CPE323

MICROPROCESSORS
DR. OĞUZHAN MENEMENCIOĞLU
OUTLINE

 Introduction to Course
 The Syllabus
 About course
 Textbook
 General guidelines and policies
 Tentative grading
 Let’s Just remember!
 Content

2/31
INTRODUCTION
WEEK 1

3
THE SYLLABUS

 This is CPE323 – Microprocessors

 Objective – A basic understanding of computer architecture, specifically microprocessors programing.

4/31
ABOUT COURSE

 Instructor: Dr. Oğuzhan MENEMENCİOĞLU

 e-mail Address: omenemencioglu@karabuk.edu.tr
 Web page: https://bit.ly/3Xvy7Td
 Presentation may be shared in this web page. The sharing notes is not core business of the lecturer. So, you
should take a note for yourself.
 Telegram group : (In English)
 : (Türkçe Gündüz)
 : (Türkçe Gece)
 After this course, immediately join the channel!

5/31
TEXTBOOK

 The Intel Microprocessors, by

Brey, Prentice Hall, 5th Edition
(or newer).
 The 80x86 IBM
PC and Compatible Computer,
by M. A. Mazidi &. J. G. Mazidi,
Prentice Hall, 4th Edition.
 Computer System Architecture,
by M. Morris Mano, 3th Edition.

USEFUL BOOKS
 Microprocessor Architecture, Programming, and Applications with the 8085 by Ramesh S. Gaonkar, Prentice Hall, 5th
Edition. 6/31

 X86 Tabanlı Mikroişlemci Mimarisi ve Assembly Dili, by Nurettin Topaloğlu, Seçkin Yayıncılık, 3. basım (In Turkish)
GENERAL GUIDELINES AND POLICIES

▪ Generally a quiz each week. Quiz will not necessarily be announced each week. NO MAKEUP QUIZZES
▪ Homework due prior midnight of the next classes after assigned. Homework will be delivered by submitting to
Turnitin. Turnitin will close on due date. NO LATE HOMEWORKS will be accepted by system. No submissions
after due date via email will be graded.
▪ Midterm and Final exam will be announced by deanery.

7/31
TENTATIVE GRADING

 Grading
 Midterm: 40%
 Final: 40%
 Lab-Assignments-Quiz 20%
 Attendance is required in all course hours and labs for all new students.

8/31
LET’S JUST REMEMBER!
TRANSFORMATION HIGH LEVEL COMPUTER LANGUAGES TO MACHINE LANGUAGE

9
COMPUTER LANGUAGES

 Machine Language – A collection of binary numbers

 Not standardized. There is a different machine language for every processor family.
 Assembly Language - mnemonic codes that corresponds to machine language
instructions.
 Low level: Very close to the actual machine language.
 High-level Languages - Combine algebraic expressions and symbols from English
 High Level : Very far away from the actual machine language
 For example: Fortran, Cobol, C, Prolog, Pascal, C#, Perl, Java.

10/31
EXAMPLE
Memory addresses Machine Language Assembly
Instructions Language
Instructions
00000000 00000000 CLA
00000001 00010101 ADD A
00000010 00010110 ADD B
00000011 00110101 STA A
00000100 01110111 HLT
00000101 ? A?
00000110 ? B? 11/31
12/31
EXAMPLE OF COMPUTER LANGUAGES
char name[40];
C Source Code: printf("Please enter your name\n");
scanf("%s", name);
printf("Hello %s", name);

push offset string "Please enter your name\n"

(41364Ch)
call dword ptr [__imp__printf (415194h)]
add esp,4
lea eax,[name]
push eax
push offset string "%s" (413648h)
Assembly Code: call dword ptr [__imp__scanf (41519Ch)]
add esp,8
lea eax,[name]
push eax
push offset string "Hello %s" (41363Ch)
call dword ptr [__imp__printf (415194h)]
add esp,8

68 4C 36 41 00 FF 15 94 51 41 00 83 C4 04 8D 45 D8
Machine Code: 50 68 48 36 41 00 FF 15 9C 51 41 00 83 C4 08 8D 45
13/31

D8 50 68 3C 36 41 00 FF 15 94 51 41 00 83 C4 08
CONTENT

14
SYNOPSIS

 The microprocessor is a general-purpose programmable logic device.

 Understanding the microprocessor concepts is crucial in understanding the operation of digital computer.
 This course is an introduction to the basic concept of microprocessor architecture and operation, programming
model, pins configuration and microprocessor interfacing.
 The content of the course is divided into three sections:
 microprocessor architecture,
 programming and
 interfacing input/output.
 The course is designed around the Intel 16-bit microprocessor (8086) and its assembly language.

15/31
OUTCOMES

At the end of the course, student should be:

 Able to understand the basic operation of microprocessor.
 Able to understand the basic concept of microprocessor architecture and its pins configuration.
 Able to understand the machine language programs.
 Able to design and write programs in assembly language.
 Able to understand the basic concept of microprocessor input/output interfacing

16/31
COURSE OVERVIEW

 Introduction to Microcomputers and Microprocessors

 The 8086 Processor Architecture, Internals, Registers,
Flags, Segments
 BIOS and DOS interrupts
 8086 Address Space, Memory, Registers, and data transfers
 Memory and Memory Interfacing for 80x86
 Address Modes
 Input / Output Interface Circuits and
 Basic Instruction Set
Peripheral Devices
 Basic Arithmetic Instructions
 Logical, Shift and Rotate, Data Testing
 The remaining instructions

17/31
LET’S WARM UP!

18
INITIAL QUESTIONS

 What does the “micro” mean?

 What does the “computer” mean?
 What does the “microprocessor” mean?

19/31
COMPUTER HISTORY

Date Development Name Description

3000BC-500BC Abacus
1642 Calculating Machine Blaise Pascal, a French religious philosopher and mathematician, builds
the first practical mechanical calculating machine.
1673 Multiplication Machine is invented by Leibnitz
1830 Analytical Engine is designed by Charles Babbage
1890 The U.S. Census Bureau adopts the Hollerith Punch Card, Tabulating
Machine and Sorter to compile results of the 1890 census, reducing an
almost 10-year process to 2 ½ years, saving the government a whopping
$5 million. Inventor Herman Hollerith, a Census Bureau statistician,
forms the Tabulating Machine Company in 1896. The TMC eventually
evolved into IBM.
1939 The first semi-electronic digital computing device is constructed by John
20/31

Atanassoff.
COMPUTER HISTORY (CONT.)
Date Development Name Description
1941 German inventor Konrad Zuse produces the Z3 for use in aircraft and
missile design but the German government misses the boat and does
not support him.
1943 English mathematician Alan Turing begins operation of his secret
computer for the British military. It was used by cryptographers to break
secret German military codes. It was the first vacuum tube computer
but its existence was not made public until decades later.
Thomas Harold Flowers built the first digital and programmable
computer called the Colossus
1946 ENIAC-First generation (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator)
electronic computers 30 tons, 8 ft high, 30 ft long
Used thousands tubes & valves
1951 Univac I-First (Universal Automatic Computer), using a Teletype keyboard and printer
21/31
generation electronic for user interaction, and became the first commercially available
computers computer. It could handle both numerical and alphabetic data.
FIRST GENERATION ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS COMPUTER HISTORY (CONT.)
22
COMPUTER HISTORY (CONT.)
Date Development Name Description
1954-59 2nd Generation Transistor invented by William Shockley at Bell Labs
Computers National Bureau of Standards (NBS) introduced its Standards Eastern
Automatic Computer (SEAC)
The first magnetic disk drive designed by Jacob Rabinow
IBM introduced the 702 business computer in 1955
Bendix G-15A small business computer sold for only $45,000, designed
by Harry Huskey of NBS in 1956
1959-71 3rd Generation Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments patented the first integrated circuit (IC)
Computers in Feb. 1959
IBM announced the System/360 all-purpose computer, using 8-bit
character word length (a "byte") in 1964
DEC introduced the first "mini-computer", the PDP-8, in 1968
Development began on ARPAnet, funded by the DOD in 1969
23/31
COMPUTER HISTORY (CONT.)
Date Development Name Description
1971--? 4th Generation Large Scale Integration (LSI) and VLSI
Computers Intel inc introduced the 4-bit 4004, a VLSI of 2300 components in 1971
IBM developed the first true sealed hard disk drive, called the
"Winchester" in 1973
In 1980, IBM signed a contract with the Microsoft Co. of Bill Gates and
Paul Allen and Steve Ballmer to supply an operating system for IBM's
new PC model. Microsoft paid $25,000 to Seattle Computer for the
rights to QDOS that became Microsoft DOS, and Microsoft began its
climb to become the dominant computer company in the world.
Apple Computer introduced the Macintosh personal computer 1984.
? 5th Generation
Computers

24/31
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

 The microprocessor revolution began with a bold and innovative approach in logic design pioneered by Intel
engineer Ted Hoff.
 In 1969, Intel was primarily in the business of designing semiconductor memory.
 it introduced a 64-hit bipolar RAM chip that year.

25/31
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

 Intel coined the term “microprocessor” and in 1971 released the first 4-bit microprocessor as the 4004.
 It was designed with LSI technology;
 It had 2,300 transistors, 640 bytes of memory-addressing capacity, and a 108 kHz clock. Thus, the microprocessor revolution
began with this tiny chip.
 Gordon Moore, cofounder of Intel Corporation, predicted that the number of transistors per integrated circuit
would double every 18 months;
 this came to he known as “Moore’s Law.”
 Just twenty-five years since the invention of the 4004, we have processors that are designed with 15 million transistors, that
can address one terabyte (1 X 1012) of memory, and that can operate at 400 MHz to I.5 GHz frequency (see Table 1.1).

26/31
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

27/31
MOORE’S LAW

28/31
TERMS

Term Decimal Name Binary

K (kilo) 103 Thousand 210
M (mega) 106 Million 220
G (giga) 109 Billion 230
T (tera) 1012 Trillion 240
P (peta) 1015 Quadrillion 250

29/31
RESOURCES

 Microprocessor Architecture, Programming, and Applications with the 8085 by Ramesh S. Gaonkar, Prentice Hall, 5th
Edition.
 Dr. Mehmet Demirer and Dr. Seniha Esen Yuksel, Lecturer Notes of Computers and Programming II, Hacettepe
University, 2014.
 Dr. Masri Ayob, Lecturer Notes of Microprocessor & Interfacing, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 2009.
 Dr. Ali Ziya Alkar, Lecturer Notes of Microprocessor and Programming II, Hacettepe University, 2016.
 Dr. Joanne E. DeGroat, Lecturer Notes of Introduction to Microcontrollers. Ohio State University, 2014.
 Dr. Joanne E. DeGroat, Lecturer Notes of Introduction to Microcontroller Based Systems. Ohio State University, 2010.
 These slides are designed to accompany The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486
Pentium, Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium, 4, and Core2 with 64-bit Extensions Architecture, Programming,
and Interfacing, Pearson Education, Inc. , Eighth Edition. Slides copyright 2009 by Barry B. Brey.
 Dr. Ihsan Yassin, Lecturer Notes of Digital Systems & Microprocessors. Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM), 2013.

30/31
THANK YOU
OMENEMENCIOGLU@KARABUK.EDU.TR