Sept Dote

26 Castim9
Page

Pourim ap
Castia

Riser

SPrue
Crutes
base
7Kummer

Mel

Solicdticatiom

Semsible heat m CAT

s
Aus temite () Phase
Solid

chamg
Fe,C
Tn3'c

Steel ote
Cast rom
 Sc lili kico jem
Start
Lime
C liguiclus
Seioli ficctiom Solilus lime
Emds

T
Corvected

(o Sohd) 100 7 Solid)_

Sol ioli Fcatem
Start Soliclificeiom
Dearee_ct Emols

Super heat
1

Nuclead iom
Tn the startimg Ot Solicli ticaliom

Nucleatiom Sh mr 3
Nat
V r
stp

routh
Htgh emergs
reui

Growth C dr

- X Solictlificat iom (o to L)

Liguiol Nuc le aliom Growth Soid

Se lidiftc otiom
 Date.
Page

Les mucleus
at start

Nucleatie grewth
Bt
elittiealt, 0 ih eme reqired
whem it starts sobeliticattom Speecls uP

So iol

AgETS )T
Ah = TAS
am AS

Aq 2 Ak- TAS
Ah-TAA
Tm

AT m

Ah AT
m ucoys-ye Caretul
 Date

Page

Nuclectiom Homo-Hetero-gemeous

N Stabi it o1 SL inter tece

N Eneray associeied with S

V
yn &
A 3

r critical radius

dat) tT2 Ag
ol
SAE E has

sA, this
to

7s
balamce
the stoble
20
rocltus, ese mucleus will olissowe

3
omogencoS |A Hom
l6T
3Ag

PRcys ve
 Date
Page

No ot olomg Im

Cu forms Fec
No FCC
umit
ot otems
Cell 4 im

16Sx 1o

No. ot u atomS z /37 7 77 m

10
039 C
T-849 C

Ag
20
2 A AT
(Ln Cage
Ah

meecleda
1628x10 Ty

No et afos

Tm

Tem

X. X Y-
METeroq em eous Nuclecttom iqa
Soliol->F
d
Substrate
old S

le ot
ary
ComIae
Soltd

nterface
Sur face teMSTOmS
Caere ot nter tece
 Date

Page

s JogCoso * 0ps

2 A Heter
AA Homo
S/e)

So)

S(e)- 2- 3coseCoss

A
r Hoomo
Hetero

OPS
L
ZT7T74777777U77T7

Free emer o
Soliol
(N G
 Dafe
Page

Aps Oas_ag

V G
YsTM
rstmle 7

Vs /rsimf rsi d

T simpd Cos7t
dt
Stm ol
Tr - cos)sien df
-T (-At

TT C.os Coc
3
e
Tr(3 cosetçoste (2-3cose +cos
 Date

Page

27 rsim )rEpdd)
2 Sim dd

2T -cos
22 1COsC
TIr
2

TTrsiMe)
2 TT sim

(A)
dr
20 gives 2
A
Tsime ps s)

A
A cm xS(e)
 Daie.

Croh Page

Nucleatiom Rate (atoms Comim ro

Li amo jcimi1 SeLicl

T expAkT KT

A Het APom
Heterog emeous
taster
Casier

aatim Sstem

SRiser
Pourimg9
Cup

> Molel
Sprue

3 Grate1ngate
Sprue
well
RuMMr

FLuid dymamiCS

Conimutty e AV Comstt:

Bermoullis eg
2 ComSCt

P< latm Porous Ccs timg

 Date
Page

Lig Solid trams kormmaticm omtreclicm

happemS,to comm pemscle the yolume
Liguuiolfrom i Riser flows bock

2k (o diftusrbi
dem SiT

P1 atm
Aspiratiom EPtet
am Same mear by is
O1gai
ComOU bakeol by moltem

woterod,trapp ec gases
Mow imto ltuielomakimgV
the solid porous/weakK

Lamimo r low cam a voicl this

h
PP= atm
x

P PC atm)
Tossbili t ot aspi ratism
fNextpogeSprue design
 Date
Page
Top Gatimg

hh.)
h-h,

hm

A ADah2 Hm dh
t
dlt

h A
A
22h t tilling time

Ab
Aah
Nol

A h
 Date

Page

Sprue desigm

h
Ay- A,V, Y,
RR 24
A
RY3

29h
R
heh of pourig
AA R Lhe eup
 Dafe
Page

Bottom Cnatimy

, dh
hy

P vh
AgY Y Am d
olt

A dt dh
Am

whem m

2 Ah
 Dafe
Riser Page

Nsrm

V t 3V
t So iclific atiom dm riser

OCCLUS eter solicli icctiom

im Castmg

3Locatiom
Shap
A reservoir ofmeltem liguid, used to
Compecmsete the ameuml of shrim kage.

t t
2k(ee,)
ltmelri cal Riser

A= TTd Tdh

Optimise

dA
del)
O
 Date

Page

Az T d yV
TId

CA
dd 2

d 8Sv
TT

d x id'

Side Riser

A: 2/1d+mdh
VE T d

dA O
dol
 Date
Pooe

Moduluug Method

Mecuus zV M V M.N
tM
A AR Ae

()>
M
(t.)
M 2
MR 2120/, M M

AR

MaLcinder) - #ck sicle r'ser

(d h)
4-

Me Cacbe) a
 Date

Page

Caime's Methad

lAP
r Freezimq ratio M12
Me

Ma M

a oumd Cas timg

Defectte
COSt

M O Y-b
Y Vr
Ve

X Fr

b,ecomstt
 Dote
Page

8 Acylimdrical riser must bedesigmdL

tor a castimg mole The castimg s
Steelrectamgular plate with .5XI2.S 22,

Trev cbs tl6 im

Side riser)

Desigm riser S0 that s 2i

-12.5

1.6 15 7.52
2(12.5x7.5+ 2.5y) .5x2)
-1.6 87.S
267.3
1.6

O, 49

3.26 -0

2 3.26V 4,68

3.26 2 Cr+h)
3.26
 Date
Page

HectTramster
mAT m
mCCG-pldm
d
dt
=
d dt

->C0
-4(x,t)
Check HMT -KA ce
o t motes

2ot

t 2Jort 2t
 Date
Page

2 Jat 2At

atumc of t

n 2 2t m
 Date
Page

de_ 2

2 dn

nY
YGe
de

At 0 0

At a 00 co
2
T
 Date
Page

e
-2Ce-e)
9 +(-e) 2 e clog

erf (zE 2
d (erflz))=
olz

(0- )1 ert(ML

-2Joxt
de
d
(ee2
TL2at
de
V 7Tt

KA (e )ta
rat
V C[e e)
 Date

Page
Nov
WELDING
Aulogemeous Cmmo @em ecuS Hetero9emecUS

No Rler materio Filler_maf is Same Aller_mmat is

rea CaS wOrk piece Same_ S
workpiece_
Ext Resistamce weld \Ex! Arc welol
tricticm weld Caas woeld
EGSe loterimg
Brazi

Arc Loelolimg2 Melti

Solid state jolmig-
e
(+)

T>Tm

S sl interFace
 Dofe
Page

Arc Leelolinng

-)

Plasma Arc
coumm

Maimtcim chrge parlicle_ dlemsity

more clemsity better heetimg

> More arC resistamce less curremL

Maimteimamce of re

Flux Coalimg
low iomi satiom
potemtial elememtae
Na, K

(2Phase Shitt

fower toctor I Cose

NE
Cos90 o
 Date

Page

Tem Coml ours

abuttimg Surtace
> s/L imtertace

Movimg Heat Scurce

lovimg /L imter Face

Solicli ficotiom fromt

Helv
olt
2 Tds a|gcv
V

k(ds dz)dT

ds VIdy K>T K VT

dt
fG dT
olt
KI
 Daie
Page

d1
dt Cp

olt

Kde) dT
ol

K(dyolz) dT dt

lt

St

du
oat
(vi)u +du
dt

Simni lary

olT
dt t
Tt (vü)ET=_aVT t 2
PCp
 Date.

Page

Stetam Cameditiom_(Comductiom with Phase)_

K, A dT
d

entalpY
kAAT
d

Ys
ls

A A,
tlmL

,
wass
Ccmservattc

LA
s
LA_

-kAA dT dr
-K,A d7 V (h,-A,)

cpCT-To)

Tom
T
So Complete_ becom eS

OT
dt
Vu)T VT 2 {Cp
| rectiom

tret