MODULE 3: Chapter 5 Multiple Integration

MATH290 Domingo Daval Santos - Contra Costa College

1 Double Integrals over Rectangular Regions (5.1)

Volumes and Double Integrals:

We begin by considering the space above a rectangular region R. Consider a

continuous function f (x, y) ≥ 0 of two variables defined on the closed rectangle R:
R = [a, b] × [c, d] = {(x, y) ∈ R2 |a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d}
Here [a, b] × [c, d] denotes the Cartesian product of the two closed intervals [a, b]
and [c, d]. It consists of rectangular pairs (x, y) such that a ≤ x ≤ b and c ≤ y ≤ d.
The graph of f represents a surface above the xy-plane with equation z = f (x, y)
where z is the height of the surface at the point (x, y). Let S be the solid that
lies above R and under the graph of f (See Figure 1). The base of the solid is the
rectangle R in the xy-plane. We want to find the volume V of the solid S.

Figure 1

1
 We divide the region R into small rectangles Rij , each with area ∆A and with
sides ∆x and ∆y (see Figure 2). We do this by dividing the interval [a, b] into m
b−a
subintervals and dividing the interval [c, d] into n subintervals. Hence ∆x = ,
m
d−c
∆y = , and ∆A = ∆x∆y.
m

Figure 2

The volume of a thin rectangular box above R is f (x∗ , y ∗ )∆A, where (x∗ , y ∗ )
is an arbitrary sample point in each Rij as shown in Figure 3.

Using the same idea for all the subrectangles, we obtain an approximate volume
of the solid S as
m X
X n
V ≈ f (x∗ij , yij
∗ )∆A

i=1 j=1

This sum is known as a double Riemann sum and can be used to approx-
imate the value of the volume of the solid. Here the double sum means that for
each subrectangle we evaluate the function at the chosen point, multiply by the
area of each rectangle, and then add all the results.

As we have seen in the single-variable case, we obtain a better approximation

to the actual volume if m and n become larger.

2
 Figure 3

m X
X n m X
X n
V = lim f (x∗ij , yij
∗ )∆A or V = lim f (x∗ij , yij
∗ )∆A
m,n→∞ ∆x,∆y→∞
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1

Note that the sum approaches a limit in either case and the limit is the volume
of the solid with the base R. Now we are ready to define the double integral.
Definition 1.1 The double integral of the function f (x, y) over the rectangular
region R in the xy-plane is defined as
ZZ m X
X n
f (x, y)dA = lim f (x∗ij , yij
∗ )∆A
R m,n→∞
i=1 j=1

If f (x, y) ≥ 0, then the volume V of the solid S, which lies above R in the xy-
plane and under the graph of f , is the double integral of the function f (x, y) over
the rectangle R. If the function is ever negative, then the double integral can be
considered a “signed” volume.
Exercise 1.2 Consider the function z = f (x, y) = 3x2 − y over the rectangular
region R = [0, 2] × [0, 2] (Figure 4).

1. Set up a double integral for finding the value of the signed volume of the solid
S that lies above R and “under” the graph of f .

3
 Figure 4

2. Divide R into four squares with m = n = 2, and choose the sample point
as the upper right corner point of each square (1, 1), (2, 1), (1, 2), and (2, 2)
(Figure 5) to approximate the signed volume of the solid S that lies above R
and “under” the graph of f .
3. Divide R into four squares with m = n = 2, and choose the sample point as
the midpoint of each square: (1/2, 1/2), (3/2, 1/2), (1/2, 3/2), and (3/2, 3/2)
to approximate the signed volume.

Figure 5

4
Exercise 1.3 Consider the same the function z = f (x, y) = 3x2 − y over the
rectangular region R = [0, 2] × [0, 2]. Divide R into four squares with m = n = 2,
and choose the sample point as the upper left corner point of each square (0, 1),
(1, 1), (0, 2), and (1, 2) (Figure 5) to approximate the signed volume of the solid S
that lies above R and “under” the graph of f .
Properties of Double Integrals:

Theorem 1.4 Properties of Double Integrals: Assume that the functions

f (x, y) and g(x, y) are integrable over the rectangular region R; S and T are sub-
regions of R; and assume that m and M are real numbers.
(i) The sum f (x, y) + g(x, y) is integrable and
ZZ ZZ ZZ
[f (x, y) + g(x, y)]dA = f (x, y)dA + g(x, y)dA.
R R R

(ii) If c is a constant, then cf (x, y) is integrable and

ZZ ZZ
cf (x, y)dA = c f (x, y)dA
R R

(iii) If R = S ∪ T and S ∩ T = ∅, except an overlap on the boundaries, then

ZZ ZZ ZZ
f (x, y)dA = f (x, y)dA + f (x, y)dA
R S T

(iv) If f (x, y) ≥ g(x, y) for (x, y) in R, then

ZZ ZZ
f (x, y)dA ≥ g(x, y)dA
R R

(v) If m ≤ f (x, y) ≤ M , then

ZZ
m × A(R) ≤ f (x, y)dA ≤ M × A(R).
R

(vi) In the case where f (x, y) can be factored as a product of a function g(x) of x
only and a function h(y) of y only, then over the region
R = {(x, y)|a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d}, the double integral can be written as
! Z !
ZZ Z b d
f (x, y)dA = g(x)dx h(y)dy .
R a c

5
Iterated Integrals:
Definition 1.5 Assume a, b, c, and d are real numbers. We define an iterated
integral for a function f (x, y) over the rectangular region R = [a, b] × [c, d] as
Z bZ d Z b "Z d
#
(i) f (x, y)dydx = f (x, y)dy dx
a c a c

Z dZ "Z #
b Z d b
(ii) f (x, y)dxdy = f (x, y)dx dy
c a c a

Z b "Z d
#
The notation f (x, y)dy dx means that we integrate f (x, y) with re-
a c
"Z #
Z d b
spect to y while holding x constant. Similarly, the notation f (x, y)dx dy
c a
means that we integrate f (x, y) with respect to x while holding y constant. The
fact that double integrals can be split into iterated integrals is expressed in Fu-
bini’s theorem. Think of this theorem as an essential tool for evaluating double
integrals.
Theorem 1.6 Fubini’s Theorem: Suppose that f (x, y) is a function of two
variables that is continuous over a rectangular region
R = {(x, y) ∈ R2 |a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d}. Then we see from Figure 6 that the
double integral of f over the region equals an iterated integral,
ZZ ZZ Z dZ b Z bZ d
f (x, y)dA = f (x, y)dxdy = f (x, y)dxdy = f (x, y)dydx.
R R c a a c
More generally, Fubini’s theorem is true if f is bounded on R and f is discon-
tinuous only on a finite number of continuous curves. In other words, f has to be
integrable over R.
ZZ
Exercise 1.7 Use Fubini’s theorem to compute the double integral f (x, y)dA
R
where f (x, y) = x and R = [0, 2] × [0, 1].
Exercise
ZZ 1.8 Illustrating Properties (i) and (ii): Evaluate the double integral
(xy − 3xy 2 )dA where
R
R = {(x, y)|0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 1 ≤ y ≤ 2}.

6
 Figure 6

Exercise 1.9 Illustrating Property (v): Over the region

R = {(x, y)|1 ≤ x ≤ 3, 1 ≤ y ≤ Z2}, 2 2
Z we have 2 ≤ x + y ≤ 13. Find a lower and
an upper bound for the integral (x2 + y 2 )dA.
R
ZZ
Exercise 1.10 Illustrating Property (vi): Evaluate the integral ey cos xdA
R
over the region R = {(x, y)|0 ≤ x ≤ π2 , 0 ≤ y ≤ 1}.

Exercise 1.11 Let’s return to the function z = f (x, y) = 3x2 − y, this time
Z Z the rectangular region R = [0, 2] × [0, 3]. Use Fubini’s theorem to evaluate
over
f (x, y)dA in two different ways:
R

(a) First integrate with respect to y and then with respect to x;

(b) First integrate with respect to x and then with respect to y.

7
Exercise
Z Z 1.12 Switching the Order of Integration: Consider the double in-
tegral x sin(xy)dA over the region
R
R = {(x, y)|0 ≤ x ≤ π, 1 ≤ y ≤ 2} (see Figure 7)
(i) Express the double integral in two different ways.
(ii) Analyze whether evaluating the double integral in one way is easier than the
other and why.
(iii) Evaluate the integral.

Figure 7

ZZ
Exercise 1.13 Evaluate the integral xexy dA where R = [0, 1] × [0, ln 5].
R

8
Applications of Double Integrals:

Double integrals are very useful for finding the area of a region bounded by
curves of functions. If the region is a rectangular shape, we can find its area by
integrating the constant function f (x, y) = 1 over the region R.
ZZ
Definition 1.14 The area of the region R is given by A(R) = 1dA.
R

This definition makes sense because using f (x, y) = 1 and evaluating the inte-
gral make it a product of length and width.
Exercise 1.15 Find the area of the region R = {(x, y)|0 ≤ x ≤ 3, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2} by
using a double integral, that is, by integrating 1 over the region R.
Exercise 1.16 Find the volume V of the solid S that is bounded by the elliptic
paraboloid 2x2 + y 2 + z = 27, the planes x = 3 and y = 3, and the three coordinate
planes. See Figure 8.

Figure 8

Definition 1.17 The average value of a function of two variables over a region
R is
ZZ
1
fave = f (x, y)dA.
Area R R

Exercise 1.18 Find the average value of the function f (x, y) = −x + 2y over the
rectangle R = [0, 3] × [0, 2].

9
 Z yZ x
Exercise 1.19 The function f (x, y) = (xs + yt)dsdt is given in terms of
0 0
double integrals, and (x, y) ∈ R = [0, 1] × [0, 1].
(a) Determine the explicit form of the function f .
(b) Find the volume of the solid under the surface z = f (x, y) and above the region
R.
(c) Find the average value of the function f on R.
SECTION EXERCISES (5.1):
Exercise 1.20 In the following exercises, calculate the integrals by interchanging
the order of integration.
Z 2 Z 1 
(a) (x + 2ey − 3)dx dy
0 0
Z 6 Z 9 √ 
y
(b) dy dx
1 2 x2
Exercise 1.21 In the following exercises, evaluate the iterated integrals by using
any properties.
Z πZ π/2
(a) sin(2x) cos(3y)dxdy
0 0
Z 1Z 2
(b) xex+4y dydx
0 1
Exercise 1.22 Find the average value of the function f (x, y) = sinh x + sinh y
over the rectangle R = [0, 1] × [0, 2].
Z xZ y
Exercise 1.23 The function f (x, y) = [cos s + cos t]dtds is given in terms
0 0
of double integrals, and (x, y) ∈ R = [0, 3] × [0, 3].
(a) Determine the explicit form of the function f .
(b) Find the volume of the solid under the surface z = f (x, y) and above the region
R.
(c) Find the average value of the function f on R.
p
Exercise 1.24 The solid lying under the surface z = 4 − y 2 and above the
Z Z region R = [0, 2] × [0, 2] is illustrated in Figure 9. Evaluate the double
rectangular
p
integral f (x, y)dA, where f (x, y) = 4 − y 2 , by finding the volume of the
R
corresponding solid.

10
 Figure 9

2 Double Integrals over General Regions (5.2)

Definition 2.1 A region D in the xy-plane is of Type I if it lies between two
vertical lines and the graphs of two continuous functions g1 (x) and g2 (x). That is
(Figure 10)
D = {(x, y)|a ≤ x ≤ b, g1 (x) ≤ y ≤ g2 (x)}

Figure 10

Definition 2.2 A region D in the xy-plane is of Type II if it lies between two

horizontal lines and the graphs of two continuous functions h1 (x) and h2 (x). That
is (Figure 11)
D = {(x, y)|c ≤ y ≤ d, h1 (y) ≤ x ≤ h2 (y)}

11
 Figure 11

Exercise
√ 2.3 Consider the region in the first quadrant between the functions
y = x and y = x3 (Figure 12). Describe the region first as Type I and then as
Type II.

Figure 12

Double Integrals over Nonrectangular Regions:

Theorem 2.4 Double Integrals over Nonrectangular Regions: Suppose
g(x, y) is the extension to the rectangle R of the function f (x, y) defined on the
regions D and R as shown in Figure 13 inside R. Then g(x, y) is integrable and
we define the double integral of f (x, y) over D by
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y)dA = g(x, y)dA.
D R

Theorem 2.5 Fubini’s Theorem (Strong Form): For a function f (x, y) that
is continuous on a region D of Type I, we have

12
 Figure 13

ZZ ZZ Z b "Z g2 (x)
#
f (x, y)dA = f (x, y)dydx = f (x, y)dy dx.
D D a g1 (x)

Similarly, for a function f (x, y) that is continuous on a region D of Type II, we

have
"Z #
ZZ ZZ Z d h2 (y)
f (x, y)dA = f (x, y)dxdy = f (x, y)dx dy.
D D c h1 (y)
ZZ
Exercise 2.6 Evaluate the integral x2 exy dA where D is shown in Figure 14.
D

Figure 14

13
 ZZ
Exercise 2.7 Evaluate the integral (3x2 + y 2 )dA where
D
D = {(x, y)| − 2 ≤ y ≤ 3, (y 2 − 3) ≤ x ≤ (y + 3)}. HInt: Notice that D can be
seen as either a Type I or a Type II region, as shown in Figure 15. However, in
this case describing D as Type I is more complicated than describing it as Type II.
Therefore, we use D as a Type II region for the integration.

Figure 15

Theorem 2.8 Decomposing Regions into Smaller Regions:. Suppose the

region D can be expressed as D = D1 ∪ D2 where D1 and D2 do not overlap except
at their boundaries. Then
ZZ ZZ ZZ
f (x, y)dA = f (x, y)dA + f (x, y)dA.
D D1 D2

Exercise 2.9 Express the region D shown in Z ZFigure 16 as a union of regions of

Type I or Type II, and evaluate the integral (2x + 5y)dA
D

Exercise 2.10 Redo above example using a union of two Type II regions. Just
define the regions and set up the double integrals.

14
 Figure 16

Changing the Order of Integration:

Exercise
√ 2.11 Reverse the order of integration in the iterated integral
Z x= 2 Z y=2−x2
2
xex dydx. Then evaluate the new iterated integral.
x=0 y=0
ZZ
Exercise 2.12 Consider the iterated integral f (x, y)dxdy where z = f (x, y) =
R
x − 2y over a triangular region R that has sides on x = 0, y = 0, and the line
x + y = 1. Sketch the region, and then evaluate the iterated integral by
(a) integrating first with respect to y and then
(b) integrating first with respect to x.
Calculating Volumes, Areas, and Average Values:
Exercise 2.13 Finding the Volume of a Tetrahedron: Find the volume of
the solid bounded by the planes x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, and 2x + 3y + z = 6. (See
Figure 17).

Definition 2.14 Z ZThe area of a plane-bounded region D is defined as the

double integral 1dA.
D

Exercise 2.15 Find the area of the region bounded below by the curve y = x2 and
above by the line y = 2x in the first quadrant (Figure 18).

15
 Figure 17

Figure 18

Definition 2.16 If f (x, y) is integrable over a plane-bounded region D with posi-

tive area A(D), then the average value of the function is
ZZ
1
fave = f (x, y)dA.
A(D) D

16
 ZZ
Note that the area is A(D) = 1dA.
D

Exercise 2.17 Find the average value of the function

√ f (x, y) = 7xy 2 on the region
bounded by the line x = y and the curve x = y (Figure 19).

Figure 19

Improper Double Integrals:

ZZ
Definition 2.18 An improper double integral is an integral f dA where
D
either D is an unbounded region or f is an unbounded function.
Theorem 2.19 Fubini’s Theorem for Improper Integrals: If D is a bounded
rectangle or simple region in the plane defined by {(x, y)|a ≤ x ≤ b, g(x) ≤ y ≤
h(x)} and also by {(x, y)|c ≤ y ≤ d, f (y) ≤ x ≤ k(y)} and f s a nonnegative
function on D with finitely many discontinuities in the interior of D, then
ZZ Z x=b Z y=h(x) Z y=d Z x=k(y)
f dA = f (x, y)dydx = f (x, y)dxdy.
D x=a y=g(x) y=c x=j(y)

ey
Exercise 2.20 Consider the function f (x, y) = over the region
√ y
D = {(x, y)|0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x ≤ y ≤ x}. Notice that the function is nonnegative and
continuous at all points on D except (0, 0). Use Fubini’s theorem to evaluate the
improper integral. (See the region in Figure 20).

17
 Figure 20

Theorem 2.21 Improper Integrals on an Unbounded Region: If R is an

unbounded rectangle such as R = {(x, y)|a ≤ x ≤ ∞, c ≤ y ≤ ∞}, then when the
limits exists, we have
ZZ Z b Z d
! Z d Z b
!
f (x, y)dA = lim f (x, y)dy dx = lim f (x, y)dx dy
R (b,d)→(∞,∞) a c (b,d)→(∞,∞) c a
ZZ
2
Exercise 2.22 Evaluate the integral xye−x −y 2 dA where R is the first quad-
R
rant of the plane.
ZZ
y
Exercise 2.23 Evaluate the improper integral p dA where
D 1 − x2 − y 2
D = {(x, y)|x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, x2 + y 2 ≤ 1}.
SECTION EXERCISES (5.2):
ZZ
Exercise 2.24 Sketch the region D and evaluate the iterated integral xydydx
D
where D is the region bounded by the curves y = cos x and y = sin x in the interval
[ −3π π
4 , 4 ].

18
Exercise 2.25 Consider the region bounded by the curves y = ln x and y = ex in
the interval [1, 2]. Decompose the region into smaller regions of Type II.
ZZ
Exercise 2.26 Evaluate the iterated integral (x2 + y 2 )dA over the region D
D
in the first quadrant between the functions y = 2x, y = x2 . Evaluate the iterated
integral by integrating first with respect to y. Then integrating first with respect to
x (just set up the integral for this, no need to evaluate).
Exercise 2.27 Find the volume of the solid bounded above by f (x, y) = 10−2x+y
over the region enclosed by the curves y = 0 and y = ex , where x is in the interval
[0, 1].
Exercise 2.28 Find the area of the region bounded above by the curve y = x3 and
below by y = 0 over the interval [0, 3].

3 Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates (5.3)

Definition 3.1 The double integral of the function f (r, θ) over the polar
rectangular region R in the rθ-plane is defined as
ZZ m X
X n m X
X n
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
f (r, θ)dA = lim f (rij , θij )∆A = lim f (rij , θij )rij ∆r∆θ
R m,n→∞ m,n→∞
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1

The double integral over a polar rectangular region can be expressed as an

iterated integral in polar coordinates. Hence,
ZZ ZZ Z θ=β Z r=b
f (r, θ)dA = f (r, θ)rdrdθ = f (r, θ)rdrdθ
R R θ=α r=a
Notice that the expression for dA is replaced by rdrdθ when working in polar
coordinates. Another way to look at the polar double integral is to change the
double integral in rectangular coordinates by substitution. When the function f
is given in terms of x and y,
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y)dA = f (r cos θ, r sin θ)rdrdθ.
R R

Exercise 3.2 Sketch the polar rectangular region

R = {(r, θ)|1 ≤ r ≤ 3, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π}.
ZZ
Exercise 3.3 Evaluate the integral 3xdA over the region
R
R = {(r, θ)|1 ≤ r ≤ 2, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π}.

19
Exercise 3.4 Sketch the polar rectangular region
ZZ
R = {(r, θ)|1 ≤ r ≤ 2, − π2 ≤θ≤ π
2 }, then evaluate xdA.
R
ZZ
Exercise 3.5 Evaluate (1 − x2 − y 2 )dA where R is the unit circle on the
R
xy-plane.
ZZ
Exercise 3.6 Evaluate (x + y)dA where R = {(x, y)|1 ≤ x2 + y 2 ≤ 4, x ≤ 0}.
R
ZZ
Exercise 3.7 Evaluate (4 − x2 − y 2 )dA where R is the circle of radius 2 on
R
the xy-plane.
General Polar Regions of Integration:

To evaluate the double integral of a continuous function by iterated integrals

over general polar regions, we consider two types of regions, analogous to Type I
and Type II as discussed for rectangular coordinates in Double Integrals over
General Regions. It is more common to write polar equations as f = f (θ) than
θ = f (r), so we describe a general polar region as
R = {(r, θ)|α ≤ θ ≤ β, h1 (θ) ≤ r ≤ h2 (θ)}
See the Figure 21
Theorem 3.8 . If f (r, θ) is continuous on a general polar region D as described
above, then
ZZ Z θ=β Z r=h2 (θ)
f (r, θ)rdrdθ = f (r, θ)rdrdθ
D θ=α r=h1 (θ)
ZZ
Exercise 3.9 Evaluate r2 sin θrdrdθ where D is the region bounded by the
D
polar axis and the upper half of the cardioid r = 1 + cos θ. (See Figure 22).

20
 Figure 21

Figure 22

Polar Areas and Volumes:

As in rectangular coordinates, if a solid S is bounded by the surface z = f (r, θ),

as well as by the surfaces r = a, r = b, θ = α, and θ = β, we can find the volume

21
V of S by double integration, as
ZZ Z θ=β Z r=b
V = f (r, θ)rdrdθ = f (r, θ)rdrdθ
R θ=α r=a
If the base of the solid can be described as D = {(r, θ)|α ≤ θ ≤ β, h1 (θ) ≤ r ≤
h2 (θ)}, then the double integral for the volume becomes
ZZ Z θ=β Z r=h2 (θ)
V = f (r, θ)rdrdθ = f (r, θ)rdrdθ
D θ=α r=h1 (θ)

Exercise 3.10 Finding a Volume Using a Double Integral: Find the volume
of the solid that lies under the paraboloid
z = 1 − x2 − y 2 and above the unit circle on the xy -plane (see Figure 23). Also
see Exercise 3.5.

Figure 23

Exercise 3.11 Find the volume of the solid that lies under the paraboloid
z = 4 − x2 − y 2 and above the disk (x − 1)2 + y 2 = 1 on the xy-plane. See
the paraboloid in Figure 24 intersecting the cylinder (x − 1)2 + y 2 = 1 above the
xy-plane.
In the next example, you will see that integration is not always easy with polar
coordinates. Complexity of integration depends on the function and also on the
region over which we need to perform the integration. If the region has a more
natural expression in polar coordinates or if f has a simpler antiderivative in polar
coordinates, then the change in polar coordinates is appropriate; otherwise, use
rectangular coordinates.

22
 Figure 24

Exercise 3.12 Find the volume of the region that lies under the paraboloid
z = x2 +y 2 and above the triangle enclosed by the lines y = x, x = 0, and x+y = 2
in the xy-plane (Figure 25).

Figure 25

23
Exercise
p3.13 Use polar coordinates to find the volume inside the cone
z = 2 − x2 + y 2 and above the xy-plane. (See Figure 26).

Figure 26

Exercise 3.14 Finding an Area Using a Double Integral in Polar Coor-

dinates: Evaluate the area bounded by the curve r = cos 4θ. (See Figure 27).

Exercise 3.15 Finding Area Between Two Polar Curves: Find the area
enclosed by the circle r = 3 cos θ and the cardioid r = 1 + cos θ. (See Figure 28).

Exercise 3.16 Evaluating an Z Z Improper Double Integral in Polar Coordi-

2 2
nates: Evaluate the integral e−10(x +y ) dydx.
R2

24
 Figure 27

SECTION EXERCISES (5.3)

ZZ
Exercise 3.17 Evaluate the integral r2 sin2 2θrdrdθ where
√ D
D = {(r, θ)|0 ≤ θ ≤ π, 0 ≤ r ≤ 2 cos 2θ}
Exercise 3.18 Use polar coordinates to find an iterated integral for finding the
volume of the solid enclosed by the paraboloids z = x2 + y 2 and z = 16 − x2 − y 2 .
Exercise 3.19 Find the area enclosed inside the cardioid r = 3 − 3 sin θ and
outside the cardioid r = 1 + sin θ.
ZZ
2
Exercise 3.20 Evaluate the integral e−4(x +y 2 ) dxdy.
R2

4 Triple Integrals (5.4)

Definition 4.1 The triple integral of a function f (x, y, z) over a rectangular
box B is defined as
l X
X m X
n ZZZ
lim f (x∗ijk , yijk
∗ ∗
, zijk )∆x∆y∆z = f (x, y, z)dV
l,m,n→∞ R
i=1 j=1 k=1

if this limit exists.

25
 Figure 28

Theorem 4.2 Fubini’s Theorem for Triple Integrals:. If f (x, y, z) is contin-

uous on a rectangular box B = [a, b] × [c, d] × [e, f ] then
ZZZ Z f Z dZ b
f (x, y, z)dV = f (x, y, z)dxdydz
B e c a
This integral is also equal to any of the other five possible orderings for the iterated
triple integral.
Z z=1 Z y=4 Z x=5
Exercise 4.3 Evaluate the triple integral (x + yz 2 )dxdydz.
z=0 y=2 x=−1
ZZZ
Exercise 4.4 Evaluate the triple integral x2 yzdV where
B
B = {(x, y, z)| − 2 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 3, 1 ≤ z ≤ 5} as shown in Figure 29.

26
 Figure 29

Triple Integrals over a General Bounded Region:

We now expand the definition of the triple integral to compute a triple integral
over a more general bounded region E in R3 . The general bounded regions we will
consider are of three types. First, let D be the bounded region that is a projection
of E onto the xy -plane. Suppose the region E in R3 has the form
E = {(x, y, z)|(x, y) ∈ D, u1 (x, y) ≤ z ≤ u2 (x, y)}
For two functions z = u1 (x, y) and z = u2 (x, y), such that u1 (x, y) ≤ u2 (x, y) for
all (x, y) ∈ D as shown in Figure 30.

Figure 30

27
Theorem 4.5 Triple Integral over a General Region: The triple integral of
a continuous function f (x, y, z) over a general three-dimensional region
E = {(x, y, z)|(x, y) ∈ D, u1 (x, y) ≤ z ≤ u2 (x, y)}
in R3 , where D is the projection of E onto the xy-plane, is
ZZZ Z Z "Z u2 (x,y)
#
f (x, y, z)dV = f (x, y, z)dz dA
E D u1 (x,y)

Similarly, the triple integral of a continuous function f (x, y, z) over a general

three-dimensional region
E = {(x, y, z)|(x, z) ∈ D, u1 (x, z) ≤ y ≤ u2 (x, z)}
in R3 , where D is the projection of E onto the xz-plane, is
ZZZ Z Z "Z u2 (x,z)
#
f (x, y, z)dV = f (x, y, z)dz dA
E D u1 (x,z)

Finally, the triple integral of a continuous function f (x, y, z) over a general

three-dimensional region
E = {(x, y, z)|(y, z) ∈ D, u1 (y, z) ≤ x ≤ u2 (y, z)}
in R3 , where D is the projection of E onto the yz-plane, is
ZZZ Z Z "Z u2 (y,z)
#
f (x, y, z)dV = f (x, y, z)dz dA
E D u1 (y,z)

Exercise 4.6 Consider the bounded region

EZ=Z {(x, y, z)|0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 − x, 1 ≤ z ≤ 2}, evaluate the triple integral
Z
(2x + 5y + 7z)dV .
E

Exercise 4.7 Consider the bounded region

E = {(x,Zy,
ZZ z)|0 ≤ x ≤ π/2, − cos x ≤ y ≤ cos x, −1 ≤ z ≤ 1}, evaluate the triple
integral (sin x + sin y)dV .
E

Exercise 4.8 Consider the bounded region

Z Z=Z{(x, y, z)|0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ x, 0 ≤ z ≤ 5 − x − y}, evaluate the triple integral
E
(x + 2yz)dV .
E

28
Exercise 4.9 Evaluating a Triple Integral over a General Bounded Re-
gion: Evaluate the triple integral of the function f (x, y, z) = 5x − 3y over the solid
tetrahedron bounded by the planes x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, and x + y + z = 1. Figure
31 below shows the solid tetrahedron E and its projection D on the xy-plane.

Figure 31

Exercise 4.10 Finding a Volume by Evaluating a Triple Integral:. Find

the volume of a right pyramid that has the square base in the xy-plane [−1, 1] ×
[−1, 1] and vertex at the point (0, 0, 1) as shown in Figure 32.
Changing the Order of Integration:
Z x=1 Z y=1 Z z=1−y
Exercise 4.11 Consider the iterated integral f (x, y, z)dzdydx.
x=−1 y=x2 z=0

(a) The order of integration here is first with respect to z, then y, and then x.
Express this integral by changing the order of integration to be first with respect
to y, then z, and then x.
(b) Express this integral by changing the order of integration to be first with respect
to y, then x, and then z.
(c) Verify that the value of the integral is the same if we let f (x, y, z) = xyz.
Exercise 4.12 Changing Z Z ZIntegration Order and Coordinate Systems: Eval-
√
uate the triple integral x2 + z 2 dV where E is the region bounded by the
E
paraboloid y = x2 + z 2 and the plane y = 4 (Figure 33) .

29
 Figure 32

Figure 33

Average Value of a Function of Three Variables:

Theorem 4.13 Average Value of a Function of Three Variables: If f (x, y, z)
is integrable over a solid bounded region E with positive volume V (E), then the
average value of the function is

30
 ZZZ
1
fave = f (x, y, z)dV .
V (E) E
ZZZ
Note that the volume is V (E) = 1dV .
E
ZZZ
Exercise 4.14 Find the average value of the function (x + y 2 + z)dV over
E
the solid rectangular box E = {(x, y, z)|0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2, 0 ≤ z ≤ 3}.
ZZZ
Exercise 4.15 Find the average value of the function (xyz)dV over the
E
bounded region E = {(x, y, z)|0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2x, 0 ≤ z ≤ 4 − x − y}.
SECTION EXERCISES (5.4):
Exercise 4.16 Consider the solid rectangular box
Z Z=Z {(x, y, z)|0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2, 0 ≤ z ≤ 3}, evaluate the triple integral
B
(2x + 3y 2 + 4z 3 )dV .
B

Exercise 4.17 Consider the solid rectangular box

Z Z=Z {(x, y, z)|1 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2, 1 ≤ z ≤ 3}, evaluate the triple integral
B
(x cos y + z)dV .
B

Exercise 4.18 Consider the solid rectangular box

Z Z=Z {(x, y, z)|0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, 0 ≤ z ≤ 2}, evaluate the triple integral
B
(z 2 + yex )dV .
B

Exercise 4.19 Consider the bounded region

E = {(x,
ZZy,Zz)|0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2x, 0 ≤ z ≤ 4 − x − y}, evaluate the triple
integral (x2 + y 3 + z 3 )dV .
E
ZZZ
Exercise 4.20 Find the average value of the function (x2 +y 2 +xz)dV over
B
the solid rectangular box B = {(x, y, z)|1 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2, 1 ≤ z ≤ 3}.

31
5 Triple Integrals in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates (5.5)
Definition 5.1 Consider the cylindrical box (expressed in cylindrical coordinates)
B = {(r, θ, z)|a ≤ r ≤ b, α ≤ θ ≤ β, c ≤ z ≤ d}.
If the function f (r, θ, z) is continuous on B and if (rijk ∗ , θ ∗ , z ∗ ) is any sample
ijk ijk
point in the cylindrical subbox Bijk = [ri−1 , ri ] × [θj−1 , θj ] × [zk−1 , zk ] (Figure ??),
then we can define the triple integral in cylindrical coordinates as the limit
of a triple Riemann sum, provided the following limit exists:

X n
m X
l X
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
lim f (rijk , θijk , zijk )rijk ∆r∆θ∆z
l,m,n→∞
i=1 j=1 k=1

Theorem 5.2 Fubini’s Theorem in Cylindrical Coordinates: Suppose that

g(x, y, z) is continuous on a rectangular box B, which when described in cylindrical
coordinates looks like B = {(r, θ, z)|a ≤ r ≤ b, α ≤ θ ≤ β, c ≤ z ≤ d} Then
g(x, y, z) = g(r cos θ, r sin θ, z) = f (r, θ, z) and
ZZZ Z dZ β Z b
g(x, y, z)dV = f (r, θ, z)rdrdθdz.
B c α a
ZZZ
Exercise 5.3 Evaluate the triple integral (zr sin θ)rdrdθdz where the cylin-
B
drical box B is B = {(r, θ, z)|0 ≤ r ≤ 2, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π2 , 0 ≤ z ≤ 4}
Z θ= π2 Z r=1 Z z=4
Exercise 5.4 Evaluate the triple integral (r2 z 2 cos θ)rdzdrdθ.
θ=0 r=0 z=0

Exercise 5.5 Setting up a Triple Integral in Cylindrical Coordinates over

a General Region: Consider the region E inside the right circular cylinder with
equation r = 2 sin θ, bounded below by the rθ-plane and bounded above by the sphere
with radius 4 centered at the origin (Figure 34). Set up a triple integral over this
region with a function f (r, θ, z) in cylindrical coordinates.

Exercise 5.6 Consider the region E inside the right circular cylinder with equation
r = 2 sin θ, the rθ-plane and bounded above by z = 4 − y. Set up a triple integral
with a function f (r, θ, z) in cylindrical coordinates.
Exercise 5.7 Let E be the region bounded below by the cone z = x2 + y 2 and
above by the paraboloid z = 2 − x2 − y 2 , (Figure 35). Set up a triple integral in
cylindrical coordinates to find the volume of the region, using the following orders
of integration:
(i) dzdrdθ

32
 Figure 34

Figure 35

(ii) drdzdθ

Exercise 5.8 Redo the previous example with the order of integration dθdzdr.
Exercise 5.9 Finding a Volume with Triple Integrals in Two Ways: Let
E be the region bounded below by the rθ-plane, above by the sphere x2 +y 2 +z 2 = 4,
and on the sides by the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 1 (Figure 36).Set up a triple integral in

33
cylindrical coordinates to find the volume of the region using the following orders
of integration, and in each case find the volume and check that the answers are the
same:
(i) dzdrdθ
(ii) drdzdθ

Figure 36

Exercise 5.10 Redo the previous example with the order of integration dθdzdr.
Integration in Spherical Coordinates:
Definition 5.11 The triple integral in spherical coordinates is the limit of a triple
Riemann sum,
l X
X m X
n

lim f (ρ∗ijk , θijk

∗
, φ∗ijk )(ρ∗ijk )2 sin φ∆ρ∆θ∆φ
l,m,n→∞
i=1 j=1 k=1

provided the limit exists.

Theorem 5.12 Fubini’s Theorem for Spherical Coordinates:. If f (ρ, θ, φ)
is continuous on a spherical solid box B = [a, b] × [α, β] × [γ, ψ] then
ZZZ Z θ=β Z φ=ψ Z ρ=b
f (ρ, θ, φ)ρ2 sin φdρdφdθ = f (ρ, θ, φ)ρ2 sin φdρdφdθ.
B θ=α φ=γ ρ=a

34
This iterated integral may be replaced by other iterated integrals by integrating with
respect to the three variables in other orders.
Exercise 5.13 Evaluating a Triple Integral
π
in Spherical Coordinates: Eval-
Z θ=2π Z φ= 2 Z ρ=1
uate the iterated triple integral ρ2 sin φdρdφdθ.
θ=0 φ=0 ρ=0

Exercise 5.14 Setting up a Triple Integral in Spherical Coordinates:

p Set
up an integral for the volume of the region bounded by the cone z = 3(x + y 2 )
2
p
and the hemisphere z = 4 − x2 − y 2 . (See Figure 37).

Figure 37

Exercise 5.15 Set up a triple integral for the volume of the solid region bounded
above by the sphere ρ = 2 and bounded below by the cone ψ = π3 .
Exercise 5.16 Interchanging Order of Integration in p Spherical Coordi-
nates:. Let E be the region bounded below by the cone z = x2 + y 2 and above
by the sphere z = x2 + y 2 + z 2 (Figure 38). Set up a triple integral in spher-
ical coordinates and find the volume of the region using the following orders of
integration:

Exercise 5.17 Converting from Rectangular Coordinates to Cylindrical

Coordinates: Convert the following integral into cylindrical coordinates:
Z Z √ 2Z √ 2 2
y=1 x= 1−y z= x +y
xyzdzdxdy.
y=−1 x=0 z=x2 +y 2

35
 Figure 38

Exercise 5.18 Converting from Rectangular Coordinates to Spherical

Coordinates: Convert the following integral into spherical coordinates:
Z Z √ 2Z √
y=3 x= 9−y z= 2 2 18−x −y
√ (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )dzdxdy.
y=0 x=0 z= x2 +y 2

Exercise 5.19 Use rectangular, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates to set up

triple integrals for finding the volume of the region inside the sphere x2 +y 2 +z 2 = 4
but outside the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 1. See Figure 39

Exercise 5.20 Finding the Volume of l’Hemisphèric: Find the volume of the
spherical planetarium in l’Hemisphèric in Valencia, Spain, which is five stories tall
and has a radius of approximately 50 ft, using the equation x2 + y 2 + z 2 = r2 . (See
Figure 40).

Exercise 5.21 Finding the Volume of an Ellipsoid: Find the volume of the
x2 y 2 z 2
ellipsoid 2 + 2 + 2 = 1.
a b c
Exercise 5.22 Find the volume of the space inside the ellipsoid
x2 y2 z2
2
+ 2
+ 2
= 1 and outside the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 502 .
75 80 90

36
 Figure 39

Figure 40

SECTION EXERCISES (5.5):

Exercise 5.23 Evaluating a Triple Integral in Cylindrical Coordinates:
Z θ=π Z r=2 Z z=2
Evaluate the triple integral (r2 z sin θ)rdzdrdθ.
θ= π4 r=0 z=1

Exercise 5.24 Evaluating a Triple

π
Integral in Cylindrical Coordinates:
Z θ= 3 Z r=1 Z z=2
Evaluate the triple integral (r3 z cos θ)rdzdrdθ.
θ=0 r=0 z=0

Exercise 5.25 Evaluating a Triple Integral

π
in Spherical Coordinates: Eval-
Z θ=π Z φ= 2 Z ρ=2
uate the iterated triple integral ρ3 sin φdρdφdθ.
θ=0 φ=0 ρ=0

Exercise 5.26 Evaluating a Triple Integral in Spherical Coordinates: Eval-

37
 Z θ=π Z φ= π3 Z ρ=1
uate the iterated triple integral ρ2 sin φdρdφdθ.
θ= π4 φ=0 ρ=0

38