increases their suction pressure. They withdraw water from xylem channels. As there are
billions of transpiring mesophyll cells withdrawing water from xylem channels, water present in xylem
comes under negative pressure of 10-20 atmospheres. However, water column does not break due to
(a) Cohesive force amongst water molecules and
(b) Adhesion force between walls of xylem channels and water moecules.
Rise of Sap (Water and Minerals). Tension or negative pressure of water column results in upward pull just
as cold-drink is sucked with the help of straw pipe. Since it develops due to transpiration, it is called
transpiration pull. The mechanism of this ascent of sap was put forth by Dixon and Joly in 1894.

Explain why respiration through mouth is harmful. Mention the special features of nasal respiration that
makes it a safer process.
Breathing through mouth is harmful. Processing of incoming air is not carried out. Particles present in the
incoming air cause irritation. Microbes present in it cause infection. Dry hot or cold air produces irritation of
mucous lining.
Nasal Breathing. It has a mechanism to filter, clean, sterilise, moisten and condition the inspired air.
Chances of infection, desiccation and irritation of respiratory tract are minimized. Nasal breathing is,
therefore, safer.

Explain an activity with diagram to show that chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis.(CCE 2015, 2016)

Apparatus: A destarched potted plant of Croton, Pothos (Money Plant) or Coleus having variegated leaves
(with green and non-green parts), Rice paper, Soft pencil, Beakers, Petridishes, Tripod stand, Wire gauze,
Water bath, Blotting paper, Dropper, Box of matches, Burner or spirit lamp, spirit (or 70% alcohol), iodine
solution, water, forceps.

Procedure: Destarch a potted plant of Croton or Pothos (Money Plant) having variegated leaves by keeping
it in complete darkness for 2-3 days. Expose the destarched potted plant to sunlight for 2-6 hours. Pluck a
variegated leaf. Place a rice paper over it. Draw the outline of green and non-green areas. The green areas
contain chlorophyll. The non-green areas are pale in colour and devoid of chlorophyll. Place the leaf in
boiling water for 5-10 minutes. Boiling kills the leaf. Dip the leaf in spirit or alcohol kept at 50°-60° C with
the help of a water bath. After 30-45 minutes, the leaf will be decolourised completely. Take out the
decolourised leaf, dip in hot water for softening the same. Spread the leaf in a petri dish. Pour dilute iodine
solution over the leaf. After 4-5 minutes, rinse off excess iodine and observe.

Define excretion. Write two vital functions of kidney.

Excretion. It is the elimination of metabolic waste products from the body.
Vital Functions of Kidney,
1. Elimination of metabolic waste products.
2. Maintenance of water balance or osmoregulation of body.

Explain the structure of bronchi with the help of neat diagram and label on it (CCE 2015)
(i) Trachea (ii) Bronchiole.
Bronchi: Trachea divides into two branches called bronchi. There is short, straight right bronchus and a
slightly longer oblique left bronchus. Each bronchus enters the lung of its side, branches and rebranches.
Bronchi and their branches bear incomplete or C-shaped cartilaginous rings for support. They are also lined
internally by ciliated and mucus secreting epithelium. Branches of bronchi ultimately produce very fine
tubes called bronchioles. Bronchioles do not possess supporting cartilaginous rings. Finer bronchioles give
rise to alveoli or alveolar sacs. Epithelial lining of alveoli and fine bronchioles do not possess cilia and
mucus glands. They possess cells which secrete a surfactant (dipalmityl lecithin-protein complex) for
preventing their collapse during exhalation. Alveoli are polyhedral to rounded sacs having extremely thin
single layered wall invested closely with blood capillaries. Alveoli are actual sites of gaseous exchange.

Compare alveoli in the lungs and nephrons in the kidneys with respect to their structure and functioning.
Alveoli Nephrons
1. Shape. They are rounded or polyhedral. They are elongated tubules.
Each nephron has two components-Malpighian
2. Components. Alveoli are single entities. capsule and renal tubule. Renal tubule has three parts
– PCT, loop of Henle and DCT.
3. Blood Capillaries. They are of one type and lie all Blood capillaries form two patches—glomerulus
over the alveoli. and peritubular capillaries.
4. Materials. They deal with respiratory gases. They deal with body fluids.
5. Function. Alveoli perform exchange of Nephrons bring about separation of waste
gases between blood and inhaled air. products from blood.
6. Processes. Gaseous exchange occurs Urine formation occurs through
through diffusion. ultrafiltration, reabsorption, secretion and osmosis.

Name three life processes which are essential for maintaining life and briefly explain the functioning of any
one of them.
Nutrition, respiration, exchange of materials.
Nutrition: It is the process by which living beings procure food for obtaining energy and body building
materials. Body building materials are usually carbon-based. The food sources are also carbon based. They
are, of course, varied. Plants manufacture their own food in the process of photosynthesis. Animals obtain
food from outside. Food obtained from outside is first broken down through digestion into simpler soluble
substances for absorption. Inside the cells, the simple substances are converted into various complex
biochemicals to form components of protoplasm. Some biochemicals function as respiratory substfates.

Explain the process by which the energy requirements of the autotrophic organisms are fulfilled. In which
form the unused carbohydrates get stored ?
Photosynthesis. It occurs in the following steps :
1. Photolysis: With the help of light energy, oxygen evolving Z-complex splits up water into its
components — protons (H+), electrons (e–) and oxygen.

2. Absorption of Light Energy: Chlorophyll absorbs light energy.

3. Primary Reaction: Chlorophyll converts the absorbed light energy into chemical energy. It is called
primary reaction of photosynthesis. It builds up ATP with the help of excited electrons.
4. Formation of Reducing Power: Coenzyme NADP+ is changed to reduced form of NADPH.

5. Reduction of CO2: Carbon dioxide is reduced enzymatically with the help of NADPH and ATP to
form carbohydrates.

Storage: Starch.

Explain why digestion of food is essential for all living beings. Mention the form in which energy derived
from the food we eat is stored.
(a) Food consists of complex components which cannot pass into body cells directly for nourishment. They
are broken down into simpler absorbable form through the process of digestion. Digestion is intracellular in
simple animals. It is intercellular inside a digestive tract in higher animals including humans. The digested
materials are absorbed and transported by blood to all parts for picking up by individual cells for
assimilation. The latter is then used for both release of energy and building of cellular components.
(b) Energy derived from food is stored as glycogen and fat.
Explain an activity with diagram to show that carbon dioxide is essential for photosynthesis. (CCE 2015)
Apparatus: Two destarched potted plants, Two glass slabs, Two bell jars, Vaseline, Watch glass, Potassium
hydroxide solution, Apparatus for starch test (water, alcohol, beakers, petri dishes, iodine solution, tripod
stand, wire gauze, spirit lamp, water bath, dropper, forceps, box of matches).
Procedure: Take two potted plants which have been destarched by keeping them in dark for 2-3 days. Place
them on glass slabs.
Keep a watch glass having potassium hydroxide solution on one slab. Invert bell jar over each potted plant.
Seal the edges of bell jars by vaseline. Place the two sets in the sunlight. After two hours pluck one leaf from
each pot and test the same for starch.
Observation: The leaf of the set B which was without potassium hydroxide solution turns blue-black while
the leaf of the other set A with potassium hydroxide solution remains pale coloured.
Inference: Leaf of set B which turns blue-black has synthesised starch with the help of photosynthesis. Its
bell jar contains carbon dioxide as there is no potassium hydroxide. Leaf of set A has not synthesised starch.
Photosynthesis did not occur. The bell jar of this set does not contain carbon dioxide as the same is absorbed
by potassium hydroxide solution. Therefore, carbon dioxide is necessary for photosynthesis.

Explain giving any three reasons the significance of transpiration in plants.

1. Cooling: Evaporation of water from the aerial parts results in lowering of their temperature which will
otherwise rise due to exposure to sun.
2. Concentration of Minerals: Transpiration helps in increasing concentration of minerals present in
rising water.
3. Transport: It creates a pull that helps in transport of water and minerals.

Explain why there is need for transportation system with special tissues or organs in plants and animals ?
Transportation is the passage of nutrients, wastes, water and other materials from the region of their
availability to the region of their use, storage or elimination. Food has to be sent to all parts of the body from
the area of digestion in animal and the area of synthesis in plants. It has to be stored in special organs for
supply during periods of deficiency. Plants have vascular strand for translocation while animals have blood
vascular system. Animals have a pumping organ or heart for circulation of blood. Plants have distinct
channels of xylem and phloem for passage of sap and nutrients.

Name one nitrogenous waste present in urine. What is basic unit kidney called ? How is the amount of urine
produced regulated ?
Nitrogenous Waste. Urea.
Unit. Nephron or uriniferous tubule.
Regulation. Vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone regulates the amount of urine produced. It is secreted by
pituitary in amount requied to concentrate urine through bringing about reabsorption of water from the
primary urine.

State three common features of respiratory organs of animals. (CCE 2016)

Large surface area, thin permeable membrane, abundant blood supply.
1. Large Surface Area: There is a large respiratory surface that is either in contact with environment
directly or receives air or water from outside,
2. Thin Permeable Membrane: The respiratory surface has thin permeable wall for quick diffusion and
exchange of gases,
3. Abundant Blood Supply: Except in tracheal system, the respiratory surface has abundant blood supply
due to presence of a network of blood capillaries.

Describe the structure and function of nephron with the help of diagram only.

(a) List two differences between ‘holozoic nutrition’ and ‘saprophytic nutrition. Give two examples each of
these two types of nutrition.
(b) State the roles of liver and pancreas.
(c) Name the organ which performs the following functions in humans :
 1. Absorption of digested food
2. Absorption of water.
(d) Explain the statement, “Bile does not contain any enzyme but it is essential for digestion.”
(a) Differences between Holozoic Nutrition and Saprophytic Nutrition
Holozoic Nutrition Saprophytic Nutrition
It is absorptive type of nutrition where simple soluble
Type. It is ingestive type where solid food is taken in.
substances are taken in.
Digestion. It is internal.
Digestion is external.
Examples. Tiger, Cattle.
Examples. Rhizopus, Mushroom.
(b)
1. Role of Liver: Decomposition of haemoglobin, formation and secretion of bile for emulsification of
fat. Formation of urea, heparin fibrinogen and prothrombin. Detoxification of chemicals and
elimination of pathogens.
2. Role of Pancreas: Secretion of pancreatic juice having lipase, trypsin and amylase; secretion of
hormones, insulin and glucagon.
(c)
1. Absorption of Digested Food. Ileum part of small intestine.
2. Absorption of Water. Large intestine.
(d) Role of Bile in Digestion.
1. Breaking of fat into fine globules or emulsification,
2. Neutralisation of acidity and making food alkaline for action of pancreatic and other enzymes.

(a) Draw a diagram to show the human alimentary canal and label on it the following : Gall bladder,
Stomach. Name the longest part of the alimentary canal.
(b) Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds ?
(a) refer text book
Longest Part. Small intestine (about 6 metres).
(b) Separation of Oxygenated and Deoxygenated Bloods in Birds and Mammals.
Energy needs of birds and mammals are higher due to thermoregulation of body and increased activity. They
require regular and quicker supply of oxygenated blood for all body parts. This is possible only when there
is complete separation of oxygenated blood and quicker oxygenation of deoxygenated blood.

(a) List three events that occur during the process of photosynthesis. State in brief the role of stomata in this
process.
(b) Describe an experiment to show that sunlight is essential for photosynthesis.
(a)
1. Three Events of Photosynthesis: Information is transmitted from one plant cell to another through
plasmodesmata and hormones.
2. Role of Stomata in Photosynthesis. Inward diffusion of carbon dioxide and outword diffusion of
oxygen.
(b) Sunlight is Essential for Photosynthesis: It is the source of energy for photosynthesis. Light is visible part
of the electromagnetic radiations. It has a wavelength of 390-760 nm. Photosynthetically active radiations or
PAR are 400-700 nm. Natural source of light is sun but artificial light can also provide energy to plants for
their photosynthesis. Plants absorb light mostly in violet-blue and red parts of visible light. Violet-blue light
carries more energy as compared to red light. Plants growing under shade of others receive mostly green and
some violet light. They have lower rates of photosynthesis.
Light has two functions, photolysis of water and excitation of chlorophyll to emit electrons. Photolysis of
water produces oxygen, protons and electrons. Electrons and protons (Hydrogen ions) help in producing
ATP and NADPH2, popularly called assimilatory power.

(a) Draw a neat diagram of alimentary canal and label the following parts :
1. The largest gland,
2. The gland that secretes digestive enzymes as well as hormones,
3. The part where digested food is absorbed.
(b) What are villi ? Mention their functions.
(a)
1. The largest gland —Liver
2. The gland that secretes digestive enzymes as well as hormones — Pancreas
3. The part where digested food is absorbed — Small Intestine.
(b) Villi: They are transverse folds of intestine wall that not only increase surface area but also reach deep
into the lumen of intestine for absorption of digested food. Villi possess blood capillaries and lacteals
(lymph vessels) for quick transport of absorbed food,

(a) Draw the cross section of the leaf and label the following parts :
1. Upper epidermis 4. Xylem
2. Chloroplast 5. Phloem.
3. Vascular bundle
(b) Define photosynthesis.
(c) List three events which occur during this process
(d) Write the chemical equation involved in photosynthesis.
(e) How is unused energy stored in plants ?
(f) What is the site for photosynthesis ?
(a) refer text book
(b) Photosynthesis: It is synthesis of organic food from inorganic raw materials with the help of light energy
inside chlorophyll containing cells.
(c) Events: Information is transmitted from one plant cell to another through plasmodesmata and hormones.

(e) Starch, organic substances.

(f) Chloroplasts.

(a) Draw a diagram of human alimentary canal and label on it

1. Gall bladder 4. Small intestine
2. Liver 5. Buccal cavity
3. Pancreas 6. Large intestine.
(b) What is emulsification of fat ? Why is it necessary ?
(c) On which type of food does salivary amylase act in buccal cavity and write the name of initial product
due to action of amylase.
(d) Where do carbohydrates, proteins and fats get digested in human beings ?
(a) refer text book
(b) Emulsification of fat is the conversion of large fat pieces into very fine fat globules which can be
efficiently acted upon by lipase.
(c) Salivary amylase or ptyalin acts on starch. It produces maltose and dextrins.
(d) In small intestine. Digestion of course, begins in buccal cavity (carbohydrates), stomach (proteins) and
duodenum (fats).

(a) Draw sectional view of human heart and label

1. Pulmonary artery 3. Septum
2. Aorta 4. Ventricles.
(b) Arteries have thick walls while veins have valves. Explain.
(c) Why are valves needed in the heart ?
(d) Leakage of blood from vessels reduces the efficiency of pumping system. How is the leakage prevented
(a) refer text book
(b) In arteries, blood flows under pressure so that their walls are thick and elastic. In veins the blood is
Therefore, their walls are thin. Rather, they possess semilunar valves to check back flow of blood.
(c) Valves are needed in the heart to direct the flow of blood in a particular direction.
(d) Leakage of blood from injured blood vessels is prevented by first clotting of blood at the site of injury.
This seals the place of injury. Later on, the area of leakage is healed up.
(a) Draw human excretory system and label
1. Left kidney 3. Urinary bladder
2. Ureter 4. Vena cava.
(b) What is the main toxic waste kidney filters from blood ?
(c) Name any two substances which are selectively reabsorbed from the tubules of a nephron.
(a) refer text book
(b) Main Toxic Waste. Urea. Selective Reabsorption, Glucose, Amino acids.

Draw human excretory Organ and label - Kidney

(a) Draw a neat diagram of human respiratory system. Label

1. Bronchioles 4. Trachea
2. Rings of cartilage 5. Larynx
3. Pharynx 6. Diaphragm.
(b) What are the factors needed for maintaining direction of diffusion in plants ?
(c) Why do aquatic animals breathe faster than terrestrial animals ?
(d) How are lungs designed in human beings to maximise the area of exchange of gases ?
(a) refer text book
(b) Direction of Diffusion :
1. Maintenance of higher concentration in the region from which diffusion occurs,
2. Maintenance of low concentration in the region to which diffusion is to occur
3. Path of diffusion.
(c) Aquatic Animals Breathe Faster. Water contains less than 1% oxygen dissolved in it while air has 21%
oxygen. Therefore, aquatic animals have to breathe faster for withdrawing higher amount of oxygen from
water.
(d) Each lung has a highly branched respiratory tract called respiratory tree. A primary bronchus divides into
secondary bronchi, secondary into segmental bronchi, segmental bronchus into bronchioles which divide
into terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar sacs and alveoli. Alveoli are small rounded or
polyhedral pouches which are extremely thin walled and possess a network of capillaries over their surface.
They function as respiratory surfaces. The total area of all the alveoli is more than 80 m2. It is several times
more than the surface area of the whole human body.

Draw a neat diagram of internal structure of human heart and label the parts which do the following
functions :
(a) Chamber where oxygenated blood from lungs in collected,
(b) Largest blood vessel in our body,
(c) Muscular wall separating right and left chambers.
(d) Blood vessel that carries blood from heart to lungs.
Label
(a) Left auricle (c) Septum
(b) Aorta ( = systemic aorta) (d) Pulmonary artery ( = Pulmonary aorta).

How do the guard cells regulate opening and closing of stomatal pores ? Explain with the help of diagram.
Also indicate what happens to the rate of photosynthesis if stomata get blocked due to dust. (CCE 2010)
Regulation of Stomatal Pore:
Opening and closing of stomata is regulated by gain or loss of turgidity of their guard cells. During opening
of stomata, guard cells withdraw K+ ions from surrounding epidermal cells, followed by absorption of water
from them. As a result, guard cells swell up and become turgid. Their outer thin and elastic walls bend
outwardly followed by outward movement of thicker inner walls. The latter creates a pore in between the
two guard cells.
During closure movement of stomata, guard cells send out K+ ions. Water also passes out. Guard cells
become flaccid. Their inner thick walls come to touch each other. The stomatal pore gets closed.
Blocking of Stomata:
1. Photosynthesis will be reduced,
 2. There will be no gaseous exchange and transpiration. As a result leaves will burn up in hot summer
sun.

(a) Name the enzyme present in saliva. Why is it important ?

(b) What is emulsification ?
(c) Name the substance that is oxidised in the body during respiration.
(d) Why are lungs divided into very small sac-like structures ?
(a) Enzyme. Ptyalin or salivary amylase. It breaks down starch to form maltose sugar.
(b) Emulsification: Emulsification of fat is the conversion of large fat pieces into very fine fat globules
which can be efficiently acted upon by lipase.
(c) Glucose (d) To increase surface area for exchange of gases.
(a) Draw a neat diagram of human excretory system and label the part that
1. produces urine
2. releases urine to the outside
(b) What are the end products of digestion of fat and protein in human beings ? (CCE 2011)
(a)

kidney (produces urine) and urethra (releases urine to the outside).

(b)
1. Fat—fatty acids and glycerol.
2. Protein—amino acids.

(a) Draw a neat diagram of excretory system of human beings and label the following : (t) Kidney (it) Ureter
(iit) Urinary bladder (iv) Urethra.
(b) How is urine produced ?
(c) Name two excretory products other than 02 and C02 in plants.
(a)
(b) A kidney has very large number of nephrons which function as filtration units. Useful substances (water,
glucose, amino acids, salts) are selectively reabsorbed from primary urine. It gives rise to urine having waste
products (e.g. urea, uric acid, creatine, oxalate, some salts, water soluble vitamins).
(c) Resin, Gum, Tannin.

(a) Draw diagram to show nutrition in Amoeba and label the part used for this purpose. Mention a purpose
served by this part other than nutrition.
(b) Name the glands associated with digestion of starch in human digestive tract and mention their role.
(c) How is required pH maintained in the stomach and small intestine ? (CCE 2011)
(a)
pseudopodia in part B. The other function of pseudopodia is locomotion.
(b)
1. Salivary glands—salivary amylase—starch to maltose sugar
2. Pancreas—pancreatic amylase—starch to maltose sugar
3. Intestine—disaccharidases—disaccharides to glucose.
(c) Stomach—acidic pH, due to secretion of HC1 by gastric glands.
Small Intestine—alkaline pH, due to bicarbonates and other bases present in bile and pancreatic juice.

Draw a labelled diagram of human heart. Write the function of any two chambers of human heart.
Answer:
Functions:
Left Atrium – Receiving oxygenated blood from lungs.
Right Atrium – Receiving deoxygenated blood from the body as well as walls of the heart.
(a) Draw a diagram of an excretory unit of human kidney and label the following : Bowman’s capsule,
Glomerulus, collecting duct, Renal artery. ‘
(b) Write the important function of structural and functional unit of kidney.
(c) Write any one function of an artificial kidney.
(a) refer text book
(b) Nephron. It takes part in filtration, reabsorption and selective secretion to form urine.
(c) Artificial kidney. It helps in removal of toxins, relieve uraemia, and remove wastes in patients with
damaged kidneys.

(a) Draw a neat diagram of human respiratory system and label : Rings of cartilage, Lung, Bronchii,
Alveolar sac. (b) Name any two parasitic plants and two parasitic animals.
(a) refer text book
(b)
1. Parasitic Plants. Cuscuta, Mistletoe
2. Parasitic Animals. Ascaris, Plasmodium.

“Sunlight is necessary for photosynthesis.” Explain an experiment to prove it.

Light is Necessary for Photosynthesis. ,
Apparatus: Destarched potted plant, Ganong’s light screen or Black paper, Scissors and Cellotape or Clip,
Water, Denatured spirit, Dropper, Forceps, Beakers, Petri dishes, Tripod stand, Wire gauze, Spirit lamp,
Water bath, Iodine solution, Blotting paper, Box of matches.
Ganong’s light screen is a small metallic box with a spring handle, ventilating holes and a lid having a
design cut in the centre. Alternately take a strip of black paper.
Procedure: Fix a strip of black paper in the middle on the upper surface of a leaf of destarched potted plant
by means of cellotape or clips. Alternately attach a Ganong’s light screen or a black paper with a central cut
design over it. Expose the plant to sunlight for 2-3 hours. Remove the black paper or Ganong’s light screen.
Pluck the leaf. Test it for starch by first boiling in water for 5-10 minutes, drying in folds of blotting paper,
dipping in warm denatured spirit for 30-45 minutes, washing with hot water and pouring iodine over it.
Observation: Covered part of leaf remains yellow while parts of leaf which received light turn bluish black.
Bluish black colour indicates the presence of starch or photosynthesis.
Inference: Only that leaf part shows photosynthesis or positive starch test which is exposed to light. The
covered part which does not receive sunlight also does not perform photosynthesis as is evident from the
absence of starch. Therefore, light is necessary for photosynthesis.

(a) What happens to glucose, amino acids, salts and water that enter the nephron alongwith filtrate.
(b) Draw a neat labelled diagram of stomata. Write two functions of stomata.
(c) What are the basic materials used during photosynthesis ? Write chemical equation for photosyntheis.

Answer:
(a) They are reabsorbed by the living cells of nephrons and then passed on to capillary blood.
(b) refer text book
Functions,
1. Exchange of gases,
2. Transpiration.
(c) Raw Materials. CO2 and H2O in the presence of solar energy and chlorophyll.

List and describe in brief in tabular form any five functions of blood.
Blood transports O2 from respiratory surface to tissues and CO2 from
1. Transport of Respiratory Gases.
tissues to respiratory surface. .
Blood picks up nutrients from digestive tract and passes the same to all
2. Transport of Nutrients.
parts of body for assimilation (and storage).
3. Transport of Waste Products It transports waste products to kidneys for separation and elimination.
Blood distributes heat to all parts of body and dissipates the excess heat
4. Regulation of Body Temperature
from the surface.
5. Body Defence It contains phagocytes and immunocytes for defence against germs.
(a) Draw the diagram of human heart and label the following parts which
1. Receives deoxygenated blood from vena cava
2. Sends deoxygenated blood to lung through pulmonary artery
3. Receives oxygenated blood from lungs and
4. Sends oxygenated blood to all parts of the body through aorta.
(b) What does the blood consist of ?
(c) Name the respiratory pigment in human beings and discuss its role.
1. Right atrium 3. Left atrium
2. Right ventricle 4. Left ventricle.
(b) Blood consists of blood plasma, red blood corpuscles, white blood corpuscles and blood platelets.
(c) Haemoglobin: It transports oxygen as oxyhaemoglobin and a part of CO2 as carbaminohaemoglobin.

Draw diagram of human alimentary canal and label the following

1. Part in which starch digestion starts 3. Part in which nutrients are absorbed
2. Part in which bile is stored 4. Part in which water is absorbed.
(b) Mention the role of hydrochloric acid in stomach,
(c) What function is served by
1. Gastric sphincter
2. Anal sphincter.
(a) refer text book
1. Buccal cavity
2. Gall bladder
3. Small intestine
4. Large intestine (colon):
(b) Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is component of gastric juice. It has five functions,
1. Softening of food,
2. Conversion of pepsinogen and prorennin into active forms of pepsin and rennin
3. Acidify the food for proper action of pepsin,
4. Killing of microorganisms present in food,
5. Stoppage of action of salivary amylase.
(c)
1. Controls release of food from stomach to duçdenum.
2. Controls release of faeces through anus.

(a) Draw diagram of respiratory system and label the following :

1. Part through which air is taken in
2. Part which protects the lungs
3. Part which carries air into the lungs.
(b) What are alveoli ? Mention their role in respiration.
(a) refer text book
1. Nasal passage
2. Ribs
3. Trachea and bronchi.
(b) Lung Alveoli: Lung alveoli constitute the respiratory surface of the lungs. Their walls have rich supply
of blood for gaseous exchange, i.e. passage of oxygen from alveolar air to blood and passage of carbon
dioxide from blood to alveolar air.

Draw a schematic representation of transport and exchange of 02 and C02 in human body.
(b) Draw a schematic representation of movement of water in plants during transpiration and explain it.
(c) Explain transport of food and other substances in plants.
(d) Diffusion will not be sufficient to provide raw materials in leaves and energy in roots of plants.
Therefore, a proper system of transportation is essential. Explain. (CCE 2011)

(a)
(b)

Transpiration creates a tension or negative pressure in the water column of the plant. It causes an upward
transpiration pull of water and minerals (sap) which is replenished by absorption of same from the soil
through the roots.
(c) Food and other nutrients pass into sieve tubes of phloem through an active process in the region of
manufacture or source. An increased osmotic pressure creates a turgor gradient towards sink or region of
utilisation in a mass flow. Nutrients and other organic substances are then withdrawn from the sieve tubes
actively.
(d) Diffusion is a very slow process (0-05 mm/hr) while the distances are comparatively very large in plants.
Therefore, raw materials absorbed by roots will take several days to reach leaves if they are to diffuse only.
Similar is the case of food materials that are to travel from leaves to roots. Therefore, a proper system of
rapid transportation is required.

(a) How many times the blood goes through the heart during one cycle in fish and why ?
(b) List the respiratory pigment present in our body. Where is it pressent ?
(c) Why are valves present in heart and viens ?
(a) Fish has single circulation, that is, blood passes once through the heart in one cycle. It goes from heart to
gills, from gills to body and back to heart.
(b) Haemoglobin. It occurs inside red blood corpuscles.
(c) Valves occur in heart and veins to prevent back flow of blood.
(a) Explain in brief the mechanism of circulation of blood in the human body.
(b) “Lymph is another type of fluid involved in transportation”. Justify the statement by explaining the
process.
(a) Deoxygenated blood is collected by superior vena cava from upper part of the body, by inferior vena
cava from middle and lower parts of the body and coronary sinus from the walls of heart. All the three pour
their blood into right auricle. Oxygenated blood is brought by pulmonary veins from the lungs. It is poured
into left auricle. On being filled, the two auricles contract simultaneously and pass their bloods into
ventricles, deoxygenated in right ventricle and oxygenated in left ventricle. The distended ventricles now
undergo contraction or systole forcefully. Right ventricle passes blood to pulmonary arch which divides to
form pulmonary arteries. Pulmonary arteries take the deoxygenated blood to lungs. Left ventricle passes
blood to systemic aorta that supplies oxygenated blood to all parts of the body.
(b) Lymph is a fluid that is specialised to collect those materials from the tissues which cannot pass directly
into blood, e.g., proteins, hormones, fats (from intestine). Lymph collects the same and pass them to blood in
the region of subclavian veins. For passage of lymph, the lymphatic system has lymph capillaries, lymph
vessels and lymph nodes.

(a) Explain the excretory system in human beings.

(b) List four strategies used by plants for excretion. (
(a) In human beings, the excretory system consists of a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, a urinary bladder
and a urethra.
Kidneys are a pair of reddish brown bean-shaped structures that lie dorsally in the abdominal cavity. A renal
artery and a renal vein occur on the concave hilus region of each kidney. About a million structural and
functional units called nephrons occur in each kidney. Blood is filtered in the glomerular region of a
nephron. Useful substances (e.g. glucose, amino acids, salts, water) are reabsorbed and urine passes into
collecting ducts. Ureters are pulsatile drainage tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
Urinary bladder is a pear-shaped distensible sac that stores urine till its volume becomes 300-800 ml.
Urethra is a fine tube that carries urine from urinary bladder to the outside.
(b) Excretion Strategies in Plants,
1. Excess water is passed out through transpiration,
2. Excess O2 formed during the day diffuses out of the leaves.
3. Alkaloids, organic acids and tannins are the common secondary metabolites. Some of these are stored
in the cell vacuoles of leaves which when old fall down,
4. Resins and gums alongwith other wastes are also deposited in old non-functional xylem.

(a) Some finger-like projections are present in the inner wall of small intestine. Write their name. Why are
they important ?
(b) What is the use of residual volume of air in lungs ?
(a) Villi :
1. They increase surface area for absorption of digested food
2. Pass deep into lumen of intestine for increased availability of digested food.
3. Possess capillaries and lacteals for quick transport of absorbed food
4. Their epithelial cells possess microvilli for enlarging absorptive surface area.
(b) Residual volume of air is the volume of air that h left in the lungs even after maximum exhalation. The
air is useful as exchange of gases continues with the blood in between exhalation and fresh inhalation.

Draw a diagram of sectional view of human heart and on it name and label the following parts :
(a) The chamber of heart that pumps out deoxygenated blood,
(b) The blood vessel that carries away oxygenated blood from heart
(c) The blood vessel that receives deoxygenated blood from lower part of our body. \
(a) Right ventricle (pumps deoxygenated blood)
(b) Aorta (carries away oxygenated blood from heart)
(c) Inferior vena cava.

(a) Draw human respiratory system and label the following — lung, bronchi, alveoli
(b) During breathing cycle what is the advantage of residual volume of air in lungs ? Explain.
(a)refer text book
(b) Residual volume of air is the air left in the lungs after an exhalation or expiration. It is useful for
continuous exchange of gases between blood and alveolar air.

(a) Draw a sectional view of human heart and label on it

1. Pulmonary artery 3. Vena cava
2. Right auricle 4. Pulmonary vein,
(b) Explain why ventricles have thick muscular walls than the atria ?
(a) refer text book
(b) Atria are to receive blood from veins and pump the same into adjacent ventricles only. They have,
therefore, thin walls. Ventricles are to pump blood into arteries forcefully as it is to be sent to lungs (right
ventricle) and all parts of the body (left ventricle). Therefore, walls of ventricles are thick and muscular with
those of left ventricle being thicker.

Draw a neat diagram of a section of human heart. Name and label the following on the diagram
(a) Structure/ part that divides the heart into right and left halves and prevents mixing of oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood
(b) Part which prevents backflow of blood
(c) Chamber that receives deoxygenated blood from various parts of the body
(d) Chamber from where oxygenated blood is pumped out to various parts of the body.
(a) Septum (c) Right auricle
(b) Valves (d) Left ventricle.

(a) Draw a diagram of human respiratory system and label

1. Part where air is filtered by fine hair and mucus
2. Part which terminates in balloon-like structures
3. Balloon-like structures where exchange of gases takes place
4. Part which separates chest cavity from abdominal cavity.
(b) Draw a diagram of human excretory system and label the following
1. Part in which urine is produced
2. Part which stores the Purpose. To collect excretory products for expulsion from body.
(a) refer text book
label
1. Nasal chamber 3. Alveoli
2. Trachea 4. Diaphragm.
(b) label
1. Kidney 3. Ureter
2. Urinary bladder 4. Urethra.

(a) Explain the process of nutrition in Amoeba with the help of diagram.
(b) Explain how does Paramoecium obtain its food ?
(c) Name the form in which the following are stored :
1. Unused carbohydrates in plants
2. The energy derived from food in humans.
(a) As soon as Amoeba comes in contact with a food particle, it put out pseudopodia around it, engulfs the
same and forms a vesicle called phagosome. A lysosome fuses with phagosome to produce a food vacuole.
Digestion occurs. The digested nutrients pass out into cytoplasm for assimilation. The food vacuole with
indigestible material passes to the surface and throws out the undigested matter. Fig., 1-11 B and E.

(b) Paramoecium creates a current in water with the help of cilia. The food particle passes into cytostome or
cell mouth for engulfment and formation of food vacuole. The indigestible material passes out through a
temporary opening called cytopyge.
(c) 1. Starch [Link].

(a) What is the mode of nutrition in

1. Fungi
2. Amarbel (Cuscuta)
(b) Name the part of alimentary canal where
1. Food is completely digested 3. Secrete bile
2. Secrete juice that has trypsin 4. Absorbs water from unabsorbed food
(c) Mention the names of any two secretions by the gastric glands and state one role played by each in our
body.
(a)
1. Fungi. Heterotrophic, commonly saprophytic
2. Amarbel (Cuscuta). Pleterotrophic, parasitic,
(b)
1. Small intestine 3. Liver
2. Pancreas 4. Large intestine,
(c)
1. Pepsin — breakdown of proteins into peptones and proteoses,
2. HCl — makes food soft, sterilised and acidified for pepsin to act upon it.

(a) List the major steps involved in formation of urine and state in brief their functions.
(b) State how is the process of breathing brought about in our body. (CCE 2012, 2013)
(a) Major Steps in Urine Formation,
1. Glomerular Filtration,
 2. Ultrafiltration of blood passing through urine
3. Part which connects (i) and (ii).
4. Part from which urine is passed out glomerule produces a dilute filtrate having most of the small
volume solutes of plasma. It passes into Bowman’s capsule and then renal tubule,
5. Formation of Urine. Useful solutes and a major part of water are reabsorbed while some waste
products left in the blood are secreted into filtrate to form urine.
(b) Breathing In (Inhalation). Thoracic cavity enlarges due to
1. Straightening of diaphragm by contraction of phrenic muscles
2. Upward and outward expansion of ribcage due to contraction of external intercostal muscles.
Enlargement of thoracic cavity causes expansion of lungs and decrease in air pressure in them.
Outside air rushes into lungs to equalise pressure.

(a) List in tubular form two ways in which transpiration is different from translocation,
(b) Why do plants have a slow transport system ?
(c) What are stomata ? What function do they perform ? With the help of diagram explain opening and
closing of stomata.
Transpiration Translocation
1. Activity. It is loss of water in the vapour
form from aerial parts of the plant. 1. It is transport of materials inside the plant from one
2. Function. It helps in cooling the sun heated part to another.
aerial parts as well as create a negative pressure 2. It passes nutrients from source to sink region.
for ascent of sap.
(b) Plants Have Slow Transport System. Plants are fixed. Most of their body is made of dead cells. Energy
requirement is less. Therefore, plants have slow transport system.
(c) Stomata: Carbon dioxide is absorbed during night when stomata are open. It is fixed in malic acid from
which the same is released during day time for performing Calvin cycle in light

Draw a neat diagram of human excretory system and label

(a) Renal artery and
(b) Urethra on it. State the function of renal artery, kidney, ureter and urinary bladder.
Renal Artery: Bringing oxygenated blood laden with waste products.
Kidney: Excretion of nitrogenous and other waste products, regulation of salt content, blood pressure and
water balance.
Ureter: Taking urine from kidney to urinary bladder.
Urinary Bladder: Storage of urine.

What is lymph ? How is composition of lymph different from blood plasma ? What is the direction of its
flow ?
List two functions of lymphatic system.
Lymph: It is a colourless or slightly yellowish viscous fluid which is derived from tissue fluid and is present
inside special tubes called lymph vessels.
Lymph Blood Plasma
1. Water. It is 94% 1. It is 92%.
2. Protein. Protein content is 3.0-4.5% 2. Protein content is 6-8%.
3. Fibrinogen. It is low. 3. Fibrinogen content is high.
4. Albumin/Globulin Ratio. It is 1.5 4. It is unity.
5. Food and Waste Materials. Lymph is rich in them. 5. The content is comparatively lower.
Direction of Flow: Lymph flows from tissues to subclavian veins—It is unidrectional.
Functions of Lymphatic System:
1. Lymph functions as a middleman that exchanges materials between blood and tissue fluid.
2. Maintenance of Blood Volume. Blood volume continues to decrease due to filtration of blood plasma
from blood capillaries. Lymph collects the same and puts it back into blood.
3. They mature inside the lymph nodes and released into lymph passing through the same.
4. Tissue Secretions. Hormones, macromolecules, plasrha proteins and other secretions of the tissues are
first poured into lymph for passage into blood.
 5. Lymph picks up digested fat from alimentary canal for pouring into blood.
6. Wastes from tissues are first passed into lymph before they are poured into blood for separation in
kidneys.
7. Lymph capillaries are specialised to attract and localise germs. The germs are taken to lymph nodes
for destruction.
.
Draw a diagram of human respiratory system and label
1. Organ that is surrounded by cartilaginous rings
2. Structure where exchange of gases takes place
3. Voice box
4. Muscular structure which flattens during inhalation.
1. Trachea 3. Larynx
2. Alveoli 4. Diaphragm

(a) Bile does not contain any digestive enzyme, yet it is important for digestion of food
(b) Name the products formed after complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats in small intestine.
(a) Role of Bile in Digestion.
1. Breaking of fat into fine globules or emulsification,
2. Neutralisation of acidity and making food alkaline for action of pancreatic and other enzymes.
(b) Carbohydrates: Glucose.
Proteins: Amino acids.
Fats: Fatty acids and glycerol.

(a) Draw a diagram of human respiratory system and label Trachea, Bronchi, Diaphragm.
(b) Give reasons
1. Lungs always contain residual volume, 2. Nostrils are lined with mucus.
(a) refer text book
(b)
1. Lungs always contain residual volume due to presence of cartilaginous rings and surfactant in its
components,
2. To trap dust particles and microbes.

(a) Draw a well labelled diagram of heart showing major arteries and veins
(b) What is selective reabsorption and how does it take place ?
(a) refer text book
(b) Selective Reabsorption. It is reabsorption of useful substances (e.g., glucose, amino acids, vitamin C, Ca,
K) from glomerular or nephric filtrate by walls of nephrons and peritubular capillaries. Selective
reabsorption occurs by both active and passive processes.

(a) Draw a well labelled diagram of nephron

(b) Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
(a) refer text book
(b)
Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration
It occurs permanently only in a few organisms. In
1. Method: It is the common method of respiration. others it may occur as a temporary measure to
overcome shortage of oxygen.
2. Steps: It is completed in 3 steps—glycolysis, There are two steps— glycolysis and
Krebs cycle and terminal oxidation. anaerobic breakdown of pyruvic acid.
3. Oxygen: It requires oxygen. Oxygen is not required.
4. 38 ATP produced 2 ATP produced

(a) Explain the process of digestion of proteins in the stomach and small intestine.
(b) How is small intestine designated to absorb digested food. (CCE 2013)
(a)
 1. In Stomach. Pepsin of gastric juice acts on proteins in acidic medium. It converts proteins into
peptones and proteoses.

2. In Intestine. Trypsin of pancreatic juice acts on proteins, peptones and proteoses in alkaline medium to
form peptides.

Erepsin or peptidases of intestinal juice acts on peptides of form amino acids. The latter are absorbed.

(b) Small intestine is lined by epithelium which is specialised to absorb. It has mechanisation to increase its
absorbing surface area several times,
1. Villi: They are transverse folds of intestine wall that not only increase surface area but also reach deep
into the lumen of intestine for absorption of digested food. Villi possess blood capillaries and lacteals
(lymph vessels) for quick transport of absorbed food,
2. Microvilli: The columnar cells of the intestinal epithelium have fine microscopic outgrowths called
microvilli. Microvilli increase the surface area of epithelial cells.

(a) What are stomata ? What function do they perform ?

(b) With the help of diagram explain opening and closing of stomata. (CCE 2013)
(a) Stomata:
Stomata are minute pore complexes found on the surface of leaves and other soft aerial parts. Each stomate
has two small specialised chloroplast containing epidermal cells called guard cells. All other epidermal cells
are large and without chloroplasts. The structure of guard cells is such (kidney shaped, dumb-bell shaped)
that their swelling creates a pore in between them while their contraction closes the pore. The pore is called
stoma or stomatal aperture.
Function. By developing pores, stomata perform
1. Gaseous exchange
2. Transpiration.
(b) Opening and Closing:
Opening and closing of stomata is regulated by gain or loss of turgidity of their guard cells. During opening
of stomata, guard cells withdraw K+ ions from surrounding epidermal cells, followed by absorption of water
from them. As a result, guard cells swell up and become turgid. Their outer thin and elastic walls bend
outwardly followed by outward movement of thicker inner walls. The latter creates a pore in between the
two guard cells.
During closure movement of stomata, guard cells send out K+ ions. Water also passes out. Guard cells
become flaccid. Their inner thick walls come to touch each other. The stomatal pore gets closed.

1. Draw a neat sectional diagram of human heart and label — right ventricle, septum.
2. Name the artery which carries deoxygenated blood.
3. Name the chamber of heart which receives oxygenated blood.
4. Why are walls of the ventricles thicker than the auricles ?
1. refer text book
2. Pulmonary artery
3. Left atrium
4. Atria are to receive blood from veins and pump the same into adjacent ventricles only. They have,
therefore, thin walls. Ventricles are to pump blood into arteries forcefully as it is to be sent to lungs
(right ventricle) and all parts of the body (left ventricle). Therefore, walls of ventricles are thick and
muscular with those of left ventricle being thicker.

Mention the location of four major glands associated with digestive system of humans and explain function
of each.
Salivary Glands. Three pairs — Parotid below ears, submaxillary (at the angles of lower jaw) and sublingual
(below tongue). Secrete saliva which moistens the food, disinfects food by lysozyme and digests
starch/glycogen partially.
 1. Gastric Glands. Inside stomach. Secrete HCI (for acidification and disinfection of food) and pepsin
(for partial digestion of proteins to form peptones and proteoses).
2. Liver. Right upper side of abdomen below the diaphragm. Secretes bile, which neutralises the acidity
of chyme and emulsifies fat.
3. Pancreas. Lies in the loop of duodenum below the stomach. Secretes three types of digestive
enzymes— proteolytic trypsin, amylolytic amylase (amylopsin) and lipolytic lipase (steapsin). All of
them function in alkaline medium.

(a) Draw a sectional view of human heart and label the following parts on it : Pulmonary artery, right atrium,
left ventricle, septum.
(b) What do the following transport :
1. Xylem 3. Pulmonary vein
2. Phloem 4. Vena cava.

(a) refer text book

(b)
1. Xylem. Sap (Water + mineral salts) 3. Pulmonary Vein. Oxygenated blood.
2. Phloem. Organic food or nutrients. 4. Vena Cava. Deoxygenated blood.

(a) Draw a diagram of human excretory system and label the following parts on it :
1. Aorta 3. Urinary bladder
2. Vena cava 4. Left kidney
(b) List two vital functions of kidney.
(a) refer text book

(b) Vital function of kidney:

1. Elimination of metabolic waste products.

(a) In the given representation of transport and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in human heart label
the parts marked as a, b, c, d, e, and f.

(b) Write two points of difference between pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein. (CCE 2015)
(a)
1. (a)—Pulmonary artery 4. (d)—Aorta
2. (b)—Lung capillaries 5. (e) —Capillaries in body organs
3. (c) —Pulmonary vein 6. (f) —Vena cava.

(a) It was found that the leaves of a plant started getting wilted. Name the tissue which might have been
blocked. State the role of this tissue in plants.
(b) Explain opening and closing of stomata with the help of labelled diagrams.
(c) Name the physical phenomenon by which exchange of gases occurs between plant body and atmosphere.
(a) Xylem. Role-
1. Conduction of sap (water and mineral) through its tracheary elements,
 2. Mechanical strength.
(b) Opening and closing of stomata is regulated by gain or loss of turgidity of their guard cells. During
opening of stomata, guard cells withdraw K+ ions from surrounding epidermal cells, followed by absorption
of water from them. As a result, guard cells swell up and become turgid. Their outer thin and elastic walls
bend outwardly followed by outward movement of thicker inner walls. The latter creates a pore in between
the two guard cells.
During closure movement of stomata, guard cells send out K+ ions. Water also passes out. Guard cells
become flaccid. Their inner thick walls come to touch each other. The stomatal pore gets closed.
(c) Diffusion.

(a) Draw sectional view of the human heart and label the following parts on it :
Pulmonary artery, right artium, left artium, septum.

(a) Explain how does the exchange of gases occur in plants across the surface of stem, roots and leaves.
(b) How are water and minerals transported in plants ?
(a)
1. Old stem and old root. By diffusion through lenticels which possess intercellular spaces amongst
complementary cells for exchange of gases between atmosphere and stem interior.
2. Young root. By diffusion between root interior and soil interspaces through the epiblema root hair
complex in young roots.
3. Young stem and leaves. Diffusion across stomata between atmosphere and intercellular spaces.
(b) Transport of water and minerals.
Water and minerals absorbed by the plant roots are passed into xylem as sap. Sap present in xylem is under
tension or negative pressure as mesophyll and other cells of aerials parts lose water to the outside through
transpiration.
Development of Negative Pressure. Loss of water by mesophyll and other cells of aerial parts in
transpiration increases their suction pressure. They withdraw water from xylem channels. As there are
billions of transpiring mesophyll cells withdrawing water from xylem channels, water present in xylem
comes under negative pressure of 10-20 atmospheres. However, water column does not break due to
1. Cohesive force amongst water molecules and
2. Adhesion force between walls of xylem channels and water moecules.
Rise of Sap (Water and Minerals): Tension or negative pressure of water column results in upward pull just
as cold-drink is sucked with the help of straw pipe. Since it develops due to transpiration, it is called
transpiration pull. The mechanism of this ascent of sap was put forth by Dixon and Joly in 1894.

(a) The upward movement of water normally requires a pump in our houses, but in tall trees water rises up
without any external support. Explain the mechanism.
(b) State three points of difference between the transport of materials in xylem and phloem tissues.
(a) Water and minerals absorbed by the plant roots are passed into xylem as sap. Sap present in xylem is
under tension or negative pressure as mesophyll and other cells of aerials parts lose water to the outside
through transpiration.
Development of Negative Pressure. Loss of water by mesophyll and other cells of aerial parts in
transpiration increases their suction pressure. They withdraw water from xylem channels. As there are
billions of transpiring mesophyll cells withdrawing water from xylem channels, water present in xylem
comes under negative pressure of 10-20 atmospheres. However, water column does not break due to
1. Cohesive force amongst water molecules and
2. Adhesion force between walls of xylem channels and water moecules.
Rise of Sap (Water and Minerals). Tension or negative pressure of water column results in upward pull just
as cold-drink is sucked with the help of straw pipe. Since it develops due to transpiration, it is called
transpiration pull. The mechanism of this ascent of sap was put forth by Dixon and Joly in 1894.