CHENG 314 Heat Transfer

Dr. Zakir Hossain

E.mail: zhossain@uob.edu.bh
Office: 15-312
Tel: 1787-6374

Department of Chemical Engineering

University of Bahrain

1
Extended Surfaces
Chap 3
Section 3.6

2
 Extended surfaces
Heat transfer between a solid surface and a moving fluid is governed by the
Newton’s cooling law: q = hA(Ts-T). Therefore, to increase the convective
heat transfer, one can

(1) increase the temperature difference (Ts-T) between the

surface and the fluid.
(2) increase h. This can be accomplished by increasing the fluid
flow over the surface since h is a function of the flow velocity and the
higher the velocity, the higher the h. Example: a cooling fan (forced
convection, i.e. requires the use of pump, fan etc)
(3) increase A. If we have a limited space, then, this can be done
by attaching to the surface (extended surface) called fins, made of high
conductive material, e.g. aluminum. Example is the car radiator.

3
4
Straight fins of (a) uniform
(b) non-uniform cross sections
(c) annular fin
(d) pin fin of non-uniform cross section.

5
 Extended Surface Analysis

h T͚

Tb P: the fin perimeter

Ac: the fin cross-sectional area
dqconv
x

dq x
q x  kAC
dT q x  dx  q x  dx
dx dx

qx]cond. = qx+Δx]cond. + dq]conv.

Assumption:
1) 1D
2) SS
3) Constant property
4) No radiation
5) No heat generation effect 6
 Extended Surface Analysis

Tb P: the fin perimeter

Ac: the fin cross-sectional area
dqconv
x

dq x
q x  kAC
dT q x  dx  qx  dx
dx dx

AC is the cross-sectional area

dqconv  h(dAS )(T  T ), where dA S is the surface area of the element

dq
Energy Balance: q x  q x  dx  dq conv  q x  x dx  hdAS (T  T )
dx
d 2T
 kAC 2
dx  hP(T  T )dx  0, if k, A C are all constants. 7
dx
 Extended Surface Analysis (cont.)

d 2 T hP
2
 (T  T )  0, A second - order, ordinary differential equation
dx kAC
Define a new variable  ( x ) = T ( x )  T , so that
d 2 hP
2
 m 2
  0, where m 2
 , ( D 2
 m 2
)  0
dx kAC
Characteristics equation with two real roots: + m & - m
The general solution is of the form
 ( x )  C1 e mx  C2 e  mx
To evaluate the two constants C 1 and C 2 , we need to specify
two boundary conditions:
The first one is obvious: the base temperature is known as T(0) = Tb
The second condition will depend on the end condition of the tip
8
Base (x = 0) condition
  0   Tb  T  b
Tip ( x = L) conditions
A. Convection:  kd / dx |x  L  h  L  Fin is of finite length

B. Adiabatic: d / dx |x  L  0 q=0

C. Fixed temperature:   L    L
L= 

• Fin Heat Transfer Rate:

d
q f   kAc |x  0   h  x  dAs 9
dx Af
 Hyperbolic Function-Review

x  e x 1
cosh x  e coth x 
tanh x
2
sechx  1
sinh x  e x  e x cosh x
2
sinh x e x  e x cosechx  1
tanh x   x x sinh x
cosh x e  e
x 2 x3 x4 x 2 x3 x 4
ex1 x     ... and e  1 x     ...
 x
2! 3! 3! 2! 3! 3!
x 2 x 4 x6 x 3 x5 x 7
cosh x 1    ... and sinh x  x     ...
2! 3! 6! 3! 5! 7!
ex= sinhx+coshx -e-x= sinhx -coshx
10
 Hyperbolic Function-Review

sinh( x)   sinh x
cosh( x)  cosh x
cosh x  sinh x  1
2 2

1  tanh x  sech x
2 2

sinh( x  y )  sinh x cosh y  cosh x sinh y

cosh( x  y )  cosh x cosh y  sinh x sinh y

11
 Hyperbolic Function-Review

d d
(sinh x)  cosh x (csc h x)   csc h x coth x
dx dx
d d
(cosh x)  sinh x (sec h x)   sec h x tanh x
dx dx
d d
(tanh x)  sec h x
2
(coth x)  csc h x
2

dx dx

d 
d e e
x x
 e x  e x
(sinh x)     cosh x
dx dx  2  2
12
Base (x = 0) condition
  0   Tb  T  b
Tip ( x = L) conditions
A. Convection:  kd / dx |x  L  h  L  Fin is of finite length

B. Adiabatic: d / dx |x  L  0 q=0

C. Fixed temperature:   L    L
L= 

• Fin Heat Rate:

d
q f   kAc |x  0   h  x  dAs 13
dx Af
 Case D: very long fin

The other boundary condition depends on the physical situation.

Several cases may be considered.

Case D: the fin is very long and the temperature at the end of the fin is
essentially that of the surrounding fluid.

14
 Case D: very long fin

The boundary condition

θ = θb at x = 0 θb = C 1 + C 2
θ=0 at x = ∞ 0 = C1

C1  0 C2   b

The solution:

 T  T
  e m x
b Tb  T

 dT 
q f   k Ac   x 0   b h P k Ac
 dx 
15
 Case B: fin end is perfectly insulated

B.C. 1: θ = θb at x = 0

d
B.C. 2 =0 at x = L q would be zero at x = L,
dx
that is, no heat could leave the rod in the axial direction at x = L.

From B.C. 1: θb = C1e0 + C2e0 = C1 + C2

From B.C. 2 0 = m ( C1emL - C2e-mL)

e  mL e mL
C1   b mL C2   b mL
e  e  mL e  e  mL
16
 Case B: fin end is perfectly insulated

 T  T cosh m L  x 
 
b Tb  T cosh mL

 d 
q f   k Ac   x 0   b h P k Ac tanh mL
 dx 

17
 Case C: prescribed temperature

B.C. 1: θ = θb at x = 0

B.C. 2: θ = θL at x = L q would be zero at x = L

 be   L
 mL  b e mL   L
C1  C2 
2 sinh mL 2 sinh mL

L
sinh m( L  x)  sinh mx
 b

b sinh m L

L
cosh mL 
 d  b
q f  k Ac   x 0  b h P k Ac
 dx  sinh mL
18
 Case A: fin is of finite length
B.C. 2:

  k Ac     k A  d 
 dT 
qx  L
 dx  x L c
 dx  x L

For this case the gradient is not equal to zero, and according to
q = h A ∆T
qx = L = h A (Tx=L – To) = h A θ x = L
Equating both expressions we obtain

d 
 k    h x L
 dx  x L
19
 Case A: fin is of finite length

B.C. 2: k m ( C1emL + C2e-mL ) = h ( C1emL + C2e-mL )

From B.C. 1: θb = C1e0 + C2e0 = C1 + C2

Find

C1 and C2

20
 Case A: fin is of finite length

 h 
cosh m L  x     sinh x L  x 
 T  T  mk 
 
 b Tb  T  h 
cosh m L    sinh m L
 mk 

 h 
sinh m L    cosh m L
qf   b h P k Ac  mk 
 h 
cosh m L    sinh m L
 mk 

21
 Summary: Temperature distribution for fins of different
configurations

Case Tip Condition Temp. Distribution Fin heat transfer

A Convection heat cosh m( L  x )  ( h ) sinh m( L  x ) sinh mL  ( h ) cosh mL
transfer: mk M mk
h(L)=-k(d/dx)x=L cosh mL  ( h ) sinh mL cosh mL  ( h ) sinh mL
mk mk

B Adiabatic cosh m( L  x ) M tanh mL

(d/dx)x=L=0 cosh mL
C Given temperature: 
( L ) sinh m( L  x )  sinh m( L  x ) (cosh mL 
L
(L)=L b b )
M
sinh mL sinh mL

D Infinitely long fin e  mx M

(L)=0

hP
  T  T , m2 
kAC
 b   (0)  Tb  T , M  hPkAC  b 22
 Example

An Aluminum pot is used to boil water as shown below. The handle of the pot is
20-cm long, 3-cm wide, and 0.5-cm thick. The pot is exposed to room air at
25C, and the convection coefficient is 5 W/m2 C.
1) Can you touch the handle when the water is boiling? (k for aluminum is 237
W/m.C)
2) If a stainless steel (SS) handle is used instead, what will happen? ( k for
SS is15 W/m.°C.

T = 25 C
h = 5 W/ m2 C

100 C
23
 Example (cont.)
We can model the pot handle as an extended surface. Assume that there is no
heat transfer at the free end of the handle. The condition matches that specified
in the fins Table, case B.
h=5 W/ m2 C, P=2W+2t=2(0.03+0.005)=0.07(m), k=237 W/m C,
AC=Wt=0.00015(m2), L=0.2(m)
So, m=(hP/kAC)1/2=3.138,
M=(hPkAC)(Tb-T)=0.111b=0.111(100-25)=8.325(W)

T ( x ) - T  cosh m( L  x )
 
Tb  T b cosh mL
T  25 . (0.2  x )]
cosh[3138
 ,
100  25 cosh(3138
. * 0.2)
T ( x )  25  62.32 * cosh[3.138(0.2  x )]

24
 Example (cont.)
Plot the temperature distribution along the pot handle

10 0

95
T( x )

90

85
0 0.0 5 0.1 0.1 5 0.2
x
As shown, temperature drops off very quickly. At the midpoint
T(0.1)=90.4C. At the end T(0.2)=87.3C.
Therefore, it should not be safe to touch the end of the handle

The total heat transfer through the handle can be calculated also.
qf=Mtanh(mL)=8.325*tanh(3.138*0.2)=4.632(W)
25
 Example (cont.)

2) If a stainless steel handle is used instead, what will happen? (k=15

W/m°C)

1/ 2
 hP 
m     12.47, M  hPkAC  0.0281
 kAC 

T ( x )  T cosh m( L  x )

Tb  T cosh mL
T ( x )  25  12.3 cosh[12.47( L  x )]

26
 Example (cont.)

100

75

T( x) 50

25

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
x

Temperature at the handle (x=0.2 m) is only 37.3 °C, not hot at all

This example illustrates the important role played by the thermal conductivity
of the material in terms of conductive heat transfer.
27
 Example 3.9

At (100+25)/2=62.5 = 335 K from Table A1

Cu: k=398 W/m.C ; Al: k=180 W/m.C ; SS: k=14 W/m.C

28
 Fin Performance Parameters

• Fin Efficiency:

• Fin Effectiveness:

• Fin Resistance:
Ideal And Actual Temperature Distribution In a Fin

In case of zero thermal

resistance or infinite thermal
conductivity ( ), the
temperature of the fin will be
uniform at the base value of Tb.
The heat transfer from the fin
will be maximum in this case
and can be expressed as

In reality, however, the temperature of the fin will drop along the fin, and
thus the heat transfer from the fin will be less because of the decreasing
temperature difference T(x) - toward the fin tip
30
 Fin efficiency
This is the ratio of the fin heat transfer rate to the heat transfer rate of the fin if
the entire fin were at the base temperature,
qact,fin
ηf 
qideal,fin

where: qact,fin is the actual heat transfer rate from a fin.

This is obtained from qideal,fin = h Af (Tb – T∞)=hAfθb

qf
ηf 
hAf  b
31
 Fin efficiency eqn.

For single fin

Case 1 (very long fin)

qact,fin h P K Ac (Tb  T ) 1
ηf   
qideal,fin h Af (Tb - T ) mL

Case 2 (The end of the fin is perfectly insulated)

qact,fin h P K Ac (Tb  T ) tanh (mL) tanh (mL)

ηf   
qideal,fin h Af (Tb - T ) mL
32
Case 3 (the fin of finite length)
 h 
sinh m L    cosh m L
h P k Ac Tb  T   mk 
 h 
cosh m L    sinh m L
ηf 
q act, fin
  mk 
q ideal, fin h A f (Tb - T )

 h 
sinh m L    cosh m L
 m k   1 
  
 h  mL
cosh m L    sinh m L
 mk 

Remember the equations given above are for single fins

33
 Array of fins

The total heat transfer area is equal to

At = Abase +N Afin = Ab + NAf

34
 Aarray of fins
The total heat transfer by convection from the fins and the prime (unfinned)
surface can be calculated with

qt = qbase + qfin = h Ab (Tb – T∞) + ηf N h Af (Tb – T∞) (11)

Where h is assumed to be the same on both the base and fin areas.
ηf is the efficiency of a single fin

35
Hence

36
 Solve this equation for the base surface area and substitute into eqn. 11.
the resulting eqn.

 N Af 
qt  1  1   f  h A T
tot b  T  (12)
 At 

We can now define a total or overall surface efficiency, ηo , as

qt qt
o   (13)
qmax qt ,ideal
where

qmax = h At (Tb – T∞)

37
 qmax is the maximum possible heat transfer from the total surface.
That occurs when the total surface area (base plus fins) is at the
base temperature.

Substitute eqn. 14 into eqn. 13 we obtain

 N Af 
 o  1  1   f  (15)
 At 

To calculate the total heat transfer from an array of fins, use eqns. 12,
13 and 14 along with the appropriate expression for fin efficiency.

38
 Thermal Resistance of Fin Array

Thermal resistance concept introduced earlier:

Tb  T b 1
Rt , o   
qt NAf hAto
h At b [1  (1   f )]
At

1
For single fin: R f  Rt,o is the effective resistance that
hA f  f accounts for parallel heat flow paths:
-by conduction/convection in the fins
1 and
For multiple fins Rf  - by convection from prime surface
NhAf  f
39
40
Triangular and parabolic fins are of non-uniform thickness that reduces to
41
zero at the fin tip
42
Triangular and parabolic fins are of non-uniform
thickness that reduces to zero at the fin tip 43
44
 Fin effectiveness, εf
Defined as: the ratio of the fin heat transfer rate to the heat transfer
rate if it had no fin:

where

In general design criteria:

εf ≥ 2 is justified

45
 Comparison between efficiency and
effectiveness

qf
Efficiency, ηf 
hAf  b
where

Effectiveness,

qt
o 
Overall
surface
Efficiency, hAt b
46
Example 1

47
 Example 3.10

The engine cylinder of a motorcycle is constructed of 2024-T6 aluminum

alloy (k= 186 W/m.K) and is of height H 0.15 m and outside diameter D
50 mm. Under typical operating conditions the outer surface of the
cylinder is at a temperature of 500 K and is exposed to ambient air at
300 K, with a convection coefficient of 50 W/m2 K. Annular fins are
integrally cast with the cylinder to increase heat transfer to the
surroundings. Consider five such fins, which are of thickness t = 6 mm,
length L = 20 mm, and equally spaced. Determine a) % increase in heat
transfer due to use of the fins b) overall effectiveness c) overall
efficiency
Known: Operating conditions of a finned motorcycle cylinder
48
Find: Increase in heat transfer associated with using fins
Assumptions:
1. Steady-state conditions.
2. One-dimensional radial conduction in fins.
3. Constant properties.
4. Negligible radiation exchange with surroundings.
5. Uniform convection coefficient over outer surface (with or without fins). 49
 Properties: Table A.1, 2024-T6 aluminium T = (500+300)/2= 400 K:
k = 186 W/m K.
With Fin

where Af = 2π(r22c -r21) = 2 π[(0.048 m)2 = (0.025 m)2] = 0.0105 m2

At = N Aƒ + 2 π r1(H - Nt) = 0.0527 m2 + 2 π(0.025 m) [0.15 m 0.03 m] = 0.0716 m2

With r2c/r1 =1.92, Lc = 0.023 m, Ap =1.380 ×10-4 m2, we obtain

Lc3/2 (h/kAp)1/2 = 0.15.

Now from Fig 3.20, the fin efficiency is ƒ=0.95.

With the fins, the total heat transfer rate is then

50
Without fin

qwo=h(2πr1H)θb=236W

Hence q  qt  qwo  454W

qt  qwo
% increase   100  192%
qwo
qt , fin 690
o    2.9 (justified)
qt , no fin 236

 N Af 
o  1  1   f   96%
 At  51
 Example 2

Fins are frequently installed on tubes by a press-fit

process. Consider a circumferential aluminum fin (k=200
w/m.oC) having a thickness of 1.0 mm to be installed on a
2.5-cm-diameter aluminum tube. The fin length is 1.25 cm,
and the contact resistance is considered as 1.1205 oC/W .
The convection environment is at 20◦C, and h=125 W/m2
.◦C.
a) Calculate the heat transfer for each fin for a tube wall
temperature of 200 ◦C.
b) What percentage reduction in heat transfer is caused
by the contact resistance?

52
 Example 3

A tube assembly is constructed of copper (k=386 W/m. oC)

with an inside diameter of 1.25 cm, wall thickness of 0.8 mm,
and circumferential fins around the periphery. The fins have a
thickness of 0.3 mm and length of 3 mm, and are spaced 5.7
mm apart. The inside tube temperature is 100◦C and the
surrounding air temperature is 20◦C. The convection heat
transfer coefficient from the tube and fins to the surrounding
air is 50 W/m2 .◦C.
a) calculate the number of fins for a 30-cm length of the tube.
b)what is the fin efficiency for this arrangement?
c) calculate the thermal resistance for a 30-cm length of the
tube-fin combination.
d) what is the heat loss per meter of tube length with the
53
same conditions?
 Example 3.154

An air heater consists of a 1 m long steel tube (k = 20 W/m. K), with inner and outer radius of
r1=13 mm and r2= 16 mm, respectively, and eight integrally machined longitudinal fins, each
of thickness t = 3 mm (Fig. 2). The fins extend to a concentric tube, which is of radius r3 =40
mm and insulated on its outer surface. Water at a temperature T  i = 90oC flows through the
inner tube (hi = 5000 W/m2.K), while air at T  o = 25oC flows through the annular region (ho=
200 W/m2.K) formed by the larger concentric tube.

(a) Sketch the equivalent thermal circuit of the heater and relate each thermal resistance to
appropriate system parameters.
(b) Determine the heat rate per unit length.

54
Acknowledgement

55