FOUNDATION In a world of human-made structures (homes, schools, stores, skyscrapers, bridges, highways, parking garages and backyard decks), foundations are critical components for ensuring stability. -It is a part of structure which is usually placed below the ground surface which transmit the load from the column section to the underlying soil or rock supporting the structure -Because the soil is generally much weaker than the concrete columns that must be supported, the contact area between the soil and the footing is much larger than that of supporting member so foundation must be used to reduce the pressures applied directly to the soil by spreading the supported loads over an area large enough to prevent rupture or excessive deformation of the soil.FOUNDATION In a world of human-made structures (homes, schools, stores, skyscrapers, bridges, highways, parking garages and backyard decks), foundations are critical components for ensuring stability. -It is a part of structure which is usually placed below the ground surface which transmit the load from the column section to the underlying soil or rock supporting the structure -Because the soil is generally much weaker than the concrete columns that must be supported, the contact area between the soil and the footing is much larger than that of supporting member so foundation must be used to reduce the pressures applied directly to the soil by spreading the supported loads over an area large enough to prevent rupture or excessive deformation of the soil.Types of Foundation Shallow and deep foundations are two separate types of foundations, mostly differing in how far each one extends into the ground. I. SHALLOW FOUNDATION Shallow foundations do not extend very far into the ground. More importantly they spread structural loads to soils close to the surface. Shallow foundations can include spread footing foundations and mat foundations, which are typically used for residential structures or any structure with light loads. Shallow foundations are further classified into the following types: a. Strip / Wall Footing b. Isolated Footing c. Combined Footing d. Raft, Mat, Floatng Foundation e. Strap Footing Il. DEEP FOUNDATIONTypes of Foundation II. DEEP FOUNDATION Deep foundations extend into a depth of soil greater than shallow foundations. But more importantly, they spread their structural loads to soils that are not near the surface. There are many reasons a geotechnical engineer would recommend a deep foundation over a shallow foundation, but some of the common reasons are very large design loads, a poor soil at shallow depth, or site constraints (like property lines). There are different terms used to describe different types of deep foundations including the pile (which is analogous to a pole), the pier (which is analogous to a column), drilled shafts, and caissons. Piles are generally driven into the ground in situ; other deep foundations are typically put in place using excavation and drilling. The naming conventions may vary between engineering disciplines and firms. Deep foundations can be made out of timber, steel, reinforced concrete or prestressed concrete.Shallow Foundation a. Strip Footing or Wall Footing - continuous strip of concrete that supports a bearing wall a wall __-— FOUNDATION WALL Strip Footing © CONTINUOUS WALL FOOTINGShallow Foundation b. Isolated Footing - is a square, rectangular, or circular slab of concrete that supports an individual column. These are widely used for columns with light load and are not closely spaced. (2) Square Footing (b) Circular Footing (4) Sloped FootingShallow Foundation c. Combined Footing - It is a longer rectangular slab strip that supports two or more individual columns. It is used when the two columns are so close to each other that their individual footings would overlap. A combined footing is also provided when the property line is so close to one column that a spread footing would be eccentrically loaded when kept entirely within the property line. By combining it with that of an interior column, the load is evenly distributed. A combined footing may be rectangular or trapezoidal in plan.Shallow Foundation c. Combined Footing (a) RECTANGULAR, (o) TRAPEZOIDAL FOOTING, FooTineShallow Foundation d. Raft, Mat, Floating Foundation - A mat or raft foundation is a large slab supporting a number of columns and walls under the entire structure or a large part of the structure. A mat is required when the allowable soil pressure is low or where the columns and walls are so close that individual footings would overlap or nearly touch each other. ‘Mat/Raft FoundationShallow Foundation e. Strap Footing - These footings are similar to the combined footing except that the footings for the exterior and interior columns are built indepedently. They are joined by a strap beam to transmit the effect of the bending moment produced by the eccentric wall column load to the interior column footing area. ‘COLUMN LOAD COLUMN LOAD smyP EBEVATION — Bism | & PLAN nyShallow Foundation e. Strap Footing Dell Tel faa step ste {a on) p Do) tc 5670 ELEVATIONDeep Foundation a. Pile Foundation - This type of foundation is essental when supporting ground consists of structurally unsound layers of materials to larger depths. The pile may be driven either to solid bearing on rocks or hardspan or deep enough into the soil to develop the allowable capacity of the pile through skin friction resistance or a combination of both. Columa Pile Cap Piles or Other Type of Deep FoundationsDeep Foundation b. Caisson Foundations - Caissons are boxes or cylinders that are sunk into the ground to a desired depth.Foundation Loads Dead Load Live Load Horizontal Pressures Below Grade Uplift EarthquakeSettlement of Foundation Settlement is the vertical downward movement of the foundation, which in turn, causes the structure to also move down. One type of settlement, just called ordinary "settlement" is when the entire foundation or structure moves vertically down the same distance at all points. Another type of settlement, called differential settlement, is when parts of the foundation or structure move vertically down further than other points. The settlement is uneven; so differential settlement creates an incline (a tilting) in a foundation or structure.Settlement of Foundation a. No Settlement b. Total Settlement . . c. Differential Settlemen Uniform settlement is usually of little consequence in a building, but differential settlement can cause severe structural damageCOMPRESSIBILITY & SETTLEMENT Less than 10 years ago, the Foundation Committee of a well — known engineering society decided, at one of its meetings, that the word “settlement” should be avoided in public discussions, because it might disturb the peace of mind of those who are to be served by the engineering profession. Karl Terzaghi (1939)Compressibility and Settlement * When a load is acting on a soil, - The soil is compressed, thereby causing its volume to decrease. - This decrease in volume results from reduction of void ratio of the soil by extruding of water and air from the soil * Cohesionless soils usually compresses relatively quickly and settlement will undergo during the construction phase. * Cohesive soil compress much more slowly because the expulsion of water from the small soil pores is so slow. ¢ When settlement occurs over a large area, it is sometimes called subsidence.Compressibility and Settlement CASE STUDIES (Mexico City : Sinking City)Compressibility and Settlement CASE STUDIES (Mexico City : Sinking City) Parts of the Mexico city are underlain by one of the most troublesome soils in any urban area of the world, a very soft lacustrine clay that was deposited in the former Lake Texcoco. Its engineering properties include: Moisture content, w Ave 281%, Max 500% Liquid limit, LL Ave 289, Max 500 Plastic limit, PL Ave 85, Max 150 Void ratio, e Ave 6.90 Extraordinary soil : The very high void ratio indicates it contains nearly» seven times as much water as solids! Another of its important properties is an extremely highCompressibility and Settlement As the city grew, municipal water demands increased and many wells were installed through this clay and into deeper water-bearing sand layers. These activities resulted in a significant drop I the groundwater levels which, caused an increase in the effective stress. Because the clay is so compressible, and the stress increase was so large, the resulting settlements became a serious problem. Between 1898 and 1966, parts of the city settled 6 to 7 meters! At times, the rate of settlement has been as great as 1 mm/day. Fortunately, Mexican geotechnical engineers, most notably Dr Nabor Carrillo, recognized the connection between groundwater withdrawal and settlement, and convinced government authorities to prohibit pumping in the central city area.Compressibility and Settlement CASE STUDIES (Palacio de las Bellas Artes : Palace of Fine Arts)Compressibility and Settlement CASE STUDIES (Palacio de las Bellas Artes : Palace of Fine Arts) In addition to the widespread settlements due to groundwater withdrawal, local settlements also have occurred beneath heavy structures and monuments. Their weight increased the stress in the underlying soil, causing it to settle. One example is the Palacio de las Bellas Artes. It was built between 1904 and 1934, and experienced large settlements even before it was completed. By 1950, the Palace and the immediately surrounding. grounds were about 3m lower than the adjacent streets. As a result, it has been necessary to build stairways from the street down to the building area.Compressibility and Settlement CASE STUDIES (Leaning Tower of Pisa)Compressibility and Settlement CASE STUDIES (Leaning Tower of Pisa) The Tower of Pisa in Italy is another example of excessive settlement. In this case, one side has settled more than the other, a behaviour we call /differential settlement, which gives the tower its famous tilt. This eight-story bell tower is an example of a widely-recognized foundation failure.'Construction began in 1173, and by the time the third story was built, it was starting to lean due to an inadequate foundation and loose soil. Its original foundation was situated at a,depth of only 3 meters on a bed of dry stones. The tower has seen 800 years of shifting foundation, leaning walls and many efforts to straighten and stabilize it.Compressibility and Settlement CASE STUDIES (Leaning Tower of Pisa)Shallow Foundation : Ultimate Bearing Capacity _ BEARING CAPACITY - It is the ability of soil to support a load from foundation without causing a shear failure or excessive settlement - Bearing Pressure ( kPa, Pa, psi, psf) ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY (q,),) ; - Theoretical maximum pressure which can be supported without failure. (Not used for design because it has big value) ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY (q,i)) - Ultimate bearing capacity divided by a Factor of Safety Generally, a factor of safety of 3 or more is applied to the ultimate soil bearing capacity to arrive at the value of the allowable hearing capacityBearing Capacity Failure BEARING CAPACITY FAILURE - It occurs when the shear stresses induced by the footing exceed the shear strength of the soil. Types of Bearing Capacity Failure 1. General Shear Failure 2. Local Shear Failure 3. Punching Shear FailureBearing Capacity Failure BEARING CAPACITY FAILURE - It occurs when the shear stresses induced by the footing exceed the shear strength of the soil. Types of Bearing Capacity Failure 1. General Shear Failure 2. Local Shear Failure 3. Punching Shear Failure Activity / AssignmentBearing Capacity Failure BEARING CAPACITY FAILURE - It occurs when the shear stresses induced by the footing exceed the shear strength of the soil. Types of Bearing Capacity Failure 1. General Shear Failure 2. Local Shear Failure 3. Punching Shear Failure Activity / Assignment Define and Draw> Values of N, a2 338 200 .$ (degrees) as s g a gle of shearing resistance. gs = & 2 0.6 08 10 Figure 12.7 Sa oos § Sea 200 300 400 500 Values of N, and M, Terzaghi’s bearing capacity factors for general shear failure 1000Terzhagi's Bearing Capacity A. General Shear Failure Strip Footing: ce = ev ta, + Ley | Square Footing Guy = 1-3eN tN, + 0.4yBN , Rectangular Footing : a= oan) BN, 1 Circular Footing : Yun =1.30N, + GN, + 0.37BN , where : qui: = ultimate bearing capacity c = cohesion of soil qa unconfined compresseeereaet Y = unit weight of soil q= Dr B = dimension of each side of foundation or for circular footing it is equal to its diameter @ = angle of friction Ne, Nq and Ny = bearing capacity factors that are non dimensional and are only functions of the soil friction angleTerzhagi's Bearing Capacity B. Local Shear Failure (For Loose and Soft Clay) Strip Footing : — +t ] _ Ee l ee Ne', Nq' and Ny' = modified bearing Square Footing : capacity factors which are obtained by ee __., using the value of angle of friction @ [dun = 130 Wd 55-0-4BN a Circular Footing : Gy =1.3¢'N,'+qN ,'+0.37BN .'Terzhagi's Bearing Capacity Based on Terzaghi’s bearing capacity theory, column load P is resisted by shear stresses at edges of three zones under the footing and the overburden pressure, q (=yD) above the footing. la =cN,+qN,+ +7BN | The first term in the equation is related to cohesion of the soil. The second term is related to the depth of the footing and overburden pressure. The third term is related to the width of the footing and the length of shear stress area. The bearing capacity factors, Nc, Nq, Ny, are function of internal friction angle, @.Modification of Bearing Capacity Equations die to presenee of Water Table THvater table is looated ao that Dy Sy Phe feta q tn the: boaring capacity equations taked (he fanny, OW WHOUNE BUHAee = Wale lableground surface | D, [ a water sabi | | - : Quy =1.3N, 70, + 0.4062 , \A= Diy+ Di (au —Yw) change y in the 3rd term to: Y= Ysat > Yor q= effective surcharge y = unit weight of soil Yat = Saturated unit weight of soil use:for water table located so that d Vwround surface 3, | | } - B 7 4 | y we matertabie |B Bed Y= Yous Yor Guy = 1.3€N , + GN, + 0.40 YBN , use: q=yDr change yB in the 3rd term to: yB = [yd + y'(B-d)] Y= Year ~ Yow . / Note: This is based on the assumption that there is no seepage force on the soilFor water table located so that d>B. The water will have no effect on the ultimate bearing capacity Saul ground surfaceground surface Dy d>B water table Yun =1.30N, + qN, +0.407BN , use: q=yDsPor water table located atthe bottom ofthe foundation Oot hon eure 1 | |v) —E valor tableCatt ground surface ] B Gun =1.30N, +qN, + 0.40 7BN , use: q=yDs change y in the 3rd term to: Y' = Ysat - YwFactor of Safety Generally, a factor of safety of 3 or more is applied to the ultimate soil bearing capacity to arrive at the value of the allowable bearing capacity Allowable Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundation 1. Gross Allowable Bearing Capacity — Gut an FS. 2. Net Allowable Bearing Capacity Gun —4 ES. att(net)q- yD (vertical effective stress at the foundation) Oa _ground surface D,Allowable Loads carried by the Foundation 1. Gross Allowable Load Can = fu xA FS. 2. Net Allowable Load = dun ~4 yy Fainet) FS A= cross sectional area of the footingEg 1.) A footing 6 m square carries a total load, including its own weight of 10,000 KN. The base of the fig is at a depth of 3m below the ground surface. The soil strata at the site consists of a layer of stiff fully saturated clay 27.5 m thick overlying dense sand. The average bulk density of the clay is 1,920 kg/m® and its average shear strength determined from undrained triaxial test is 130 kN/m2. Given the Terzhagi's Ultimate Bearing Capacity for square fig: yx = 1.3eN, +yD,N, + 0.40yBN, @=0° a. Determine the gross foundation pressure b. Determine the net foundation pressure c. Calculate the F.S. of the foundation against completer shear failure under the undrained condition (both gross and net)Gu = L3eN, HYD Ng, 0.40yBN, O90 krwime }, Net Foundation Pressure © = 10 000 kN ground surface ueey = 21088 - effective stress q uyney) = Across) - YD _ (1920 ke/m?) (9.81 m/s?) u 1000 N/KN y= 18.835 kN/m? uo = 277.778 KN/m? - 18,835 KN/m*(3 m) ajay 221.273 KN/m? — — B=6m Bearing Capacity Factors Gur = 1.3eN, +YDiN, + for = 0° 0.407 BN(130 KN/m?)(5.7) + a. Gross Foundation Pressure _ 10000 igress) ~ Ba (6 my [Agron = 277.778 Kim? | 18.835 kN/m'(3 m)(1.0) + 0.4 ux = 1019.805 kN/m? ©. FS (gross and net) = dat 4a = FS pg= ta. _ 1019,805 kPa © Gugiom) 277-778 kPa @m\0) [FS =3.671 Gross | a oer _ 1019.805 kPa - 18.835 kN/m3(3 m 221.273 kN/m*2.) Asquare fig carries an allowable load of 59,130 kg including its own weight. The bottom of the ftg is 1.0 m below the ground surface. Using the formula ur = L3eN, +yDN, + 0.40yBNy a. Compute the effective surcharge at the bottom of the ftg b. Compute the value of B using a gross factor of safety of 3. Assume general shear failure. c. Compute the net factor of safety Oy = 59,130 kg ground surface | Bearing Capacity ID, =1.0 Feators for @ = 30"B Guy = 1.3eN, +g, + 0.40)BN, use: q= yD; change + in the 3rd term to: Y= Yea Yow a, Effective Surcharge, q q=yDs = 1846 kg/m? (1.0 m) 1846 kg/m? 0 = 59,130 kg ground surface 1,846 kgim? p= ¢ = 1,605 kg/m? 2 10° Bearing Capacity Factors for @ = 30° Ne =35 Nq=22 c. Net Factor of Safety b. Value of B if FS = 3 = Fun ~4 (general shear failure) Fann =~ pg xd 113639.5 + 7334(1.20) - 1846 o = fut sgig9= BERS TRAE 12 an =e et "eT ES. rears 1 You tw 1965 kg/m? - 1000 kg/m? 965 kg/m’ BN, +qN, + 0.40yBN, y ate = 113639,5 + 7334B. 113639.5 + 7334B aie 59130 = x BP 3(1605)(35) + 1846(22) + 0.4(965)(B)(19)Eg 3.) A square fig has a dimension of 1.2 m x 1.2 mand has its bottom !m below the ground surface. a, If the ground water table is located at a depth of 1.2 m below the ground surface, compute the allowable load that the ftg could carry if it has a factor of safety of 3. b. Find the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil if the ground water table is at the bottom of the fig. c. Find the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil if the ground water table is 0.5 m above the bottom of the fig, = 1,846 kgim? 4,605 kal? O=30° e ground surface Bearing Capacity Pea = 1,965 kg/m? Dy= 1.0m Factors for @ = 30° Ne=35, Nq=22 Ny=19Eg 4.) Acircular ttg with a 1.5 m diamter ts to be constructed 1.22 m below the ground surface. The subsoil consists of a uniform deposit of dense soil having the following strength parameters: angle of friction = 25° Unconfined compressive strength = 96 kN/m? Unit weight of soil = 20.12 kN/m? The ground water table is at a great depth and its effect can be ignored. a. Compute the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil b. Compute the gross allowable bearing capacity of the soil using a factor of safety of 3 c. Compute the total allowable load including column load, weight of fig and weight of soil surcharge that the ftg can carry Use Terzaghi's Equation: ui = 1.3eN, DN, + 0.30yBNy where: 4.1 Ng = 13.1 Ny=9.1 @=25°bg 4.) A circular ftg with a I.) m diamter ts to be constructed 1.22 m below the ground surface. The subsoil consists of a uniform deposit of dense soil having the following strength parameters: angle of friction = 25° i Unconfined compressive strength = 96 kN/m* " el Unit weight of soil = 20.12 kN/m? O= 25° The ground water table is at a great depth and its effect can be ignored. a, Compute the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil b. Compute the gross allowable bearing capacity of the soil using a factor of safety of 3 c. Compute the total allowable load including column load, weight of fig and weight of soil surcharge that the ftg can carry Use Terzaghi's Equation: Gu = 1.3eN, +YDN, + 0.30yBN, where: Nc =24.1 Na=13.1 Ny =9.1 @=25°£g 5) Fora certain soul, the cohesion ¢ 1s JU Ka, We UNIT Weight IS 17.2 kN/m’. Angle of friction is 10°. a, Assuming local shear failure, calculate the net ultimate bearing capacity in kPa for a strip footing of width = 1.25 m at a depth = 4.5 m. Terzhaghi’s ultimate bearing capacity ae for strip footing is given by: Iu =C'N'+qN , 4a BN . b. Considering shear failure only, calculate the safe bearing pressure qs on a footing 6 m long by 1.25 m wide using a load factor of 2.5. Given a aif N+! va “tne, =f sp, c. Calculate the safe total load in KN of the rectangular footing. Use the following bearing capacity factors for Angle of friction is 10°: Ne=9 Ne’=7.5 Ngq=2.5 Nq’=18 Ny=12 Ny’=0.48| NSCP 2015 | Specificationsa ee 1. Compute the effective Soil Pressure, q, Ge= 4a Yate” Yo ground surface base of footing +4.= unit weight of concrete (usualy taken as 23.54 kNim’) Permissible Soil Pressure, q, The allowable soil bearing capacity, qa to be used in the design of footing can be obtained by the principles of soil mechanics through the services of a soils engineer. This can be derived on the basis of test borings, load tests, and other experimental investigation In absence of soil investgation, the Building Code of the Philippines provide certain approximate allowable bearing pressures that can be used for the type of soil and soil conditions.Step in Designing Isolated Footings: Fable OF Allowable Foundation ant tera Presse taterat | Alowabie | Beating Lateral Sliding’ Cass of Materials! er cnettcens’ | Resstance! eta | 1. “Intact” Putfaccous Sandstone * 1,000 300 : 2. “Lighly Weathered” TutTaceos Sandstone * 00 10 : 3. Sandy Grave and for Gravol(GW & GP) 100 20. 035 F Well graded Sind, Poorly graded Sand, Silty Sand, ‘Cayey Sand, Silly Gravel and Clayey Gravel (SW, 7 2s 028 SP, SM, SC, GM and GC) 5. Chay, Sandy Clay, Silty Clay and Clayey Sit(CL, ML, | gp a . 5 MH and CH) i ae flo nb roa ts ain Prin 11-[- 2 [yas = =O KS Pax E PA fag)! ; for i <28MPa 085-2 pe-n9206s ;for28 MPa < fe <56MPa By =0.65 ; for fe> 56MPa 5 Pin Pmin= 14/fy or Pain = whichever is greater