C – Notes (Sagar Sir)
✅ 1. History of C Language
Developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972 at Bell Labs.
Designed to develop UNIX Operating System.
C is a middle-level language: Combines features of both high-level and low-level languages.
Became extremely popular due to its efficiency and portability.
Standardized later as ANSI C (1989).
✅ 2. Features of C Language
Simple and Efficient
Portable across different machines
Rich set of built-in operators
Structured Language (Supports functions & modular programming)
Low-level memory access (using pointers)
Fast Execution
Modular programming using functions
✅ 3. Data Types in C
Data Type Size (bytes) Range (Example for int)
char 1 -128 to 127
int 4 -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
float 4 ±3.4E-38 to ±3.4E+38
double 8 ±1.7E-308 to ±1.7E+308
✅ 4. Format Specifiers in C
Data Type Format Specifier
char %c
int %d
float %f
double %lf
string (char array) %s
✅ 5. Memory Allocation of Data Types (Typical System)
Data Type Memory Allocated
char 1 byte
int 4 bytes
float 4 bytes
double 8 bytes
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(Note: Memory size may vary depending on system architecture)
✅ 6. Variables in C
Variables are names assigned to memory locations to store data.
Declaration Syntax:
data_type variable_name;
Example: int marks;, float price;
✅ Rules for Variable Naming
Must start with a letter (A-Z, a-z) or underscore (_).
Can contain letters, digits (0-9), and underscores.
No special characters allowed (like @, #, $, etc.).
Cannot use reserved keywords (e.g., int, if, return, etc.).
Variable names are case-sensitive.
Example: Marks, marks, and MARKS are three different variables.
✅ 7. Control Statements – If and Else
✅ If Statement Syntax
if (condition) {
// Code executed if condition is true
}
✅ If-Else Statement Syntax
if (condition) {
// Executed if condition is true
} else {
// Executed if condition is false
}
✅ Types of If Statements
Simple if
if (a > b) {
printf("a is greater than b");
}
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C – Notes (Sagar Sir)
If-Else
if (a > b) {
printf("a is greater");
} else {
printf("b is greater or equal");
}
If-Else If Ladder
if (a > b) {
printf("a is greatest");
} else if (b > c) {
printf("b is greatest");
} else {
printf("c is greatest");
}
✅ 8. Examples
✅ Example 1 – Simple If
main() {
int a = 10, b = 5;
if (a > b) {
printf("a is greater than b\n");
}
}
✅ Example 2 – If-Else
main() {
int a = 10, b = 20;
if (a > b) {
printf("a is greater\n");
} else {
printf("b is greater\n");
}
}
✅ Example 3 – If-Else If Ladder
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main() {
int a = 10, b = 20, c = 15;
if (a > b && a > c) {
printf("a is greatest\n");
} else if (b > c) {
printf("b is greatest\n");
} else {
printf("c is greatest\n");
}
}
✅ Example 4 – Check Even or Odd Number
main() {
int number;
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &number);
if (number % 2 == 0) {
printf("The number is Even.\n");
} else {
printf("The number is Odd.\n");
}
}
✅ Example 5 – Check Positive, Negative, or Zero
main() {
int num;
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &num);
if (num > 0) {
printf("The number is Positive.\n");
} else if (num < 0) {
printf("The number is Negative.\n");
} else {
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printf("The number is Zero.\n");
}
}
✅ Example 6 – Check Eligibility for Voting
main() {
int age;
printf("Enter your age: ");
scanf("%d", &age);
if (age >= 18) {
printf("You are eligible to vote.\n");
} else {
printf("You are not eligible to vote.\n");
}
}
✅ Example 7 – Find the Largest of Two Numbers
main() {
int num1, num2;
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d", &num1, &num2);
if (num1 > num2) {
printf("%d is greater than %d\n", num1, num2);
} else {
printf("%d is greater than %d\n", num2, num1);
}
}
✅ Example 8 – Check Character is Vowel or Consonant
main() {
char ch;
printf("Enter an alphabet character: ");
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scanf("%c", &ch);
if (ch == 'a' || ch == 'e' || ch == 'i' || ch == 'o' || ch == 'u' ||
ch == 'A' || ch == 'E' || ch == 'I' || ch == 'O' || ch == 'U') {
printf("%c is a Vowel.\n", ch);
} else {
printf("%c is a Consonant.\n", ch);
}
}
✅ Example 9 – Check Leap Year or Not
main() {
int year;
printf("Enter a year: ");
scanf("%d", &year);
if ((year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0) || (year % 400 == 0)) {
printf("%d is a Leap Year.\n", year);
} else {
printf("%d is not a Leap Year.\n", year);
}
}
✅ Example 10 – Check if Number is Divisible by 7
main() {
int number;
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &number);
if (number % 7 == 0) {
printf("%d is divisible by 7.\n", number);
} else {
printf("%d is not divisible by 7.\n", number);
}
}
✅ Example 11 – Print Number in Words (1 to 10)
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main() {
int num;
printf("Enter a number (1 to 10): ");
scanf("%d", &num);
if (num == 1) {
printf("One\n");
} else if (num == 2) {
printf("Two\n");
} else if (num == 3) {
printf("Three\n");
} else if (num == 4) {
printf("Four\n");
} else if (num == 5) {
printf("Five\n");
} else if (num == 6) {
printf("Six\n");
} else if (num == 7) {
printf("Seven\n");
} else if (num == 8) {
printf("Eight\n");
} else if (num == 9) {
printf("Nine\n");
} else if (num == 10) {
printf("Ten\n");
} else {
printf("Invalid input! Please enter a number between 1 and 10.\n");
}
}
✅ Example 12 – Print Day of the Week (1 to 7)
main() {
int day;
printf("Enter day number (1 to 7): ");
scanf("%d", &day);
if (day == 1) {
printf("Sunday\n");
} else if (day == 2) {
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printf("Monday\n");
} else if (day == 3) {
printf("Tuesday\n");
} else if (day == 4) {
printf("Wednesday\n");
} else if (day == 5) {
printf("Thursday\n");
} else if (day == 6) {
printf("Friday\n");
} else if (day == 7) {
printf("Saturday\n");
} else {
printf("Invalid input! Please enter a number between 1 and 7.\n");
}
}
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