I’ve reviewed the module titled “Understanding Culture, Society and Politics: Quarter 2 –
Module 7: State and Non-State Institutions” and distilled the key concepts into neatly
organized, student-friendly notes. Let’s get into it:
State Institutions
1. Definition and Elements of the State
The state is a community of persons, occupying a definite
territory, governed by its own government, and possessing
sovereignty .
Elements:
o People (Population): Essential for existence; must be present
regardless of size .
o Territory: Fixed, bounded area containing vital natural
resources; must be defended .
o Government: The lawmaking, policy-enforcing agency of the
state; distinct from the state itself .
o Sovereignty:
Internal Sovereignty: Power to enforce laws within the
territory .
External Sovereignty: Independence from external
control; ability to conduct foreign policy .
2. Branches of Government
Legislative: Makes the law.
Executive: Implements and enforces the law.
Judiciary: Applies laws to cases; settles disputes .
3. Theories of State Origin
Divine Theory: State created by God; ruler is God’s deputy;
disobedience is sinful .
Social Contract Theory: Society formed through an agreement
among individuals to escape a stateless, lawless “state of nature” .
Force Theory: State formed by the subjugation of the weak by the
powerful .
4. Functions of the State
Maintain law and order, and resolve disputes.
Provide common defense.
Promote public welfare through health, education, research.
Represent interests of dominant social and economic groups .
Non-State Institutions
These institutions operate outside direct government control. Some operate for profit, others not.
A. Banks and Corporations
Banks:
o Handle deposits, loans, and other financial services.
o Top Philippine banks (as of Dec 31, 2019):
BDO Unibank Inc. – largest in assets, deposits, loans,
branches .
Metrobank – extensive ATM/network and international
presence .
Land Bank of the Philippines – largest rural credit
provider, strong rural branch network .
o Functions:
1. Act as depository institutions.
2. Facilitate payments system.
3. Issue loans .
Corporations:
o Recognized as legal "single entities".
o Can be for-profit or non-profit.
o Example: SM Investments Corp., holding firm for the SM Group
in retail, property, banking .
B. Cooperatives and Trade Unions
Cooperatives:
o Owned and run by members for mutual benefit; democratic with
one-member, one-vote.
o Example: ACDI Multipurpose Cooperative, largest in
Philippines (as of December 2014) .
Trade Unions:
o Organizations composed primarily of workers.
o Aim to protect and advance members' workplace interests.
o Example: Trade Union Congress of the Philippines (TUCP),
with around 1.2 million members .
C. Transnational Advocacy Groups
Groups that span across borders to advocate on global or regional
issues.
Actors may include NGOs, social movements, media, religious
organizations, trade unions, foundations, scholars, and relevant
governmental agencies .
D. Development Agencies
Provide development assistance between national and international
bodies.
Under UN umbrella, entities include:
o UNESCO – promotes education, science, culture (e.g., education
programs in the Philippines) .
o UNDP – focuses on poverty eradication, inequality reduction,
resilience and sustainable development .
o UNICEF – supports children's rights, survival, education (active
in over 190 countries) .
E. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
Independent, non-profits that are not tied to government.
Funded by donations or volunteers.
Roles include:
1. Infrastructure development (via cooperatives/community-
based organizations).
2. Innovation support through pilot projects.
3. Facilitating communication within communities.
4. Technical assistance and training.
5. Monitoring, evaluation, and research.
6. Advocacy for marginalized communities .
Functions Summary of Non-State Institutions
Serve as safe places for savings.
Contribute to economic development.
Act as legal entities operating for profit under state law .
Quick Overview Table
Institution Type Examples Key Functions
State Government, branches of Law, defense, welfare,
Institutions power governance
Banks & BDO, Metrobank, SM Finance, loans, economic
Corporations Investments development
Member-owned services,
Coops & Unions ACDI, TUCP
worker rights
Global NGOs, media, Global advocacy and policy
Advocacy Groups
faith groups influence
Development Education, poverty relief, child
UNESCO, UNDP, UNICEF
Agencies rights
Community services, advocacy,
NGOs Local non-profits, CBOs
innovation
Let me know if you'd like this turned into a study guide with flashcards—Q&A format,
matching tasks, or even a visual infographic concept!
Got it, Zyrah 👍 I’ll make you clear and short notes using only the words from your module
about The Freedom of the Human Person. Here they are:
📒 Notes: The Freedom of the Human Person
What is Freedom?
Freedom is an intrinsic and essential property of the human
person.
Rooted in self-determination, intellect, and free will.
Sets us apart from other beings.
Power to create and define oneself.
Freedom means the ability to make choices and perform actions.
Kinds of Freedom
1. Physical Freedom – absence of physical restraint; freedom of
mobility.
2. Psychological Freedom – freedom of choice; act or not to act; innate
and cannot be denied.
3. Moral Freedom – responsible use of freedom; upholds human
dignity and goodness.
Elements of Freedom
1. Voluntariness – ability to act out of one’s own free will and self-
determination.
2. Responsibility – accountability for actions and their consequences.
Key Points
All actions have consequences.
Exercising freedom requires prudence and self-control.
A person becomes less free when controlled by other forces (e.g.,
addiction, emotions).
Choices can become habits, which develop into character traits.
Freedom is experienced through making choices; every choice has
moral value.
Do you want me to also turn these notes into a reviewer in Q&A format (like exam prep), still
using only the module words?
