4.

Microwave Network
Analysis

1
4.1 Impedance and Equivalent Voltage and Currents
 : intrinsic impedance of the medium, and dependent
● =
 only on the material parameters of the medium, and is
equal to the wave impedance for plane waves.

Et
● Zw = : wave impedance. This impedance is a characteristic of
Ht
the particular type of wave. TEM, TM, and TE waves
each have different wave impedances.

V+
● Z 0 = + : characteristic impedance. Characteristic impedance is
I
the ratio of voltage to current for a traveling wave on a
transmission line.
2
4.2 Impedance and Admittance Matrices
● Two terminal pair → port
+ −
Vn = Vn + Vn
+ −
In = In − In

V  = Z I 
I  = Y V , Y  = Z −1

Figure 4.5
The elements of Z and Y
An arbitrary N-port microwave
network. Vi Ii
Z ij = Yij =
Ij Vj
I k = 0 for k  j Vk = 0 for k  j

3
4.2 Impedance and Admittance Matrices
● Reciprocal networks :
Z ij = Z ji and Yij = Y ji

● Lossless networks
RePavg  = 0
1 t  1 N N
Pavg = V  I  =  I m Z mn I n


2 2 n =1 m=1
 ReZ mn  = 0 for any m, n

4
4.3 The Scattering Matrix
● Scattering Matrix
: A representation more in accord with direct
measurements, and with the ideas of incident, reflected,
and transmitted waves, is given by the scattering matrix.

- Scattering Matrix is defined in relation to these incident and

reflected voltage waves
V  = S V 
− +

- A specific element of the scattering matrix

−
Vi
Sij = +
Vj
Vk + = 0 for k  j

5
4.3 The Scattering Matrix
● Show the scattering matrix can be determined from the [Z]
+ −
Vn = Vn + Vn
+ − 1 + 1 −
I n = I n − I n = Vn − Vn
Z0 Z0
1
Z0
 
+ 1
Z0
 
Z I  = Z  Vn − Z  Vn − = V  = Vn + + Vn −  
 1  −  1  +
 
 Z  + U  V =  Z  − U  V  
 Z0   Z0 
−1
 1   1 
 S  =  Z  + U   Z  − U 
 Z0   Z0 
6
4.3 The Scattering Matrix
 1 
 Z  + U  S  = Z  − U  Z S  + S  = Z  − U 
1 1 1
 Z0  Z0 Z0 Z0

S  + U  = Z (U  − S )
1
Z0
 Z  = Z 0 (U  + S )(U  − S )
−1

Reciprocal ↔ [S] symmetric : S  = S 

t
-
- Lossless ↔ [S] unitary : S t S  = U 
N N

 SkiSki = 1,  SkiSkj = 0 for i  j

 

k =1 k =1

7
4.3 The Scattering Matrix
● A Shift in Reference Planes

Figure 4.9
Shifting reference
planes for an N-port
network.
8
4.3 The Scattering Matrix
● A Shift in Reference Planes
V  = S V  V   = S V  
− + − +

'+ '+ j n '− ' − − j n

Vn = Vn e , Vn = Vn e
e − j1 0 0 0  e − j1 0 0 0 
   
e − j 2 e − j 2
S  = 
 0 0 0   0
S
0 0 
0 0  0   0 0  0 
 − j n   − j n 
 0 0 0 e   0 0 0 e 
 S nn
'
= e − 2 j n S nn

9
4.4 The Transmission (ABCD) Matrix

Figure 4.11
(a) A two-port network;
(b) a cascade connection of
two-port networks

- The ABCD matrix for a two-port network

V1 = AV2 + BI 2 V1   A B  V2 
  =   
I1 = CV2 + DI 2  I1  C D  I 2 
10
4.4 The Transmission (ABCD) Matrix
- In the cascade connection of two two-port networks

V1   A1 B1  V2  V2   A2 B2  V3 

 I  = C    ,  I  = C   
 1  1 D1   I 2   2  2 D2   I 3 
V1   A1 B1   A2 B2  V3 
 I  = C     
 1  1 D1  C2 D2   I 3 

* Table 4.1, Table 4.2

11
5. Impedance Matching
and Tuning

12
5. Impedance Matching and Tuning

Figure 5.1
A lossless network matching an arbitrary load impedance
to a transmission line.

13
5.1 Matching with Lumped Elements (L Networks)

Figure 5.2(a)
L-section matching networks.
(a) Network for zL inside the 1 + jx circle.

ZL
If z L = inside 1+jx circle (RL > Z0)
Z0
X L  RL Z 0 RL + X L − Z 0 RL
2 2
1
Z 0 = jX + B=
1 RL + X L
2 2
jB +
RL + jX L 1 X L Z0 Z0
X= + −
B RL BRL

14
5.1 Matching with Lumped Elements (L Networks)

Figure 5.2(b)
L-section matching networks.
(b) Network for zL outside the 1 + jx circle

ZL
If z L = outside 1+jx circle (RL < Z0)
Z0
1
= jB +
1
X =  RL (Z 0 − RL ) − X L
Z0 RL + j ( X + X L )
(Z 0 − RL ) RL
B=
Z0

15
Example 5.1 L-section Impedance Matching
● Design an L-section matching network to match a series RC load with an
impedance ZL = 200 − j100Ω to a 100 Ω line at a frequency of 500 MHz.

case1 : b  0, x  0
bY0
jB = jbY0 = jC , C =

xZ 0
jX = jxZ 0 = jL, L =

case 2 : b  0, x  0
1 1
jB = jbY0 = , L=−
j L bY0
1 1
jX = jxZ 0 = ,C = −
j C xZ 0
16
Example 5.1 L-section Impedance Matching

17
Example 5.2 Single-stub Shunt Tuning
● Design two single-stub (short circuit) shunt tuning networks to match
load to a 50 Ω line, ZL = 60 – j80Ω

case1 :
d1 = (0.176 − 0.065 ) = 0.110 
→ y1 = 1 + j1.47
 − j1.47 → l1 = (0.345 − 0.25 ) = 0.095 
case 2 :
d 2 = (0.325 − 0.065 ) = 0.260 
→ y2 = 1 − j1.47
 j1.47 → l2 = (0.155 + 0.25 ) = 0.405 

18
Example 5.2 Single-stub Shunt Tuning

19
5.2 Single-Stub Tuning

Figure 5.4(a)
Single-stub tuning circuits.
(a) Shunt stub.

( RL + jX L ) + jZ 0t G= 2
RL 1 + t 2 ( )
Z = Z0 RL + ( X L + Z 0t )
Z 0 + j (RL + jX L )t
2

RL t − (Z 0 − X Lt )( X L + Z 0t )
2
1 B=
t = tan d , Y = G + jB =
Z 
Z 0 RL + ( X L + Z 0t )
2 2

20
5.2 Single-Stub Tuning
t = L L 0 L L
 X  R (Z − R )2 + X 2 Z
0  ( RL  Z 0 )  2 
tan d=t
1  RL − Z 0   
G = Y0 = →
Z0  − XL 1
t = 2 Z (RL = Z 0 )
−1
tan t for t  0
d  2
 0 =
 1
 2
 ( )
+ tan −1 t for t  0

 2
 1  0jY tan

lo (open)
− jZ 0 (open) 
jB s = − jB Z in =  tan lo jB s = 
− jY0
1
(short)
 jZ 0 tan ls (short)  2
 tan ls
 

 2  lO 1  B  − 1 −1  B 
Bs
= tan lo  = tan −1  s  = tan   (open)
Y0     2  Y0  2  Y0 
Y0  2  ls − 1 −1  Y0  1 Y 
= − tan ls  = tan   = tan −1  0  (short)
Bs     2  Bs  2 B

21
Example 5.3 Single-stub Series Tuning
● Match a load impedance of ZL = 100 + j80 Ω to a 50 Ω line using a
single series open-circuit stub.

case1 :
d1 = (0.328 − 0.208 ) = 0.120 
→ z1 = 1 − j1.33
 j1.33 → l1 = (0.147 + 0.25 ) = 0.397 
case 2 :
d 2 = 0.5 − (0.208 − 0.172 ) = 0.463 
→ z 2 = 1 + j1.33
 − j1.33 → l2 = (0.353 − 0.25 ) = 0.103 

22
Example 5.3 Single-stub Series Tuning

23
5.2 Single-Stub Tuning

Figure 5.4(b)
Single-stub tuning circuits.
(b) Series stub.

(GL + jB L ) + jtY0 R= 2
GL 1 + t 2( )
Y = Y0
Y0 + jt (GL + jB L ) GL + (BL + Y0t )
2

GL t − (Y0 − tBL )(BL + tY0 )

2
1 X=
t = tan d , Z = R + jX =
Y 
Y0 GL + (BL + Y0t )
2 2

24
5.2 Single-stub Tuning
L 0 
 B  G (Y − G )2 + B 2 Y
t = L L L 0 
(GL  Y0 )
1  GL − Y0
R = Z0 = → 
Y0  − BL
t = 2Y (GL = Y0 )
1 −1
 tan t for t  0
 0 d  2
=
 1
 2
( + tan −1 t ) for t  0

2 X
(short) Z 0 tan ls = − X ls = − tan  
−1

  Z0 
jX s = − jX
(open) − Z 1 2 Z 
= −X lo = tan −1  0 
tan lo 
0
X 

25
5.3 Double-Stub Tuning

26
Example 5.4 Double-stub Tuning
● Design a double-stub shunt tuner to match a load impedance ZL = 60 − j80Ω to a 50
Ω line. The stubs are to be open-circuited stubs and are spaced λ/8 apart.

case1 :
jb1 = 1.714 j − 0.4 j = 1.314 j
→ y2 = 1 − j 3.38  jb2 = 3.38 j
→ l1 = 0.146  , l2 = 0.204 
case 2 :
jb1 = 0.286 j − 0.4 j = −0.114 j
'

→ y2 = 1 + j1.38  jb2 = −1.38 j

' '

→ l1 = 0.428  , l2 = 0.35 
' '

27
Example 5.4 Double-stub Tuning

28
5.3 Double-Stub Tuning
Y1 = GL + j (BL + B1 )
GL + j (BL + B1 + Y0t )
Y2 = Y0
Y0 + jt (GL + jB L + jB1 )
t = tan d , Y0 = 1 / Z 0

ReY2  = Y0 - for an open-circuited stub,

lo 1 −1  B1, 2 

B1 = − BL +
( )
Y0  1 + t 2 GLY0 − GL t 2
2 =
 2
tan 
 Y0 


t - for an short-circuited stub,

B2 =
( )
 Y0 Y0GL 1 + t 2 − GL t 2 + GLY0
2
ls − 1
=

−1 Y0
tan 


 2 B 
GL t  1, 2 
29
5.4 Quarter-Wave Transformer

Figure 5.10
A single-section quarter-
wave matching transformer.
Z L + jZ 1t
Z1 = Z 0 Z L , Z in = Z1
Z1 + jZ L t
Z in − Z 0 Z L − Z0
= =
Z in + Z 0 Z L + Z 0 + j 2t Z 0 Z L
1 Z L − Z0
=  cos
1 + 4Z Z
0 L (Z L − Z 0 ) sec2  
2 1/ 2
2 Z0Z L
 0 
 l  , l =   
 4 2
30