FOUNDATION
ENGINEERING
Asst. Prof. Dr. Kamal Ahmad Rashed
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
Books (References)
Principles of Foundation Engineering [2016]
By Das B.
Foundation Design-Theory and Practice
[2011] By N. S. U. Kmeswara
The Foundation Engineering Handbook
[2006] By Manjriker Gunaratne
Soil Mechanics Fundamentals and
Applications [2015] By I. Ishibashi
Foundation Engineering Handbook [2006]
By R. W. Day
Syllabus
•Introduction
•Types of Foundations
•Soil Investigation
•Settelment
•Bearing Capacity
•Structural Design of Foundations
Single Column Footing
Rectangular Column Footing
Wall Footings
Rectangular Combined Footing
Trapezoidal Combined Footing
Strap Footing
Eccentrically Single Column Footing
Mat Foundation
•Pile Foundations
•Tunnel Engineering
INTRODUCTION
Foundation (in Civil Engineering)
• “ It
is the Structural base which transfers the
structural load to the foundation soil or rock
safely”.
• or “ It is the soil or rock which supports the
structure”.
• or “ It is Both the Structural base and the
foundation soil or rock beneath the ground
surface”.
Geotechnical Engineering
Soil mechanics and rock mechanics are
generally referred to as Geotechnical
Engineering.
Foundation Engineering
• Is the branch of civil engineering which
deals with planning, design and
construction of foundations.
Types of Foundations (with respect to Depth)
In general there are two types of foundations with
respect to depth of foundations;-
(A) Shallow Foundations
Df ≤ B (least of Df) Df
B
Later investigators, however,
have suggested that foundations
with Df equal to 3 to 4 times their
width (B) may be defined as
shallow foundations.
Df = Depth of foundation
B= Width of footing or Diameter of footing
Most types of footings are shallow foundations
such as;-
1. Continuous wall footings (or strip footings)
2. Single column footings (individual, isolated
footing)
3. Combined footings
4. Strap footings (connected by beam)
5. Mat or Raft foundations
(B) Deep Foundations P Load
D>B
Deep foundations Such as;-
(1) Pile foundations D
Piles
B
(2) Pier foundations
P Load
or (Drilled Caissons)
Pier
Types of Foundations
(1) Continuous or Strip Footing Under Foundation Walls
Lines drawn at 45o from base of wall
Plain strip Stepped Stepped Sloped
Concrete brick upper Face
• This type of footing is used for
relatively light structures.
• It can be used economically when
the depth of foundation is about 0.80
to 1.50 m.
•If the foundation soil is not homogenous, then
it is difficult to control the differential settlement,
or to distribute the load in a satisfactory way and
therefore it is necessary that the footing be more
rigid and have reinforcement in order that the
footing can bridge over the weak spots of the
foundation soil
P
Wall
Longitudinal
Traverse
Reinforced wall footing
(2) Single (Spread) Column Footing
(Individual, Isolated, Independent Column Footing)
In this type of foundation, each column
has its footing independent of footing of
the other columns.
Spread Stepped
Footing Footing
Sloped
Footing
Footing with Pedestal
When the foundation soil condition
permit, then this type of footing can
support moderate to heavy loads
satisfactory.
Usually it is used in frame structures
It is more economical
In this type of foundation it is possible to
place the footing at any level below the
ground surface (G. S.) as desired.
It is possible to design the footing for the
same soil pressure by changing
footing size, because each column has
its (independent) footing isolated from the
other column footing.
When the foundation soil is non-
homogenous, then the control of
differential settlement of the footings will
not be easy.
Single column footings may be square,
rectangular or circular (round). The
circular footing is rarely used in practice.
Round Square Rectangular Square
footing footing footing footing
(3) Combined Footings
It is reinforced concrete slab supports two or
more columns in one raw (direction).
This type of footing may be rectangular or
trapezoidal in shape, or may be of another
shape.
Columns
Trapezoid Combined Rectangular Combined
Footing Footing
Combined Footing
Using this type of footing, the foundation
becomes more strong and stable and
settlement can be controlled more effectively.
It is used when the distance between the
column centers is relatively small (or short).
Combined footing may be used when one of
the columns is near or adjacent to the property
limit of the building area in order to distribute
the column load uniformly (i.e. to have uniform
contact soil pressure distribution).
Other types of combined footings are
Continuous pad and beam foundations.
Continuous beam foundations may take the
form of simple rectangular slab beams (Fig. a)
or,
for wider foundations with heavy loads,
inverted T-beams (Fig. b).
Beam
Fig. (a) Fig. (b)
(4) Strap Footing ( or Cantilever footing)
In this type of foundation each column has its
footing and the footings are connected to
each other by a beam which is called strap.
It is used when the distance between the
columns centers is relatively greater than in the
case of combined footing in order to obtain a
more economical design.
It is used to serve the same purposes of the
combined footing. (i.e. to connect an
eccentrically loaded column footing to an
interior column )
Strap
Strap
(5) Mat (Raft ) Foundation
Mat foundation is thick reinforced concrete
slab (0.75 to 2 m thick) supporting columns in
both directions, and in most of cases it covers
the total building area of the structure.
Raft foundation consists of relatively thin slab
with beams in both directions either above or
below the slab.
Flat Slab Plate thickened Waffle slab
Under columns
Box-type (basement)
Mat or raft foundation is used when the
structure is heavy or when the bearing
capacity of the foundation soil is low.
This type of foundation gives a more stable
and strong foundation compared to the other
types of shallow foundations.
It is usually used when the building structure
contains a basement, as it gives a more
watertight structure (i.e. water can be
prevented from moving into the basement),
and at the same time provides a more strong
box-type structure.
Usually, when the designer finds that 50 % or
more of the building area will be required for
single column footing then he prefers to use
mat or raft foundations in stead of single
column footing.
There is a certain type of mat or raft foundation
called “ Floating or Compensated
Foundation”, when the total weight of the
structure is approximately compensated by
the weight of the excavated soil. In such
type of foundation the consolidation settlement
can be minimized or prevented more easily.
(6) Pile Foundations (Deep Foundations)
Piles are structural members of small cross-
section dimension compared to their length.
Pile supports and transfer loads of a structure
to deeper soil layers or drop to the rock safely.
Types of Piles with respect to the material of
which they are made.
1.Wood or timber pile
2. Concrete piles
• Cast in place
• Pre-cast
3- Steel Piles
Steel pipe pile
Steel H pile
Steel Sheet Pile
4- Composite pile made of two different materials
Types of Piles with respect to their function or use
(1)- Vertical Loaded piles (Supporting vertical loads)
(a) Compression Piles : Support down wards vertical
loads, they used in foundation of buildings.
(b) Tension Piles : Support upwards vertical load
P T
(a) (b)
(2)- Laterally loaded piles
Support lateral horizontal loads
(3)- Battered Piles
They are driven with an angle to vertical, in
order to support inclined loads.
Types of Piles according to method of supporting
and transferring the loads:
Pile Capacity
Qu = Qp + QS
Where:
Qu = Ultimate pile capacity
Qp = Load-carrying capacity of
the pile point
Qs = Frictional resistance
(A)- Frictional or Floating Piles
The load is supported and transferred by forces
of friction and adhesion only (these forces
are skin frictions) between the side surface of
the pile and the surrounding soil.
The surrounding soil is weak soil and there is
no stronger soil below the pile.
This bearing capacity of the pile is called
Resistance due to skin friction or shaft
resistance
(B)- End or Point-bearing or Bearing Piles
The load is supported and transferred by
bearing at the end or point (i.e. bottom) of
the pile when there is a relatively
incompressible and hard soil or rock
existing.
The surrounding soil (i.e. the material in
contact to the shaft surface) is soft of low skin
friction or negligible skin friction.
This bearing capacity of the pile is called
(Bearing Resistance)
(C)- Point Bearing –Friction pile
The load is supported and transferred by
both friction and bearing.
