Grade 11
Classification Of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
Modern Periodic Law
The physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions oftheir atomic
numbers.
* The number of electrons and protons are equal in a neutral atom.
* The Modern Periodic Table is known as Long Form of the periodic table.
It has seven horizontal rows known as periods and 18 columns known as groups.
• IUPAC Nomenclature of Elements with atomic number above 100
• Electronic Configuration: the distribution of electrons in to orbitals of an atom is
called its electronic configuration.
• The period indicates the value of ‘n’ for the valence shell.
• Elements in the same group has similar chemical properties because theyhave similar
shell electronic configuration. i.e. same number of electrons in the outer most shell.
The elements are classified as s-block, p-block, d-block and f-block dependingon the type of
atomic orbitals that are being filled with electrons. Exception tothis categorisation-
a) Helium belongs to s-block but placed in p-block along with group 18 elements because it
has completely filled valence shell and shows the propertiesof other noble gases.
b) Hydrogen has only one s-electron hence can be placed in group 1. But it can gain 1
electron to achieve noble gas configuration so can behave like group 17elements.
As a result, hydrogen is placed separately at the top of the periodic table.
s- block elements: (Group 1 -Alkali Metals & Group 2 – Alkaline Earth Metals)
• General outer electronic configuration: ns1-2
• They are reactive metals with low ionisation enthalpy
• Due to high reactivity, they are never found pure in nature
p-block elements: (Group 13 – 18)
• General outer electronic configuration: ns2 np1-6
• Noble gases exhibit very low reactivity because of the completely filled valence
shell. It is very difficult to alter this stable arrangement by the addition or removal
of electrons
• Group 17 (halogens) and group 16 (chalcogens) elements have high negative
electron gain enthalpy and hence add electrons to attain stable noble gas
configuration
(s-block and p-block elements are together known as representative elements)
d-Block elements: (transition Elements)
• General outer electronic configuration is (n-1)d1-10 ns0-2
• They are known as d-block elements because they are characterised by thefilling of
inner d orbitals by electrons
• d-block elements form a bridge between the chemically active metals of s-block
elements and the less active elements of group 13 and hence known as transition
elements
• Zinc, cadmium and mercury have nd10 ns2 configuration and hence do notshow the
properties of transition metals
General properties of d-block elements::
▪ They are all metals.
▪ They mostly form coloured ions.
▪ They exhibit variable valency.
▪ They are paramagnetic substances.
▪ show catalytic property
f-b lock Elements (Inner-Transition Elements – Lanthanoids And Actinoids)
• general outer electronic configuration: (n-2)f1-14 (n-1)0-1 ns2
• the chemistry of actinoids are more complicated than corresponding lanthanoids
due to large number of oxidation states possible for actinoid elements.
• the elements after uranium are called as trans uranium elementsMetals,
Non-Metals and Metalloids (Pg 82)
Trends in physical properties:
1. Atomic radius:
Covalent radius: it is the distance between two atoms when they arebound
together by a single bond in a covalent molecule.
Metallic radius: it is taken as half the inter nuclear distance separatingmetal core in
the metallic crystal.
Atomic radius: it refers to both metallic and covalent radius depending onwhether the
element is metal or a non-metal.
• The atomic size decreases across a period because
Within the period the outer electrons are in the same valence shell and the
effective nuclear charge increases resulting in the increased attraction of
electrons towards nucleus.
• The atomic size increases down the group because
The principal quantum number increases, and the valence electronsare farther
from the nucleus
The inner electrons shield the outer electrons from getting attractedtowards
nucleus.
Ionic radius:
It is the distance between anion and cations in ionic crystals
• A cation is smaller than its parent atom because it has fewer electrons while
nuclear charge remains the same.
• The size of anion will be larger than the parent atom because the addition of one or
more electrons would result in an increased repulsion among theelectrons and the
decrease in effective nuclear charge.
2. Ionisation Enthalpy
The energy required to remove an electron from the outermost shell of an isolated
gaseous atomin its ground state. Its unit is kJ/mol.
✓ The energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from an atom is called
first ionisation enthalpy and the energy required to remove the second most loosely
bound electron from an atom is called second ionisation enthalpy.
✓ Ionisation enthalpy is always positive because energy is always requiredto remove
electrons from an atom.
✓ The second ionisation enthalpy is always higher than first ionisation enthalpy because
it is more difficult to remove an electron from a positively charged ion than from a
neutral atom.
✓ Ionisation enthalpy is maximum for noble gases.
Ionisation enthalpy increases across a period because:
The successive electrons are added to the orbitals of the same principalquantum level
and the shielding effect of inner electrons does not increase.
Thus, across a period, increasing nuclear charge outweighs the shielding. As aresult the
outer most electrons are held more tightly towards nucleus and the ionisation enthalpy
increases.
Ionisation enthalpy decreases down the group because
The principal quantum number increases, and the valence electrons arefarther
from the nucleus. The inner electrons shield the outer electrons from getting attracted
towards nucleus. Hence increase in shielding outweighs the increasing nuclear charge and
as a result, ionisation energy decreases.
• The first ionisation enthalpy of boron is slightly less than that ofberyllium-
In beryllium the electron removed is an s electron while in boron it’s a p-
electron. The penetration of 2s electron to the nucleus is more than that of 2p
electron and hence the 2p electron of boron ismore shielded from the nucleus
by the inner core of electrons than2s electron of beryllium.
• The ionisation enthalpy of oxygen is smaller than that of nitrogen - In nitrogen
the 2p orbitals are half filled and hence more stablethan oxygen in which
two electrons of four 2p orbitals occupy same orbital. This results in an
increased electron- electron
repulsion in oxygen and hence it is easy to remove one electronfrom oxygen
than from nitrogen.
Electron gain enthalpy
It is the amount of energy released when an electron is added to anisolated gaseous
atom.
For many elements energy is released when electron is added and so the electron gain
enthalpy is negative.
• Noble gases have large positive electron gain enthalpies -
They have very stable electronic configuration. Hence the electron has to
enter the next higher principal quantum level leading to a very unstable electronic
configuration.
• Electron gain enthalpy becomes more negative across a period –
The effective nuclear charge increases from left to right across aperiod and
consequently it will be easier to add an electron to a smaller atom as the
added electron is closer towards positive nucleus.
• The electron gain enthalpy becomes less negative down the group- The size of the
atom increases, and the added electron would befarther from the nucleus.
• Electron gain enthalpy of O & F is less negative than that of succeedingelement-
When an electron is added to O or F, the added electron goes to the smaller
n=2 quantum level and hence suffers significant electron- electron repulsion
from other electrons. But in S and Cl electrons enter in to n=3 quantum level.
So, the added electron occupies a larger region of space and the electron-
electron repulsion is much less.
Electronegativity
It is the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract sharedelectrons to itself.
It is not a measurable quantity.
Fluorine is the most electronegative element and according to Pauling Scale the
electronegativity value of fluorine is 4.
The electronegativity of an element depends on the element to which it isbound and
hence it is not a constant value.
It increases across a period and decreases down the group.
Oxidation state:
The charge acquired by the element on the basis electronegativity consideration from
other elements in the molecule.
Anomalous properties of second period elements:
Among s and p block elements the properties of first member differs fromthat of the
rest of the elements because
• Small size
• Large charge/ radius ratio
• High electronegativity of the elements
• Absence of d orbitals
• Ability to form pπ – pπ multiple bonds
Diagonal Relationship
Some elements of Period 1 show the same properties to that of elements of Period 3 due to
the following reasons:
1. Similar size
2. Similar charge by mass ratio
For example, Li and Mg; Be and Al; B and Si show properties that are identical to each other.
Some Frequently Asked Questions
1. The electronic configuration of an element is 1s22s22p6. Locate the element in the
periodic table.
2. Give reason why anion has a larger atomic radius than the corresponding neutral atom.
3. Which group has positive electron gain enthalpy and why?
4. First ionization enthalpy of Na is lesser than that of Mg but its second ionization enthalpy
is higher than that of Mg.
5. First member of the groups shows properties that are different than the other members.
Explain this phenomenon with examples.
6. Select between Fluorine and Chlorine:
a. The element with higher electronegativity.
b. The element with more negative electron gain enthalpy.
State the reason in each case.
7. The study of first ionization enthalpy values of second period elements shows
anomalous trends between:
a. Beryllium and Boron
b. Nitrogen and Oxygen
Explain the same.
8. What trend does the following properties follow in the periodic table both across a
period and down the group:
a. Nature of oxides
b. Oxidation states
c. Metallic and non-metallic properties
9. Find the block, period and group for the following elements:
a. Br35
b. Ce58
c. Te52
d. Sr38
e. Ag47
10. Give reasons:
a. There is an abrupt increase in atomic radius when we move from Group 17 to
Group 18
b. The atomic radius of Ga is smaller than that of Al even though it occurs below Al
in the periodic table.
c. Alkali metals are called so.
d. Elements of Group 17 show maximum electronegativity in their respective
periods.
e. Hydrogen is placed above alkali metals in the periodic table even though it shows
properties that are similar to non- metals.
f. Another name for d block elements is transition elements.
