DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PREFACE OF THE COURSE FILE

Batch : 2023-2027

Academic Year : 2024-2025 / EVEN

Program : MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Year & Semester : 2nd Year / 4th Semester

Course Code : CE3491 NBA Course Code:

Name of the Course : STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Faculty in-charge : Dr.G.SREELAL/AP

Signature of the Faculty in-charge HoD / MECH

 VISION
To produce globally competent Mechanical Engineers through outcome-based education, cutting-edge research, critical
thinking, hands-on skills development, and adherence to ethical principles, while fostering responsible citizens of India who
contribute to societal and global growth.

MISSION
Outcome based Education: To impart quality education in Mechanical Engineering that meets the evolving needs of the
profession and society, ensuring that students are equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge for successful careers in
mechanical and related fields.
Innovation and Research Environment: To create an excellent innovation and research environment that encourages students
and faculty to engage in cutting-edge research, addressing pressing challenges and contributing to sustainable development.
Networking Opportunities: To facilitate networking opportunities with alumni, industry professionals, and research
organizations, fostering collaborations that enhance learning and career prospects for our students.
Technical Skills and Ethical Standards: To enlighten and develop the hidden technical skills and abilities of youth while
instilling the highest standards of professional ethics, teamwork, transparency, and entrepreneurial skills, preparing them to be
responsible leaders in the field of Mechanical Engineering.

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs) :

PEO 1- Career Excellence in Mechanical Engineering: Graduates will establish successful careers in Mechanical
Engineering by applying their skills and knowledge to excel in mechanical design, manufacturing, and engineering systems,
thereby meeting the evolving needs of the profession and society
PEO 2 Innovation and Research in Engineering: Graduates will actively participate in groundbreaking research and
development activities, addressing contemporary challenges in areas such as automation, energy systems and emerging
technologies contributing to advancements in Mechanical Engineering
PEO 3- Lifelong Learning and Professional Networking: Graduates will pursue lifelong learning opportunities and maintain
professional networks with alumni, business leaders, industry professionals, and research organizations, enhancing their
exposure to real-world applications and career development opportunities
PEO 4- Ethical Leadership and Technical Proficiency: Graduates will demonstrate high standards of professional ethics,
teamwork, and transparency, utilizing their technical skills and entrepreneurial spirit to lead responsibly in the field of
Mechanical Engineering, fostering innovation while adhering to ethical practices

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs):

On successful completion of the programme,
1. Engineering knowledge: Graduates will demonstrate knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering.
2. Problem Analysis: Graduates will demonstrate an ability to identify, formulate and solve engineering problems.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system components or
processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety and the cultural, societal
and environmental consideration.
4. Conduct investigation of complex problems: Graduate will demonstrate an ability to design and conduct experiments,
analyze and interpret data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: create, select and apply appropriate technique, recourses and modern engineering and IT tools including
prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and
cultural issues and consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal and
environmental contexts and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development
8. Ethics: apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: function effectively as an individual and as a member or leader in diverse teams and in
multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering community and with
society at large, such as being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions
11. Project management and finance: demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and management principles
and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent and life-long
learning in the broadest context of technological change.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOS):

PSO1-Advanced Manufacturing and Materials Engineering: Graduates will demonstrate expertise in the principles of
advanced manufacturing processes and materials engineering. They will be skilled in applying modern manufacturing
techniques, including automation, additive manufacturing (3D printing), and material selection, to design and improve
mechanical components and systems.
PSO2-Thermal Systems Design and Energy Efficiency: Graduates will possess the ability to analyze, design, and optimize
thermal systems, including HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning), power plants, and renewable energy systems.
They will be proficient in using computational tools to enhance energy efficiency and contribute to sustainable engineering
solutions
 STUDENTS NAME LIST

Sl.No. Register Number Name of the Student

1 8112231143001 Anbuselvan K
2 8112231143002 Daniel A
3 8112231143003 Guru Manikandan I
4 8112231143004 Joshwa K
5 8112231143005 Kabilan M
6 8112231143006 Parthipan R
7 8112231143007 Rahul S
8 8112231143008 Ramachandran P
9 8112231143009 Raman M
10 8112231143010 Subramanian M
11 8112231143011 Vetri Nilavu P
12 811223114301 Elangovan K
13 811223114302 Manikandan M
14 811223114303 Manikandan S
15 811223114304 Nagarrjun M

Signature of the Faculty in-charge HoD / MECH

 COURSE TIMETABLE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DAY 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9.00 -
TIME 10.00 -10.50 11.05-11.55 11.55-12.45 1.30-2.15 2.15-3.00 3.10-4.00 4.00 -4.50
10.00
MON

TUE SOM

WED SOM

THU SOM

FRI SOM

Signature of the Faculty in-charge HoD / MECH

 SYLLABUS

CE3491 STRENGTH OF L T P C
3 0 0 3
MATERIALS COURSE OBJECTIVES:
 To understand the concepts of stress, strain, principal stresses and principal planes.
 To study the concept of shearing force and bending moment due to external loads in determinate
beams and their effect on stresses.
 To determine stresses and deformation in circular shafts and helical spring due to torsion.
 To compute slopes and deflections in determinate beams by various methods.
 To study the stresses and deformations induced in thin and thick shells.

UNIT I STRESS, STRAIN AND DEFORMATION OF SOLIDS 9

Rigid bodies and deformable solids – Tension, Compression and Shear Stresses - Deformation of simple and
compound bars – Thermal stresses – Elastic constants - Volumertric strains – Stresses on inclined planes –
Principal stresses and principal planes – Mohr’s circle of stress.

UNIT II TRANSVERSE LOADING ON BEAMS AND STRESSES IN BEAM 9

Beams – Types - Transverse loading on beams – Shear force and Bending moment in beams – Cantilever,
Simply supported and over hanging beams. Theory of simple bending – Bending stress distribution – Load
carrying capacity – Proportioning of sections – Flitched beams – Shear stress distribution.

UNIT III TORSION 9

Theory of Torsion – Stresses and Deformations in Solid and Hollow Circular Shafts – Combined bending
moment and torsion of shafts - Power transmitted to shaft – Shaft in series and parallel – Closed and Open
Coiled helical springs – springs in series and parallel.

UNIT IV DEFLECTION OF BEAMS 9

Elastic curve – Governing differential equation - Double integration method - Macaulay's method - Area
moment method - Conjugate beam method for computation of slope and deflection of determinant beams.

UNIT V THIN CYLINDERS, SPHERES AND THICK CYLINDERS 9

Stresses in thin cylindrical shell due to internal pressure - circumferential and longitudinal stresses -
Deformation in thin cylinders – Spherical shells subjected to internal pressure – Deformation in spherical
shells – Thick cylinders - Lame’s theory.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course the students would be able to
1. Understand the concepts of stress and strain in simple and compound bars,
the importan of principal stresses and principal planes.
2. Understand the load transferring mechanism in beams and stress distribution
due shearing force and bending moment.
3. Apply basic equation of torsion in designing of shafts and helical springs
4. Calculate slope and deflection in beams using different methods.
5. Analyze thin and thick shells for applied pressures.

TEXT BOOK
1. Rajput R.K. “Strength of Materials (Mechanics of Solids)", S.Chand & company Ltd., New Delhi, 7th edition,
2018.
2. Rattan S.S., “Strength of Materials", Tata McGraw Hill Education Pvt .Ltd., New Delhi, 2017.
REFERENCES:
1. Singh. D.K., “Strength of Materials”, Ane Books Pvt Ltd., New Delhi, 2021.
2. Egor P Popov, “Engineering Mechanics of Solids”, 2nd edition, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2015.
 3. Beer. F.P. & Johnston. E.R. “Mechanics of Materials”, Tata McGraw Hill, 8th Edition, New Delhi 2019.
4. Vazirani. V.N, Ratwani. M.M, Duggal .S.K “Analysis of Structures: Analysis, Design and
Detailing of Structures-Vol.1”, Khanna Publishers, New Delhi 2014.

PO PSO
CO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
1 3 3 3 3 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 3 3 2 3
2 3 3 3 3 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 3 3 2 3
3 3 3 3 3 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 3 3 2 3
4 3 3 3 3 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 3 3 2 3
5 3 3 3 3 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 3 3 2 3
Low (1) ; Medium (2) ; High (3)

Signature of the Faculty in-charge HoD / MECH

 Lecture Schedule

Degree/Program: B.E & Mechanical Engineering Course code &Name: CE3491;

SOM Duration: 2024-2025 Even Semester: IV Faculty: Dr.G.Sreelal

UNIT I:
Stress, Strain, and Deformation of Solids
Syllabus: Rigid bodies and deformable solids – Tension, Compression and Shear Stresses – Deformation of simple and
compound bars – Thermal stresses – Elastic constants – Volumetric strains - Thin shells - circumferential and longitudinal
stresses in thin cylinders - deformation of thin cylinder – stresses in spherical shells – Deformation of spherical shells.
Total Duration: 9 Hours
Course Outcome (CO1): Find the stress distribution and strains in regular and composite structures subjected to axial loads.
UNIT I:
Stress, Strain, and Deformation of Solids
Main Topic Subtopics to be covered Teaching Methods Activity Duration
Introduction to 1. Rigid bodies vs. deformable 1. Lecture with visual aids 1. Quick problem- 1 Hour
Stress and Strain solids. (diagrams of stress/strain). solving on basic stress
2. Definitions: Stress, strain, 2. Real-life examples of and strain calculations.
and their types (tensile, tension and compression in 2. Homework
compressive, shear). materials. assignments

Deformation of 1. Deformation under axial 1. Derivation of formula for 1. Practice problems 1 Hour
Simple Bars loads. elongation. for the deformation of
2. Stress-strain relationship for 2. Demonstration of stress- simple bars.
simple bars. strain behaviour using a 2. Homework
video/simulation. assignments

Compound Bars 1. Compound bars under axial 1. Step-by-step explanation 1. Solve numerical 1 Hour
and Thermal loads. of compound bar stress problems on
Stresses 2. Calculation of stresses in analysis. compound bars and
composite sections. 2. Use of case studies thermal stresses.
3. Thermal stresses and strains. involving thermal 2. Homework
expansion. assignments

Elastic Constants 1. Elastic constants: Young's 1. Interactive discussion 1. Quiz on elastic 1 Hour
and Volumetric modulus, shear modulus, bulk with examples of material constant relationships
Strain modulus, and Poisson's ratio. properties. and volumetric strain.
2. Relationships among elastic 2. Formula derivations. 2. Homework
constants. assignments
3. Volumetric strain in solids.

Thin Cylinders - 1. Circumferential and 1. Analytical derivations 1. Solve complex 2 Hours

Stresses and longitudinal stresses in thin- and graphical explanations. problems on thin
Deformation walled cylinders. 2. 2. Video or simulation of cylinder stresses.
Deformation of thin cylinders thin cylinders under 2. Homework
under internal pressure. pressure. assignments
 Thin Spherical 1. Stress distribution in thin- 1. Derivations with detailed 1. Practice problems 1 Hour
Shells - Stresses walled spherical shells. illustrations. on stresses and
and Deformation 2. Deformation of spherical 2. Comparison of spherical deformation in
shells under internal pressure. and cylindrical stresses. spherical shells.
2. Homework
assignments
Revision and 1. Recap of key concepts: 1. Guided practice of past 1. Mock assessment 2 Hours
Problem Solving Stress, strain, deformation, exam problems. with questions
elastic constants, and thermal 2. Group discussion to covering all topics in
stresses. clarify doubts. the unit.
2. Comprehensive problem- 2. Homework
solving for axial loads, thin assignments
cylinders, and spherical shells.

UNIT II
ANALYSIS OF PLANE TRUSSES
Syllabus: Determinate and indeterminate plane trusses – determination of member forces by method of joints, method of
sections and method of tension coefficient.
Total Duration: 9 Hours
Course Outcome (CO2): Evaluate the stresses in plane trusses
UNIT II
ANALYSIS OF PLANE TRUSSES
Main Topic Subtopics to be covered Teaching Methods Activity Duration
Introduction to 1. Definition and applications of Lecture with visual Discuss real-life applications 1 Hour
Plane Trusses plane trusses. aids and examples. such as bridges and roofs.
2. Types of trusses
(determinate and
indeterminate).
3. Assumptions in truss analysis.
Determinacy of 1. Degree of determinacy and Problem-solving Classify given trusses as 1 Hour
Plane Trusses stability of trusses. exercises. determinate or indeterminate.
2. Explanation of the equation
m+r=2jm + r = 2jm+r=2j
with examples.
Method of Joints 1. Principles of the method of Step-by-step Solve simple trusses using the 1.5
– Part 1 joints. demonstration. method of joints. Hours
2. Equilibrium equations in truss
analysis.
3. Solving simple truss problems.
Method of Joints 1. Advanced examples of Interactive problem- Group activity to identify zero- 1 Hour
– Part 2 complex trusses. solving. force members in a truss.
2. Identification and significance
of zero-force members.
Method of 1. Principles of the method of Step-by-step Solve trusses focusing on 2 Hours
Sections sections. problem-solving. specific members using the
2. Application of equilibrium method of sections.
equations to solve trusses.
Method of 1. Introduction to the tension Lecture and guided Solve problems using the 1.5
Tension coefficient method. problem-solving. tension coefficient method. Hours
Coefficient 2. Derivation and application of
the tension coefficient formula.
 Summary and 1. Recap of all methods: joints, Review session with Solve a comprehensive example 1 Hour
Practice Problems sections, and tension Q&A. covering all methods.
coefficient.
2. Comprehensive problem-
solving session.

UNIT III
TRANSVERSE LOADING AND STRESSES IN BEAM
Syllabus: Beams – types transverse loading on beams – Shear force and bending moment in beams – Cantilevers – Simply
supported beams and over-hanging beams. Theory of simple bending– bending stress distribution – Shear stress distribution -
Flitched beams – carriage springs.
Total Duration: 9 Hours
Course Outcome (CO3): Assess the shear force, bending moment and bending stresses in beams
UNIT III
TRANSVERSE LOADING AND STRESSES IN BEAM
Main Topic Subtopics to be Teaching Methods Activity Duratio
covered n
Introduction to Types of beams Lecture with PPT Class discussion on 1 Hour
Beams and (Cantilever, Simply and board work real-life applications
Loading Supported, of beams
Overhanging)
Transverse Types of Lecture with Students identify 1 Hour
Loading on transverse loads examples different loading
Beams (Point load, UDL, conditions in real
UVL) structures
Shear Force and 1. Concepts of shear Problem-solving Quick quiz on shear 1 Hour
Bending force and bending session with worked force and bending
Moment in moment examples moment calculations
Beams 2. Sign conventions
Shear Force and SFD and BMD for Step-by-step Group activity: Draw 2 Hours
Bending cantilever, simply problem-solving on SFD and BMD for
Moment supported, and board and PPT given beam
Diagrams overhanging beams configurations
Theory of Assumptions and Derivation-based Numerical problems 1 Hour
Simple Bending derivation of bending lecture with step- on bending stress
equation (M/I = f/y = by-step explanation calculation
E/R)
Bending Stress Stress distribution Visual Group discussion on 1 Hour
Distribution across the beam representation using material selection
cross-section diagrams based on bending
stress
Shear stress formula 1 Hour
Solving numerical
Shear Stress and distribution Assignments on shear
problems on shear
Distribution across different cross- stress calculations
sections stress in beams
Composite beams and 1 Hour
Flitched Beams Case study analysis Case study on
stress variation,
and Carriage and example flitched beams in
Application of
Springs problems construction
carriage springs
 UNIT IV
TORSION
Syllabus: Torsion formula - stresses and deformation in circular and hollows shafts – Stepped shafts– Deflection in shafts fixed
at the both ends – Stresses in helical springs – Deflection of helical springs - carriage springs.
Total Duration: 9 Hours
Course Outcome (CO4): Apply torsion equation in design of circular shafts and helical springs

UNIT IV
TORSION
Main Topic Subtopics to be covered Teaching Methods Activity Duration
Class discussion on 1 Hour
Introduction to Concept of torsion, Lecture with real-life
applications of torsion in
Torsion Practical applications examples
mechanical components
Quick quiz on the 1 Hour
Derivation of torsion Step-by-step derivation
Torsion Formula components of the torsion
equation T/J=τ/R=Gθ/L with numerical examples
equation
Stresses and 1 Hour
Stress distribution in solid Numerical problem-solving
Deformation in Problem-solving session
and hollow circular shafts on stress in shafts
Shafts
Group discussion on the 1 Hour
Concept and stress analysis Example problems and importance of stepped
Stepped Shafts
of stepped shafts case studies shafts in transmission
systems
Deflection in Shafts Angle of twist and Board work with numerical Assignment on calculating 1 Hour
Fixed at Both Ends deflection calculation problems deflection in fixed shafts
Hands-on calculation of 1 Hour
Stresses in Helical Stress analysis in close- Lecture with diagrams and
stresses in different spring
Springs coiled helical springs derivations
configurations
Deflection formula and Students solve numerical 1 Hour
Deflection of Helical
energy stored in Problem-solving session problems on spring
Springs
helical springs deflection
Function and design of 1 Hour
Case study discussion on
carriage springs,
Carriage Springs Case study analysis the use of carriage springs
Comparison with helical
in automobiles
springs
Application of torsion Group activity: Design a 1 Hour
Design Applications Review session with real-
equation in shaft and spring basic shaft or spring using
and Summary design world examples the torsion equation

UNIT V
DEFLECTION OF BEAMS
Syllabus: Computation of slopes and deflections in determinate beams - Double Integration method – Macaulay‟s method – Area
moment method – Conjugate beam method.
Total Duration: 9 Hours
Course Outcome (CO5): Evaluate the slope and deflection of beams and buckling loads of columns under different boundary
conditions
 UNIT V
DEFLECTION OF BEAMS
Main Topic Subtopics to be covered Teaching Methods Activity Duration
1. Concept of slope and 1 Hour
Class discussion on real-
Introduction to deflection 2. Lecture with real-life
world structures
Deflection of Beams Importance in structural applications
experiencing deflection
design
Computation of 1. Basic definitions 2. 1 Hour
Quick quiz on slope and
Slopes and Assumptions in deflection Board work with examples
deflection concepts
Deflections analysis
Derivation of governing Solve numerical problems 1 Hour
Double Integration Step-by-step problem-
equation and application to using the double
Method beams solving integration method
1. Concept and advantages Group discussion on when 1 Hour
Problem-solving session
Macaulay’s Method 2. Application to different to use Macaulay’s method
with worked-out examples over others
beam configurations
1. Basic principles 2. Students solve simple 1 Hour
Area Moment Visual explanation using
Calculation of slope and numerical problems using
Method diagrams
deflection the area moment method
1. Concept, Difference 1 Hour
Assignment on solving
Conjugate Beam from other methods 2. Board work and problem-
beam deflection using the
Method Application to various solving
conjugate beam method
beams
1. Concept of buckling 2. Group discussion on 1 Hour
Lecture with derivation and
Buckling of Columns Euler’s formula for buckling failures in real
columns case studies structures
Solve numerical problems 1 Hour
Different end conditions
Boundary Conditions on buckling loads for
and their effects on Numerical problem-solving
in Columns different boundary
buckling loads
conditions
Comparing different Group activity: Choose a 1 Hour
Design Applications methods, Selecting the Review session with real- beam structure and
and Summary appropriate method based world examples evaluate deflection using
on beam conditions different methods

Signature of the Faculty in-charge HoD / MECH

 CIA I QUESTION PAPER

Register Number:

INDRA GANESAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION)
IG Valley, Manikandam, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu – 620 012, India
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)
Continuous Internal Assessment - I Date 26.03.2025 Marks 100
Course code CE3491 Course Title Strength of Materials
Regulation 2021 Duration 3 hrs Academic Year 2024-25
Mechanical
Year II Semester IV Department
Engineering
COURSE OUTCOMES
CO1 Understand the concepts of stress and strain in simple and compound bars, the importance of principal stresses and principal
planes.
CO2 Analyze thin and thick shells for applied pressures.
CO3 Understand the load transferring mechanism in beams and stress distribution due to shearing force and bending moment.
CO4 Apply basic equation of torsion in designing of shafts and helical springs
CO5 Calculate slope and deflection in beams using different methods.
Q.No. Question CO BTS
PART A
(Answer all the Questions 10 x 2 = 20 Marks)
1 A rectangular block of material is fixed at one end, and a tangential force F is applied to the other end, CO1 K2
causing the layers of the material to slide relative to each other. Describe the type of stress experienced by
the material and explain the resulting deformation.
2 Define Young’s Modulus and state its formula. How does it affect material stiffness? CO1 K2
3 How is the total deformation determined when a body is subjected to external axial forces at its ends and CO1 K3
at various interior cross-sections along its length? What is the name of the principle used to calculate the
resultant deformation?
4 A steel rod of length 1.5 m and diameter 20 mm is rigidly fixed at both ends. The temperature of the rod CO1 K3
increases by 40°C. Given the coefficient of thermal expansion α=12×10-6 /0C and Young’s modulus
E=200 GPa, calculate the thermal stress induced in the rod (assuming no yielding occurs).
5 A composite bar is made of brass and steel, and both ends are rigidly fixed. Given that the coefficient of CO2 K4
linear expansion of brass is greater than that of steel, explain the type of stresses developed in both
materials when the temperature increases. Justify your answer with reasoning based on thermal expansion
behaviour.
6 Derive the relationship among three moduli CO2 K5
7 The hoop stress is greater than the longitudinal stress in a thin cylindrical shell subjected to internal CO2 K4
pressure. Is this statement True or False? Justify your answer.
8 A cylindrical irrigation pipe of 1 m diameter is designed to transport water from a reservoir to a field CO2 K3
under a water head of 120 m. If the pipe material has an allowable stress of 90 N/mm², determine the
required
thickness of the pipe to ensure safe water delivery without failure. Consider the pipe as a thin cylinder
under internal pressure.
9 A thin cylindrical irrigation pipe with an internal diameter of 1.5 meters carries water under a pressure of CO3 K3
1.87 N/mm². To ensure the pipe does not fail under pressure, the hoop stress should not exceed 60 N/mm²,
and the longitudinal stress should not exceed 46 N/mm². Determine the pipe wall's minimum thickness to
safely transport the water.
10 An agricultural fertilizer storage tank is designed as a cylindrical pressure vessel with an internal diameter CO3 K4
of 0.6 meters and a wall thickness of 100 mm. It operates under an internal pressure of 1.5
N/mm². Determine whether the cylinder should be classified as a thin or thick cylinder. Justify your answer.
PART B
(Answer all the Questions 5 x 13 = 65 Marks)
11a A manufacturer of agricultural machinery aims to ensure the steel used in its components meets strength CO1 K3
and flexibility criteria. A tensile test is conducted on a mild steel bar, and the following data is collected:
Diameter of the steel bar: 3.8 cm
Gauge length of the bar: 25 cm
Load at the elastic limit: 240 kN
 Extension under a load of 155 kN: 0.225 mm
Maximum load: 400 kN
Total extension at fracture: 65 mm
Diameter at the point of fracture: 2.4 cm. Using this data, calculate: (a) Young's modulus of the steel
(b) Stress at the elastic limit (c) Percentage elongation (d) Percentage reduction in area.
OR
11b A tensile test is conducted on a carbon steel specimen with the following measurements: CO1 K3
Initial diameter: 2.8 cm
Gauge length: 18 cm
Load at the elastic limit: 220 kN
Extension at a load of 140 kN: 0.19 mm
Maximum load sustained: 360 kN
Total elongation at fracture: 55 mm
Diameter after fracture: 2.1 cm
Determine: (a) Young’s modulus (E) (b) Stress at the elastic limit (c) Percentage elongation
(d) Percentage reduction in cross-sectional area
12a A steel rod designed for an agricultural harvester has the following geometry: CO1 K3
Total length: 1,000 mm
Two end sections: Diameter 45 mm and 35 mm, each 250 mm long
Middle section: Diameter 18 mm and 500 mm long
The rod is subjected to an axial tensile force of 18 kN.
Calculate: (a) Stress in each section to evaluate potential weak points (b) Total elongation to ensure
the rod maintains dimensional stability. Assume Young’s modulus (E) = 200 × 10³ N/mm²
OR
12b A steel link in a farm machinery assembly has varying cross-sections: CO1 K3
Total length: 950 mm
End sections: Diameters of 42 mm and 32 mm, each 230 mm long
Central slender section: Diameter of 17 mm and 490 mm long.
The rod experiences a tensile force of 16 kN during operation.
Determine: (a) Stress in each segment to assess failure likelihood (b) Total elongation to ensure the
link does not deform excessively under load. Take Young’s modulus (E) = 200 × 10³ N/mm²
13a A member ABCD is subjected to point loads P1, P2, P3 & P4 as shown in Figure. CO2 K3

Calculate the force P2 necessary for equilibrium, if P1=45 kN, P3 =450 KN and P4=130 KN. Determine the
total elongation of the member, assuming the modulus of elasticity to be 2.1×105 N/mm2
OR
13b A steel rod of 20 mm diameter passes centrally through a copper tube of 50 mm external diameter and 40 CO2 K3
mm internal diameter. The tube is closed at each end by rigid plates of negligible thickness. The nuts are
tightened lightly home on the projecting parts of the rod. If the temperature of the assembly is raised by
50°C, calculate the stresses developed in copper and steel. Take E for steel and copper as 200 GN/m² and
100 GN/m² and α for steel and copper as 12×10−6per °C and 18×10−6 per °C.
14a A greenhouse irrigation system uses a steel outer pipe with an external diameter of 48 mm and an CO2 K3
internal diameter of 28 mm, housing a copper inner pipe of 24 mm diameter. Both pipes are firmly
secured at the ends with rigid plates to prevent movement. Initially, the system is unstressed at 25°C.
When the temperature rises to 200°C due to sunlight and greenhouse heating, determine the thermal
stresses induced in both pipes.
Take: Young’s Modulus: Steel Es = 210 GN/m²; Copper Ec = 110 GN/m²
Coefficient of thermal expansion: Steel αs = 11.5 × 10⁻⁶/°C; Copper αc = 17 × 10⁻⁶/°C
OR
14b In a chemical processing plant, a steel casing (external diameter: 52 mm, internal diameter: 32 mm) CO2 K3
encloses a copper fluid pipe (26 mm diameter). Both ends are welded to rigid mounts to maintain
stability. The system is initially unstressed at 18°C. Due to high-temperature fluids, the temperature
increases to 230°C. Calculate the thermal stresses induced in the steel casing and copper pipe.
 Take: Young’s Modulus: Steel Es = 210 GN/m²; Copper Ec = 110 GN/m²;
Coefficient of thermal expansion: Steel αs = 11.5 × 10⁻⁶/°C; Copper αc = 17 × 10⁻⁶/°C
15a A cylindrical water storage tank for a precision irrigation system is 2.8 m long and 1.1 m in diameter. It CO3 K3
holds water under an internal pressure of 1.75 N/mm². The tank’s wall thickness is 12 mm. Determine:
(a) The hoop and longitudinal stresses in the tank wall due to internal water pressure.
(b) The maximum shear stress developed.
(c) The changes in length, diameter, and volume of the tank due to internal pressure.
Take: E = 2 × 10⁵ N/mm² and Poisson’s ratio (1/m) = 0.3.

OR
15b A compressed gas storage cylinder for an industrial pneumatic system is 2.8 m long and 1.1 m in CO3 K3
diameter. It operates under an internal pressure of 1.75 N/mm². The cylinder wall thickness is 12 mm.
Calculate: (a) The hoop and axial stresses generated by the internal pressure. (b) The maximum shear
stress in the tank wall. (c) The changes in length, diameter, and volume of the cylinder under internal
pressure. Take: E = 2 × 10⁵ N/mm² and Poisson’s ratio (1/m) = 0.3.
16a A machine component ABCD is subjected to axial loading as shown in the figure. CO2 K3
Determine the total elongation. Take E = 2 × 105 N/mm2.

OR
16b A steel bar used in an agricultural machinery frame is subjected to forces at multiple points, as shown in CO2 K3
the figure. Calculate the force P2 and find the bar’s total elongation.
Take P1 = 60 kN and P3 = 500 kN, P4 = 150 kN and modulus of elasticity E = 2.1 × 105 N/mm2.

Signature of the Faculty in-charge HoD / MECH

 CIA I Answer Key

INDRA GANESAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION)
IG Valley, Manikandam, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu – 620 012, India
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)
Continuous Internal Assessment - I Date 26.03.2025 Marks 100
Course code CE3491 Course Title Strength of Materials
Regulation 2021 Duration 3 hrs Academic Year 2024-25
Mechanical
Year II Semester IV Department
Engineering
ANSWER KEY

Part A
1.A rectangular block of material is fixed at one end, and a tangential force F is applied to the other end, causing the layers
of the material to slide relative to each other. Describe the type of stress experienced by the material and explain the
resulting deformation.
Ans:
Type of Stress (1 mark): The material experiences shear stress due to the tangential
force. Deformation (1 mark): The block undergoes angular distortion, causing layers to slide
past each other.

2.Define Young’s Modulus and state its formula. How does it affect material stiffness?
Ans:
Definition and formula (1 mark): It is the ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain in elastic region. Formula: E=σ/e
Effect of Young’s Modulus (1 mark): A higher Young’s Modulus means the material is stiffer — it deforms less
under the same load & A lower Young’s Modulus means the material is more flexible and deforms more.

3. How is the total deformation determined when a body is subjected to external axial forces at its ends and at
various interior cross-sections along its length? What is the name of the principle used to calculate the resultant
deformation? Ans:
1 Mark: The total deformation is determined as the algebraic sum of the deformations of the individual sections.
1 Mark: This method follows the Principle of Superposition, which states that the total deformation equals the sum of
deformations caused by each force acting separately.

4. A steel rod of length 1.5 m and diameter 20 mm is rigidly fixed at both ends. The temperature of the rod increases by
40°C. Given the coefficient of thermal expansion α=12×10-6 /0C and Young’s modulus E=200 GPa, calculate the
thermal stress induced in the rod (assuming no yielding occurs).
Ans: 96 MPa (2 Marks)

5.A composite bar is made of brass and steel, and both ends are rigidly fixed. Given that the coefficient of linear expansion
of brass is greater than that of steel, explain the type of stresses developed in both materials when the temperature
increases. Justify your answer with reasoning based on thermal expansion behaviour.
Ans:
1 Mark: Correct identification of stress types — brass in compression and steel in tension.
1 Mark: Justification: Brass tries to expand more, but steel resists due to lower expansion, leading to compressive
stress in brass and tensile stress in steel.

6.Derive the relationship among three moduli

Ans:
Young’s modulus and shear modulus relation:
E=2G(1+ν)
Young’s modulus and bulk modulus relation:
E=3K(1−2ν)
Relationship between E, K & G: (2 Marks)
E=2G(1+ν) = 3K(1−2ν)

7. In a thin cylindrical shell subjected to internal pressure, the hoop stress is greater than the longitudinal stress. Is this
statement True or False? Provide a brief explanation to justify your answer.
Ans:
True (1 Mark); Explanation (1 Mark)
For thin cylinders under internal pressure:
Hoop stress=pd/2t, Longitudinal stress=pd/4t
The hoop stress is twice the longitudinal stress, making it the dominant stress in thin-walled pressure vessels.

8.A cylindrical irrigation pipe of 1 m diameter is designed to transport water from a reservoir to a field under a water head
of 120 m. If the pipe material has an allowable stress of 90 N/mm², determine the required thickness of the pipe to ensure
safe water delivery without failure. Consider the pipe as a thin cylinder under internal pressure.
Ans: The required thickness of the irrigation pipe is 6.54 mm. (2 Marks)

9.A thin cylindrical irrigation pipe with an internal diameter of 1.5 meters carries water under a pressure of 1.87 N/mm². To
ensure the pipe does not fail under pressure, the hoop stress should not exceed 60 N/mm², and the longitudinal stress
should not exceed 46 N/mm². Determine the minimum required thickness of the pipe wall to safely transport the water.
Ans: Thickness = 23.375 mm (2 Marks)

10. An agricultural fertilizer storage tank is designed as a cylindrical pressure vessel with an internal diameter of 0.6
meters and a wall thickness of 100 mm. It operates under an internal pressure of 1.5 N/mm². Determine whether the cylinder
should be classified as a thin or thick cylinder. Justify your answer.
Ans: The given cylinder is thick because the ratio of thickness to internal diameter t/d = 0.1/0.6 = 0.16 which is
greater than 0.05

Part B
11. a.
a) Young's Modulus: 1.193×1011N/m2 (4 Marks)
b) Stress at Elastic Limit: 1.99×108N/m2 (2 Marks)
c) Percentage Elongation: 31.82% (3 Marks)
d) Percentage Decrease in Area: 65.46% (4 Marks)

11.b
a)Young's Modulus: 1.09×1011N/m2 (4 Marks)
b)Stress at Elastic Limit: 3.54×108N/m2 (2 Marks)
c)Percentage Elongation: 30% (3 Marks)
d)Percentage Reduction in Area: 43.75% (4 Marks)

12.a.
a) Stress in each section of the rod
Stress in 45mm section: 11.32N/mm2(2
Marks) Stress in 35mm section:
18.75N/mm2(2 Marks) Stress in 18mm
section: 70.73N/mm2(2 Marks)
b) Total elongation: 1.96mm (7 Marks)
12.b.
a) Stress in each section to check for potential
failure points Stress in 42mm section: 11.57
N/mm2 (2 Marks)
Stress in 32mm section: 19.89 N/mm2 (2
Marks) Stress in 17mm section: 70.64 N/mm2
(2 Marks)
b) Total elongation to ensure the rod will not deform excessively under load: 1.83 mm (7 Marks)

13.a.
P2 = 365 kN (1 Mark)
Increase in Length of AB= 0.4114 mm (3
Marks) Increase in Length of BC= 0.3657
mm (3 Marks) Increase in Length of CD=
0.4457 mm (3 Marks) Total Extension=
0.4914 mm (3 Marks)

13.b.
Tensile load on steel = Compressive load on copper (3 Marks)
Actual Expansion of steel = Free expansion of steel + Expansion due to tensile stress in steel (3 Marks)
Actual Expansion of copper = Free expansion of copper - Contraction due to compressive stress in copper
(3 Marks) Stress in copper = 14.117 N/mm2 (3 Marks)
Stress in steel = 31.76 N/mm2 (3 Marks)

14.a.
Compression in the copper bar = tension in the steel tube. (3 Marks)
Actual Expansion of steel = Free expansion of steel + Expansion due to tensile stress in steel (3 Marks)
Actual Expansion of copper = Free expansion of copper - Contraction due to compressive stress in copper
(3 Marks) Stress in copper = 132.05 N/mm2 (3 Marks)
Stress in steel = 50.02 N/mm2 (3 Marks)

14.b.
Compression in the copper bar = tension in the steel tube. (3 Marks)
Actual Expansion of steel = Free expansion of steel + Expansion due to tensile stress in steel (3 Marks)
Actual Expansion of copper = Free expansion of copper - Contraction due to compressive stress in copper
(3 Marks) Stress in copper = 162.89 N/mm2 (3 Marks)
Stress in steel = 65.68 N/mm2 (3 Marks)

15.a.
Circumferential stress σ= 77.08 N/mm² (3
Marks) Longitudinal stress σa= 38.54 N/mm²
(3 Marks) Maximum shear stress τmax= 19.27
N/mm² (3 Marks) Change in diameter δd=
0.398 mm (1 Mark) Change in length δl =
0.254 mm (1 Mark)
Change in volume δv = 2,536,506.3 mm³ (2 Marks)

15.b.
Circumferential stress σ= 77.08 N/mm² (3
Marks) Longitudinal stress σa= 38.54 N/mm²
(3 Marks) Maximum shear stress τmax= 19.27
N/mm² (3 Marks) Change in diameter δd=
0.398 mm (1 Mark) Change in length δl =
0.254 mm (1 Mark)
Change in volume δv = 2,536,506.3 mm³ (2 Marks)

16.a.
P1 = 120 kN (T) (Tensile) (4
Marks) P2 = 70 KN (Tensile) (4
Marks)
P3 = 220 kN (Tensile) (4 Marks)
Change in length, δL = 3.195 mm (3 Marks)

16.b.
P2 = 410 KN (3 Marks)
Load on part AB is 60 kN (T) (3
Marks) Load on part BC = - 350 kN (C)
(3 Marks) Load on part CD = 150 kN
(T) (3 Marks) δL = 0.708 mm (3
Marks)
 STUDENTS MARK STATEMENT - CIA I
CE3491, STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
YEAR/SEM: II/IV MONTH & YEAR: March & 2025

CO1 CO2 C03

S.NO REG NO STUDENT NAME TOTAL (100)
(40) (40) (20)
1. 8112231143001 Anbuselvan K A
2. 8112231143002 Daniel A 22 22 11 54
3. 8112231143003 Guru Manikandan I 2 2 1 6
4. 8112231143004 Joshwa K 23 23 11 57
5. 8112231143005 Kabilan M 11 11 5 27
6. 8112231143006 Parthipan R 6 6 3 16
7. 8112231143007 Rahul S 8 8 4 21
8. 8112231143008 Ramachandran P 5 5 2 12
9. 8112231143009 Raman M A
10 8112231143010 Subramanian M 0 0 0 0
11 8112231143011 Vetri Nilavu P 0 0 0 0
12 811223114301 Elangovan K A
13 811223114302 Manikandan M 9 9 5 23
14 811223114303 Manikandan S 24 24 12 60
15 811223114304 Nagarrjun M A
MARKS RANGE:
<20 20-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-100
8 3 1 0 3 0 0 0 0

Total No.of Candidates Present 11

Total No.of Candidates Absent 4

Total No.of Students Pass 3

Total No. of Students Fail 8
Percentage of Pass 27.27

Signature of the Faculty in-charge HoD / MECH

 CIA II QUESTION PAPER
Register Number:

INDRA GANESAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION)
IG Valley, Manikandam, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu – 620 012, India
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)
Continuous Internal Assessment - II Date 30.04.2025 Marks 100
Course code CE3491 Course Title Strength of Materials
Regulation 2021 Duration 3 hrs Academic Year 2024-25
Mechanical
Year II Semester IV Department
Engineering
COURSE OUTCOMES
CO1 Understand the concepts of stress and strain in simple and compound bars, the importance of principal stresses and principal
planes.
CO2 Analyze thin and thick shells for applied pressures.
CO3 Investigate how beams transfer loads and how stresses are distributed across their cross-section.
CO4 Understand the load transferring mechanism in beams and stress distribution due to shearing force and bending moment.
CO5 Calculate slope and deflection in beams using different methods.
Q.No. Question CO RBT
PART A
(Answer all the Questions 10 x 2 = 20 Marks)
1 Draw the bending moment diagram for a simply supported beam carrying a central point load. CO3 K3
2 Draw the shear force diagram of a cantilever carrying a point load P at its free end. CO3 K3
3 CO4 K2

Calculate the shear force at section A.

4 CO4 K2

Calculate the bending moment at section A.

5 Determine the shear force acting over a cantilever beam of length 3 m carries a UDL of 3 kN/m over a CO4 K3
whole length and a point load of 2 kN at the free end.
6 A cantilever beam of length 3 m carries a UDL of 3 kN/m over a whole length and a point load of 2 kN at CO4 K3
the free end. Calculate the bending moment acting over the beam.
7 What is the relationship between slope and deflection? CO5 K1
8 Differentiate between the Double Integration Method and Macaulay’s Method for beam deflection analysis. CO5 K2
9 Using the conjugate beam method, find the slope at the support of a cantilever beam with a point load at the CO5 K3
free end.
10 Calculate the deflection of a fixed beam subjected to a central point load using the double integration CO5 K3
method.
PART B
(Answer all the Questions 5 x 13 = 65 Marks)
11a A simply supported beam of span 10m carries a concentrated load of 10 kN at 2m from the left support CO3 K3
and a uniformly distributed load of 4 kN/m over the entire length. Sketch the shear force and bending
moment diagram for the beam.
 OR
11b A simply supported beam of span 5m is subjected to UDL of 10 kN/m over the left 3m length. In CO3 K3
addition it carries a downward load of 20 kN at Im from the right support. Draw the SF and BM
diagrams for the beam indicating the important values.
12a CO4 K3

Draw the SF & BM diagrams.

OR
12b CO4 K3

Draw the SF & BM diagrams.

13a A simply supported beam of 7 m span has a load of 12 kN/m uniformly distributed over 3 m. It is 1.5 m CO4 K3
away from the right. In addition it has a point load of 8 kN at 2.5 m from the left hand support.
OR
13b A beam is freely supported over a span of 6m. It carries a UDL of 3 kN/m over 1.5 m from the left hand CO4 K3
support and also from the center upto the right hand support. It has, besides, two point loads of 2 and 5
kN at 1.5 and 4.5 m from left hand support. Construct the SF and BM diagrams.
14a Using Double Integration Method find the deflection and slope at the free end of a cantilever of length 4m CO5 K3
carries a UDL of 8 kN/m length over the entire length. The section is rectangular of 150 mm × 260 mm.
Take E = 2.1 × 105 N/mm2.
OR
14b A cantilever of length 4m carries a UDL of 8 kN/m length over the entire length. If the section is CO5 K3
rectangular of 150 mm × 260 mm, find the deflection and slope at the free end using Moment Area
Method. Take E =
2.1 × 105 N/mm2.
15a Using the Conjugate Beam Method, find the deflection and slope at the free end of a cantilever of length CO5 K3
4m carries a UDL of 8 kN/m length over the entire length. If the section is rectangular of 150 mm × 260
mm, find the deflection and slope at the free end. Take E = 2.1 × 105 N/mm2.
OR
15b A cantilever of length 4m carries a UDL of 8 kN/m length over the entire length. If the section is CO5 K3
rectangular of 150 mm × 260 mm, find the deflection and slope at the free end using Macaulay's method.
Take E = 2.1
× 105 N/mm2.
PART C
(Answer all the Questions 1 x 15 = 15 Marks)
16a A beam 6m long rests on supports 5m apart, the right hand end is overhanging by Im. The beam carries a CO3 K3
UDL of 20 kN/m over the entire length of the beam. Draw SFD and BMD indicating the maximum BM
and
the point of contraflexure.
OR
16b Draw the SFD and BMD for the beam shown below CO4 K3
Signature of the Faculty in-charge HoD / MECH