BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES

BREATHING The process of exchanging oxygen from the

atmosphere with carbon dioxide produced by
the cell is called
breathing
Oxygen is utilised by organisms to indirectly
break down simple molecules

Mechanism of
breathing vary among different groups
animals
depending mainly on
their habitats and
of
levels of organisation
ORGANISMS MECHANISM

Sponges

fi
ameratesana ifeng.hamdk669 fifffiffffffffffffffffffffiffhassi

flatworms

Earthworms Moist skin nnI.at

na iri
cutaneous nosfTffTffF'thirst.iro
frogs www

Insects Airsacs
Tracheal tubes

fff If
otFfItIItFF
rssF
fFg
m.IE
ggo
t
9
998
aaa 9.9
Faattttaai

Aquatic arthropods Gills

m and Branchial
FF
Ff
ffffFF
F
FffffffF
fIsFFFffaff

amphibians reptiles
and mammals and ffiiÉiffÉI
Pulmonary ftfiff
offf
Ylff fMoafihffff
Ffooo
 EFFaIEEtrdansysentw
A pairofnostrils
PHARYNX common for food masaintmilliessage
passage
and air
pharynx

LARYNX cartilaginous box asinn

ep oFdS helps in sound production
also called sound box tratica
µ
opening of larynx is glotis Brittani B 8Eni
4 glottis is covered by thin elastic primary Bronchi
PrimtryBronchi

flap calledepiglottis
cartilaginous secondaryBronchi Secondary Bronchi
to prevent the entry offoodinto btronchi Tertiary
bEonchi
tertiary
Larynx initial brischioles initial
broInchioles

Terminal bronchioles Terminal bronchioles

TRACHEA straight tube aneol
extend to the midthoracic
up avoid
cavity
divides at the level
of 5ᵗʰ thoracic vertebra into a right
and left primary bronchi

each bronchi undergoes repeated divisions to

BRONCHI form primary
secondary tertiary initial and verythin terminal bronchioles

The trachea primary secondary tertiarybronchi and initial bronchioles

are supported by incomplete cartilaginous rings

Each terminal bronchioles give rise to a number

of very thin
irregular walled and vascularised like structure called
bag
Evel
LUNGS The branching network of bronchi bronchioles and alveoli
comprises lungs
Lungs are paired structure
situated in thoracic cavity
PLEURA

Lungs are covered by double layered pleura with

pleural fluid between them
 Pleural fluid reduces friction on
lung surface
Outer in close contact with the thoraci
Pleural membrane lining

inner in contact with the

lungsurface
Geo Epiglottis

ᵗᵗÉ
ᵗ
ᵗ
Larynx
trachea

É dd
Eᵈᵈᵈ
a
magnan

ffÉÉÉlf
fÉfff
Fff
ᵗÉ

ÉÉÉ
ffffff
ÉÉ
dfffidcffffff.hn f

f fÉfftff
j

ÉÉÉÉf Éf
ffffffifififfdFi
ÉÉ j
fpptfl
h ff f
É

f
jÉÉfÉÉÉfÉÉÉÉÉ

fÉÉÉgÉvÉ
f
ÉÉÉÉÉ
ffg IÉv
fpifffBfffffj
Broncmsfggggagggff p
ng ÉfÉÉÉÉffÉgjgÉ

ÉÉÉÉÉfÑLfg
fg
f

lff
fÉ

poet I f
am

than Remeatory systemm

CONDUCTING PART The with the external nostrils

parts starting
to the terminal bronchioles constitute the
up
conducting part
Fincham transports the atmospheric air to alveoli
cleans the atmospheric air from
foreign particles
humidifies atmospheric air
brings the atmospheric air to bodytemperature
 EXCHANGEPART the alveoli and their ducts form the exchangepart
Functionn it is the site of actual diffusion of O2andCO2 between bloodand
atmospheric air

THORACIC CHAMBER formed

dorsally vertebral column
ventrally sternum
laterally ribs
On lower side dome shaped
diaphragm
The anatomical setup of lungs in thorax is such
that in the volume thoracic cavity
any change
will be reflected in
of
lungcavity
the

This arrangemtent is essential for

breathing
STEPS OF RESPIRATION
1 Pulmonary ventilation
2 Diffusion of gases across alveolar membrane
3 Transport of gases by the blood
4 Diffusion of gases between blood and tissues
5 Utilisation
of oxygen by the cellsfor catabolic reactions and
resultant release of carbondioxide

MECHANISM OF BREATHING

INSPIRATION EXPIRATION
Occur ifthe pressure within the occur if the intra pulmonarypressure
intra pulmonary pressure is is higher than the atmospheric
lungs
less than the atmospheric pressure pressure

i.e Diaphragm relaxed

dome shaped
Diaphragm contracts flatshape
increases the volume of thoracic
chamber in antero posterioraxis

Inter costal muscles contract Inter costal muscles relax

 increase the
Humans can
strength of both inspiration
and expiration with the help of additional muscles in the
abdomen

On an
average
a healthy human breathes 12 16 times minute

SPiROMEERL used to measure the volume of air involved in breathing

movements
helps in the clinical assessment of pulmonary functions
Residual volume cannot be measured
by spirometer
RESPIRATORY VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES

Tidalvolume TV volume of air inspired or expired

during a approx 500 ml
normal respiration
Inspiratory Additional volume of air a person can inspire 2500mL to 3000mL

Reserley
olume by forcible inspiration

Expiratory Additional volume of air a person can expire 1000mL to 1100mL

a
Reseyjolume by forcible expiration
Residual volume of air remaining in the
lungs 1100mL to 1200mL
volume pay even
after a forcible expiration
Inspiratory total
of air a person can
volume
TV IRY
Capacity IC inspire after normal expiration
Total volume air a
Expiratory of person can TV ERY
capacity EC expire after a normal inspiration
FunctionalResidual Volume of air accommodated in the ER RY
capacity FRC
Lungs after a normal expiration
VitalCapacity VC Themaximumvolume of air a person can ERV TV IRV
breath in after a forcedexpiration
Total Lung Total volume of air accommodated in the
lungs at RV ERV TV IRV
Capacity TLC the end of a forced inspiration y pay
 EXCHANGE OF GASES

Primary sites for exchange of

9
Gaseous exchange take place by siEe.ec Tfftnmainly based on pressure
concentration gradient

Factors affecting rate

ofdiffusion

stiffly of carbon dioxide is 20 25times higher than that of

the oxygen the amount of CO2 that can diffuse through the
diffusion membrane perunit difference in partial pressure is
much higher compared to that of oxygen
Iessmofthemembrane The total thickness of the diffusion
membrane in human lungs is much less than a millimetre

Diffusion membrane is made three

up of layers
1 the thin squamous epithelium of alveoli
2 the endothelium of alveolar capillaries
3 the basement substance in between the above layers

Partial Pressure Partial pressure is contributed by an individual

in a mixture of gases is called partial pressure
gas

Respiratory Atmospheric Alveoli Blood Blood s s

Gas air Deoxygenated oxygenated

02 159 104 40 95 40

CO2 0.3 40 45 40 45
Partial pressures in mmHg of O2 and CO2 at different parts
 HAEMOGLOBIN it is a red coloured iron containing pigment presentin theRBCs
Each haemoglobin molecule can carry a maximum offourmolecules
of oxygen
Oxygen can bind with haemoglobin in a reversible manner to form
ony
haemoglobin

Binding of oxygen with haemoglobin is primarily related to partial

pressure of oxygen pos

Oxygen Dissociation Curve

In the alveoli the factors is
80
ÉÉ
favourablefor the formation MMM

are
of Oxyhaemoglobin
1 high PO2 a

2 Low por ÉTÉ

o so stateroom
3 Lesser concentration of H Pa t
4 Lower temperature fe1eg
oxygen dissociation curve

Every 100mL blood can deliver around 5mL of

of oxygenated
oxygen to the tissues under normal physiological conditions
TRANSPORT OF CARBON DIOXIDE

Transport of Co2 from tissue to RBCs as carbaminohaemoglobin 2m25

assortterosannannonrananagong

2 www.agggaaeggia
Hbo 02 the on Hb.cat 2

Tissue RBC
Transport of CO2from tissue to alveoli through plasma in a dissolved
state 7

CO2
Maggght
t
MdStsssossossstt Plasma
Tissue L Bloodvessel

Transport of CO2 from tissue to alveoli as bicarbonate ions 701

The binding of carbon dioxide with haemoglobin is affected by p02

In tissues the factors favourable for the formation of
carbamino haemoglobin are
1 LOW PO2
2
high p 02
3 concentration of H
higher
4
high temperature

Eison ann.fra an minientiuiii.ie tofEne a'mEi's

present
in the plasma too
RBCs
Stef Transport of CO2 to
Tissue will
go in
plasma

Tetrahedral no Eisisses Hug Effise Hos H

CO2

02 HHD Hb
a
songthese RBC
 Sep2 Transport of CO2from RBC to alveoli

1
HCO
tornado
Gipitase 2h03 Éase 120 CO2 02
CO2
wood as 02
Hb.CO 09 Hb 02 CO2 of 02 2
RBC Noooooooooodlt
Alveolus

carbonic
Co2 H2o farbon Hyo Hcog H
anhydrase anhydrase

Every 100mi
ofdeoxygenated blood delivers approximately
4mL carbon dioxide to the alveoli
of

REGULATION OF RESPIRATION

Regulationof
respiration
Neural Regulation chemical
Regulation
Iea Regulations
Medulla Pois
Respiratory rhythm centre pneumota ic centre
can moderate the function of
primarily a ponsible for regulation respiratoryrhythm centre
ofrespiration
can reduce thedurationof
inspiration thereby alter
the respiratory rate
 Exit Exation
Chemosensitive area are chemical regulationof
responsible for
respiration
CHEMOSENSITIVE AREA
situated adjacent to the rhythm centre
Highly sensitive to carbon dioxide and H concentration

Receptors associated with

aortic arch
artery also can
signed c
and H concentration
recognise change

ERIE The mole

of oxygen in the regulation of respiratory
rhythm is quite insignificant
DISORDERS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
ASTHNA_ difficulty in breathing causing wheezing due to
bronchi and bronchioles
inflammation of
it is a chronic disorder
Eayhen
Alveolar walls due to which
get damaged
respiratory surface is decreased
Major cause cigarette smoking
OCCUPATIONAL RESPIRATORY DISORDERS8

In stonebreaking or
grinding industries dust is produced which
the defence mechanism the body cannot
of cope fully
can rise to inflammation
Long exposure give
to fibrosis proliferation of fibrous tissue
Leading
causing serious lung damage
workers such industries should wear protective
masks
of