LECTURE THIRTEEN
December 13, 2021
Overview
Integral Calculus of Functions of
Several Variables
Double integrals
Triple Integral
Double integrals
I Here, we integrate a continuous
function f (x , y ) over a bounded
region in the xy −plane.
Double integrals
I Here, we integrate a continuous
function f (x , y ) over a bounded
region in the xy −plane.
I There are many similarities beween
the ”double integrals” and ”single
integrals”.
Double integrals
I Here, we integrate a continuous
function f (x , y ) over a bounded
region in the xy −plane.
I There are many similarities beween
the ”double integrals” and ”single
integrals”.
I Each double integral can be
evaluated in stages, using
single-integration methods.
Double integrals over Rectangles
I Suppose that f (x , y ) is defined on
a rectangular region R given by
R : a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d .
I We imagine R to be covered by a
network of lines parallel to the x −
and y − axes
Double integrals
Double integrals
I These lines divide R into small
pieces of area ∆A = ∆x ∆y .
Double integrals
I These lines divide R into small
pieces of area ∆A = ∆x ∆y .
I We number these in some order
∆A1, ∆A2, . . . , ∆An ,
Double integrals
I These lines divide R into small
pieces of area ∆A = ∆x ∆y .
I We number these in some order
∆A1, ∆A2, . . . , ∆An ,
I choose a point (xk , yk ) in each
piece ∆Ak , and form the sum
n
X
Sn = f (xk , yk )∆Ak . (1)
k =1
Double integrals
I If f is continuous throughout R ,
then as we make both ∆x and ∆y
go to zero, the sum in 1 approach
a limit called the double integral
of f over R .
I The notation for it is
Z Z Z Z
f (x , y )dA or f (x , y )dxdy
R R
Double integrals
I Thus,
Z Z
f (x , y )dA
R
n
X
= lim f (xk , yk )∆Ak (2)
∆A→0
k =1
Double integrals
I As with function of a single
variable, the sum approach this
limit no matter
how the intervals
a, b and c , d that determine R
are partitioned, as long as the
norms of the partitions both go to
zero.
Double integrals: Area
I The area of closed bounded plane
region R is
Z Z
A= dA. (3)
R
I Find the area of the region R
bounded by y = x and y = x 2 in
the first quadrant.
Double integrals: Average value
I If f is the function and R the
region, then
1
Z Z
Average value = fdA.
area of R R
(4)
I Find the average value of
f (x , y ) = x cos xy over the
rectangle
R : 0 ≤ x ≤ π, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1.
Double integrals as volumes
I When f (x , y ) is positive, we may
interpret the double integral of f
over a rectangular region R as the
volume of the solid prism bounded
below by R and above by the
surface z = f (x , y ).
Double integrals as volumes
Double integrals as volumes
I Each term f (xk , yk )∆Ak in the sum
X
Sn = f (xk , yk )∆Ak
is the volume of a vertical
rectangular prism that approximate
the volume of the portion of the
solid that stands directly above the
base ∆Ak
Double integrals as volumes
I The sum Sn thus approximate what
we want to call the total volume of
the solid. we define this volume as
Z Z
Volume lim Sn = f (x , y )dA.
R
(5)
Double integrals as volumes: Example
(1) Calculate the volume under
the plane z = 4 − x − y over
a rectangula region
R : 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 in
the xy −plane
(2) Find the volume of the prism
whose base is the triangle in
the xy − plane bounded by
the x −axis and the lines
y = x and x = 1 and whose
top lies in the plane
z = f (x , y ) = 3 − x − y .
Triple Integral
I We use triple integral to find
volumes of three-dimensional
shapes, the masses and moments
of solids, and the average values of
functions of three variables.
Triple Integral
I If F is continuous and the
bounding surface of D is made of
smooth surfaces joined along
continous curves, then as
∆xk , ∆yk and ∆zk approach zero
independently the sum Sn
approach a limit
Z Z Z
lim Sn = F (x , y , z )dV .
n→∞ D
(6)
Triple Integral
I We call this limit the triple
integral of F over D.
Triple Integral
I We call this limit the triple
integral of F over D.
I The volume of closed, bounded
region D in space is
Z Z Z
V = dV . (7)
D
Triple Integral Examples
I Find the volume of the region D
inclosed by the surfaces
z = x 2 + 3y 2 ad z = 8 − x 2 − y 2.
Triple Integral
I The average value of a function F
over a region D in space is defined
by the formula.
Average value ofZF ZoverZ D
1
= FdV .
volume of D D
Triple Integral: Examples
I Find the average value of
F (x , y , z ) = xyz over the cube
bounded by the coordinate palne
x = 2, y = 2 and z = 2 in the first
octant.
