Question 1.

Most of the digestion and absorption of the food takes place in the
(a) small intestine
(b) liver
(c) stomach
(d) large intestine. (2020)
Answer:
(a) small intestine

Question 2.
Mention the raw materials required for photosynthesis. (Board Term I, 2016)
Answer:
Raw materials required for photosynthesis are carbon dioxide (CO2), water,
light and chloroplast.

Question 3.
State the location and function of gastric glands. (Board Term I, 2014)
Answer:
Gastrifc glands are present in the wall of the stomach. They secrete gastric
juices containing mucus, protein digesting enzymes pepsin, rennin and
hydrochloric acid (HCl).

Question 4.
Name the glands present in the wall of the stomach that release secretions for
digestion of food. Write the three components of secretion that are released by
these glands. (Board Term I, 2014)
Answer:
Stomach’s muscular wall contains gastric glands. These glands secrete gastric
juices which contain dilute hydrochloric acid, mucus and two protein digesting
enzymes rennin and pepsin.

Question 5.
Complete the following flow chart as per the given instructions.

Answer:
a – Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
b – Protein digesting enzyme pepsin
c – Mucus
d – HCl makes medium acidic for the activation of an enzyme pepsin.
e – Pepsin acts in acidic medium which breaks down proteins into peptones.

f – Mucus protects the inner lining of stomach from corroding action of HCl.
Question 6.
(a) State the role played by the following in the process of digestion :
(i) Enzyme trypsin
(ii) Enzyme lipase-
(b) List two functions of finger-like projections present in the small intestine.
(2020)
Answer:
(a) (i) Enzyme trypsin : This enzyme is produced by the pancreas in an inactive
form called trypsinogen. Trypsin converts remaining proteins into peptones and
the peptones into peptides and amino acids.
(ii) Enzyme lipase : It is secreted by pancreas and small intestine. Lipase
converts fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

(b) Internally, the wall of the small intestine is provided with long finger-like
projections called villi. Two functions of villi are :
(i) The villi greatly increase the absorptive surface area of the inner lining of
small intestine.
(ii) The large surface area of small intestine helps in rapid absorption of
digested food.

Question 7.
Explain the significance of photosynthesis. Writd the balanced chemical
equation involved in the process. (Board Term I, 2017)
Answer:
Photosynthesis is important for a number of reasons:
(i) Food : By photosynthesis, green plants synthesise food from simple raw
materials like CO2 and H2O. Thus, it sustains life on earth.
(ii) Oxygen : Oxygen released during the process of photosynthesis is needed by
animals and humans for respiration. It is also required for respiration of
microbes. Oxygen also supports combustion of fuels.
(iii) Fuels : Fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas are forms of stored solar
energy synthesised millions of years ago through photosynthesis. Balanced
chemical equation involved in the process of photosynthesis is given as :
Question 8.
Differentiate between autotrophs and hetero- trophs and give one example of
each. (Board Term 1,2017)
Answer:
Differences between autotrophs and hetero- trophs are as follows:

Autotrophs Heterotrophs

They cannot produce organic compounds from

(i) These organisms are able to form organic
inorganic sources and therefore completely rel
substances from simple inorganic substances
on consuming other organisms for its food
such as CO2 and H2S and water.
requirement.

(ii) They have chlorophyll to trap solar Chlorophyll is absent, so they cannot trap sola
energy. energy.

(iii) They can be chemoautotroph and They can be saprophytic, parasitic and holozoi
photoautotroph. mode of nutrition.

(iv) Autotrophs are placed at the bottom of Heterotrophs are placed above autotrophs in th
the food chain as producers. food chain as consumers.

(v) Green plants, some bacteria and some

Mushrooms, Euglena, cow, goat, etc., are
protists like Euglena are examples of
examples of heterotrophs.
autotrophs.
Question 9.
Explain with the help of neat and well labelled diagrams the different steps
involved in nutrition in Amoeba. (Board Term I, 2015)
Answer:
The mode of nutrition in Amoeba is holozoic. The process of obtaining food by
Amoeba is called phagocytosis.

1. Amoeba ingests food by using its finger-like projections called

pseudopodia.
2. The food is engulfed with a little surrounding water to form a food vacuole
inside the Amoeba. The food is digested inside food vacuole by digestive
enzymes.
3. Food is absorbed directly into the cytoplasm of Amoeba by diffusion.
4. Food is used to obtain energy and growth of Amoeba.
5. When considerable amount of undigested food collects inside Amoeba
then its cell membrane ruptures at any place to throw out this undigested
food.
Diagrammatic representation of different stages in the holozoic nutrition
(feeding) of Amoeba is as follows:

Question 10.
(a) What is peristaltic movement?
(b) ‘Stomata remain closed in desert plants during daytime’. How do they do
photosynthesis? (Board Term I, 2013)
Answer:
(a) The relaxation of gut muscles to move the partially digested food
downwards throughout the alimentary canal is called peristaltic movement.
(b) In desert plants, stomata open at night and take in carbon dioxide (CO2).
Stomata remain closed during daytime to prevent the loss of water by
transpiration. They store the CO2 in their cells until the sun comes out so that
they can carry on with photosynthesis during the daytime.

Question 11.
(a) Why is nutrition necessary for the human body?
(b) What causes movement of food inside the alimentary canal?
(c) Why is small intestine in herbivores longer than in carnivores?
(d) What will happen if mucus is not secreted by the gastric glands? (2020)
Answer:
(a) Human body continuously require energy for their life activities like
respiration, circulation, excretion, etc. Energy is required even we are sleeping
because a number of biological processes keep on occurring. All these processes
require energy and this energy is obtained from nutrition. Nutrition is also
needed for growth and repair of human body.

(b) The wall of alimentary tract contains muscles which can contract and
expand alternately. The contraction and expansion movement of the walls of
foodpipe is called peristaltic movement. The peristaltic movement moves the
partially digested food in all the digestive organs throughout the alimentary
canal.

(c) Herbivores eat plants which is rich in cellulose. Cellulose takes longer time
for complete digestion by the enzymes present in symbiotic bacteria. Therefore,
they have longer small intestine. Carnivores, feed on flesh which is easier to
digest and do not contain cellulose also. Therefore, they have shorter intestine
for digestion of food eaten by them.

(d) Gastric glands secrete HCl, mucus, rennin and pepsin enzymes. Mucus
protects the inner lining of stomach from the action of HCl and enzymes. In the
absence of mucus, there would be erosion of inner lining of stomach leading to
acidity and ulcers.

Question 12.
(a) State the form in which the following are stored:
(i) Unused carbohydrates in plants.
(ii) The energy derived from food in humans,
(b) Describe the process of nutrition in Amoeba with the help of diagram.
(Board Term I, 2016)
Answer:
(a) (i) Unused carbohydrates in plants are stored in the form of complex sugar
known as starch. They are later broken down into simple sugars (glucose) when
energy is needed.
(ii) The assimilated food molecules hold energy in their chemical bonds. Their
bond energy is released by oxidation in the cell. This energy is trapped by
forming bonds between ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate
(Pi) to synthesise ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) molecules. These bonds are
later broken by enzymatic hydrolysis and the energy released is utilised for
cellular processes.

(b) Amoeba is a unicellular animal. Amoeba eats tiny (microscopic) plants and
animals which float in water. The mode of nutrition in Amoeba is holozoic. The
process of obtaining food by Amoeba is called phagocytosis. When a food
particle comes close to Amoeba, it ingests the food particle by forming
temporary finger-like projections called pseudopodia around it. The food is
engulfed with a little surrounding water to form a food vacuole inside the
Amoeba. The food is digested inside food vacuole by digestive enzymes and
absorbed directly into the cytoplasm of Amoeba cell by diffusion. A part of
absorbed food is used to obtain energy and the remaining part is utilised for
growth of Amoeba. When considerable amount of undigested food collects
inside Amoeba then its cell membrane ruptures at any place to throw out this
undigested food. This process is called egestion.

Refer to answer 9 for figure.

Question 13.
Anaerobic process
(a) takes place in yeast during fermentation
(b) takes place in the presence of oxygen
(c) produces only energy in the muscles of human beings
(d) produces ethanol, oxygen and energy. (2020)
Answer:
(a) takes place in yeast during fermentation

Question 14.
Diffusion is insufficient to meet the oxygen requirement of multicellular
organisms like human. State reason. (Board Term 1,2017)
Answer:
Due to higher metabolic rate and the volume of human body is so large that
oxygen cannot diffuse into all cells of the body quickly as oxygen will have to
travel large distances to reach each and every cell. So diffusion is insufficient to
meet the oxygen demand of multicellular organisms.

Question 15.
Write two different ways in which glucose is oxidised to provide energy in
human body. Write the products formed in each case. (Delhi 2019)
Answer:
The two different ways by which glucose is oxidised to provide energy in
human body are:
(i) Aerobic respiration : The end products in aerobic respiration are carbon
dioxide, water and energy.

Question 16.
(a) In the process of respiration, state the function of alveoli.
(b) Rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than that in terrestrial
organisms. Give reasons.
(c) Complete the following pathway showing the breakdown of glucose.

Answer:
(a) Functions of alveoli are :
(i) They increase the surface area for exchange of gases.
(ii) The thin walls of alveoli facilitate rapid exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide between alveolar air and blood.

(b) Aquatic animals like fishes obtain oxygen from water present in the
dissolved form through their gills. The amount of dissolved oxygen is quite
small as compared to the amount of oxygen in the air. Therefore, to obtain
required oxygen from water, aquatic animals have to breathe much faster than
the terrestrial organisms.

Question 17.
Write three points of difference between breathing and respiration. (Board Term
I, 2016)
Answer:
Differences between breathing and respiration are as follows:

Breathing Respiration

(i) It is a physical process. It involves It is a biochemical process. It involves

inhalation of fresh air and exhalation of foul exchange of respiratory gases and also
air. oxidation of food.

It is both an extracellular as well as intracell

(ii) It is an extracellular process.
process.

(iii) It does not involve enzyme action rather

It involves a number of enzymes required fo
two types of muscles are involved in this
oxidation of food.
process.

(iv) It does not release energy, infact it

It releases energy.
consumes energy.

(v) It is confined to certain organs only. It occurs in all the cells of the body.
Question 18.
Draw a flow chart to show the breakdown of glucose by various pathways.
(Board Term I, 2016)
Answer:
Breakdown of glucose by various pathways:

Question 19.
Write three points of difference between respiration in plants and respiration in
animals. (Board Term I, 2014)
Answer:
Differences between respiration in plants and animals are as follows:

Plant respiration Animal respiration

(i) All parts of plants, like roots, stem and leaves,

Animal performs respiration as a single u
perform respiration individually.

Respiratory gases are usually transported

(ii) There is little transport of respiratory gases
over long distance inside an animal durin
from one part to the other during respiration.
respiration.

(iii) Respiration occurs at a very slow rate. It is a fast process in animals.

Gases are transported by specialised bloo

(iv) There is no special gas transport system.
vascular system.

(v) Respiratory organ in plants are generally

Respiratory organ in animals are general
stomata in leaves, lenticels in stem and general
lungs and gills.
surface of roots.
Question 20.
(a) Why is there a difference in the rate of breathing between aquatic organisms
and terrestrial organisms? Explain
(b) Draw a diagram of human respiratory system and label – pharynx, trachea,
lungs, diaphragm and alveolar sac on it. (2020)
Answer:
(a) Terrestrial organisms inspire atmospheric oxygen, while aquatic organisms
thrive on the dissolved oxygen present in water. Air contains about 21% of
oxygen while water has less than 1% oxygen in dissolved state. Oxygen diffuses
through water at a much slower rate as compared to air. A terrestrial organism
has the advantage of utilising greater amount of oxygen at a faster rate with
lesser effort whereas, aquatic organisms have to put more effort to obtain the
same amount of oxygen, therefore breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster
than the terrestrial organisms.

(b) The labelled diagram of human respiratory system is a follows :

Question 21.
(a) State reasons for the following:
(i) Herbivores need a longer small intestine while carnivores have shorter small
intestine.
(ii) The lungs are designed in human beings to maximise the area for exchange
of gases.
(b) The rate of breathing in aquatic organisms’is much faster than that seen in
terrestrial organisms. (Board Term 1,2016)
Answer:
(a) (i) Herbivores need a longer small intestine than that of carnivores because
their diet is mostly grass and plants, that contains more fibres and cellulose
which are hard to digest. Longer small intestine also hosts many small bacteria
that process and break down cellulose into glucose which is a source of energy.
Carnivores diet is not rich in cellulose so, they do not need to harbour bacteria
for cellulose digestion.

(ii) Human lungs have a highly branched network of respiratory tubes. A

primary bronchus divides into secondary bronchus, which in turn forms tertiary
bronchus. Tertiary bronchus divides repeatedly into bronchioles which finally
terminate into alveoli. Alveoli are small, rounded polyhedral pouches which are
extremely thin- walled and possess a network of capillaries, for the exchange of
gases. Due to vast surface area of alveoli, exchange of gases becomes a fast and
effective process. Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into pulmonary blood
capillaries and CO2 diffuses out from capillaries into alveoli.

(b) Refer to answer 20(a).

Question 22.
Draw a flow chart showing the three different pathways involved in the
breakdown of glucose in different organisms. Name the respiratory pigment
present in human beings. State the function of rings of cartilage present in our
throat. (Board Term I, 2015)
Answer:
Refer to answer 18.
Respiratory pigment present in human beings is haemoglobin.
Rings of cartilage are C in shape, stacked one on top of the other. These
cartilaginous rings prevent the trachea from collapsing and blocking the airway.

Question 23.
(a) Draw a diagram of human respiratory system and label: Trachea, Bronchi
and Diaphragm.
(b) Give reasons for the following:
(i) Lungs always contain residual volume.
(ii) Nostrils are lined with mucus. (Board Term I, 2013)
Answer:
(a) Refer to answer 20(b).

(b) (i) Lungs always contain residual volume so that during the breathing cycle,
when air is inhaled and exhaled, there must be sufficient time for oxygen to be
absorbed and for the carbon dioxide to be released. It is also important as it
prevents the lungs from collapsing.
(ii) Mucus and hair present in nostrils help in filtration of inhaled air. It traps
harmful substances and germs present in air.