DIGITAL CLOCK

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF CALLAO

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF PROFESSIONAL ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
GARCIA MUÑOZ EFRAYN (062591-C)

I. PROJECT OBJECTIVES

1. Develop a Digital Clock using the concepts of Integrated Circuits acquired in the
Digital Circuits course.
2. Design the project on a protoboard using Integrated Circuits that meet the
clock functions, using basic logic gates, counters, and decoders.
3. Identify at the end of the experience the internal behavior of a digital clock and each
one of its components.

II. INTRODUCTION

For many centuries, man has established his relationship with time, based on
everything in the constant natural phenomena like day and night, the movement of the sun, of the
planets and stars. In this way, constructions, calendars, and others were made
useful elements to measure time; it was the birth of the clock. The first clocks
they were built using the shadow of the sun and its variation according to position. Then
mechanical watches appeared that have accompanied man for many years and of the
which have been true works of art.

In the birth and development of electronic technology, its contribution to the

time measurement. This science has facilitated the creation of all kinds of clocks, from
personal models of very low cost to highly sophisticated systems whose operation is
controlled by a miniature microprocessor about a few millimeters in size.

III. THEORETICAL FOUNDATION

All electronic clocks use a very precise frequency pulse train,

generated by a quartz crystal or a timer, and successively divide this frequency until achieving
very exact pulses of one second or fraction. The second pulses are counted in order
progressive and when the count reaches sixty a pulse of a minute occurs. Next, these
pulses are counted and when sixty have passed, one corresponding pulse is delivered to a
hour. Every time the second, minute, and hour pulses occur, they are displayed in the

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corresponding displays, for when the clock is out of the real time of the day, 2 is added
buttons: one for minutes and the other for hours, which will help us set the time
exactly where we are.

IV. MOST IMPORTANT COMPONENTS USED

a) COUNTER 74LS393.

The CI 74HC393 is a dual 4-bit binary counter. It is built based on the flip-flop.
The clock inputs (1ÇP and 2ÇP) are activated by the falling edge, that is, at the transition of
HIGH to LOW of the clock pulse.

The reset inputs (1MR and 2MR) from the master in the counter are activated at HIGH level.
The outputs are labeled from Q0 to Q3, with Q0 being the LSB and Q3 the MSB of the 4-bit binary number.
It requires a 5V DC power supply and comes in a 14-pin DIP IC.

To be able to count to a certain number, what we need to do is to catch the

next number we want to reach with an AND and connect the output to the MR of
74393 and in this way we will be manipulating the integrated circuit according to our needs, already
that to make a clock we need the minute hand of the display to only go up to 60 and the hour hand
I arrived until 23.

Fig. No. 1: Encapsulation where it can be seen Fig. No. 2: In this image you can see the
the respective legs of the integrated circuit two counters that are in a casing

b) DECODER 7447.-

In this case, the integrated decoder 7447 is the logic circuit that converts the code.
input binary in BCD format that comes out of the 74393 at logical levels that allow to activate the
display of 7 segments where the position of each bar forms the decoded number.

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 Fig. No. 3: the 7447 decoder where its can be seen
Respective arrangements of outputs and inputs

c) DISPLAY.-

The display is a component that is used to represent numbers and some letters.
it is composed of seven or eight LEDs assembled separately, managing to combine
the elements thus creating symbols. The first seven segments are responsible for forming the
symbol and with the eighth we can turn the decimal point on and off.

There are two types of displays, one is the common anode and the other is the common cathode.
In this case, to display the minutes and hours, we are going to use a common cathode display.

Fig. No. 4: 7-segment display, at first glance

it cannot be differentiated whether it is a common anode or cathode

d) CLOCK SIGNAL.-

Figure 5 shows how to extract the CLK signal and its inverse CLK from the power line.
through this method of extracting the double secondary, the delay that would be introduced is improved if
an inverter gate will be used at the CLK output, although in some applications it may not be used.
great importance. The output of CLK at 50Hz is applied to the input ofl 4022BWhat is a divisor
octal Johnson with 8 outputs plus carry (CO), depending on the chosen connection we can reset the
count to 5 or 6, depending on the frequency of the red line. Consequently, the carrier line,
it won't be a symmetrical square wave, but it will have a frequency of 10Hz regardless of

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the frequency of alternating current. This reference of 10Hz will be available in case you need it, but
you probably won't find much use in upcoming experiments.

Fig. No. 5: Here we show how to take from the line of

electric red the input signal CLK and its inverse

The second IC is a CMOS 4017B Johnson decimal counter. We will not make any
connection, allowing its natural counting sequence, so that it divides its input clock signal
simply by 10. This will make it produce separate output signals for each account, more
a symmetrical square wave output of 1Hz as a carrier signal. Except with some
concrete experimental procedure, we are not interested in individual outputs. Without
the embargo, the 1Hz square wave will serve us well as a 1-second reference.
very precise time that we can use in a wide range of upcoming experiments.

Fig. No. 6: Here we show the connections to be able to

obtain our clock signal

In most cases, we could simply use two 4017 ICs instead of one 4017.
and a 4022. We decided to use the 4022 as the first divisor to obtain the European frequency of
50Hz easily and in the case of a frequency of 60Hz, with a simple 'bridge', it can be changed.
this option. The carry-out signal (CO) is normally high for the first half of the time.
The account, then goes down for the second half. The counters increase on the flank.
the rising edge of the clock signal, the carry signal is absolutely useful as a signal of
next stage clock.

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 Now, if we were to use a decimal counter for the first stage, the carry output would be
low for a full account at 60Hz, but at 50Hz it would drop to low, enough time for
reset the counter. This is not reliable enough. To avoid this problem,
Here we use an octal counter. Consequently, the carry output is low by one count.
at 50Hz, or two counts at 60Hz. This avoids any potential problems with the clock pulses
narrow.

V. EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS USED

For the realization of this project, the following electronic components were needed
and laboratory equipment.

Six (6) Integrated Circuits 74393.

2. One (1) Transformer: primary of 220V and two secondaries of 6V
Three (3) Integrated Circuits 7447.
4. Four (4) Integrated Circuits 7447.
5. Two (2) Integrated Circuits 7408.
6. One (1) Integrated Circuits 7432
7.Un (1) 7404 Integrated Circuits
8. Two (2) Breadboards.
9. Two (2) LEDs
10. Two (2) Zener diodes of 5.1V 500mA.
11.Four (4) common cathode 7-segment display.
12. Thirty-three resistors (33): thirty-one 330 and two 10k
13. A (1) Integrated Circuit LM555.
14. A (1) capacitor of 1mF.
15. One (1) 4093B CI 4-door Trigger-Schmith.
16. One (1) 4017B CMOS decimal counter.
17. Un (1) 4022B CI of the CMOS octal counter.
A (1) 5 Volt Source.
19.Two (2) Push Switches.
20. One (1) digital multimeter
21. Pliers and connector wires.

VI. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DESIGN

a) DECODIFICATION.-

In this part, I connected each display to its respective decoders, since the
Counter 74393 outputs values in binary, and for that we use the decoder 7447.
to convert from binary to 7 segments which is the number of LEDs that the display has

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 Fig. No. 8: Decoder 7447 connected to the display

b) COUNT.

In this part, what we seek is for our integration to include the values that...
we wish, for example: the second hand of a clock goes from 00 to 59 seconds,
then it is required that in the last display the count from 0 to 9 is shown an infinite number of times,
So what we do is use a 7408 to capture the 10 and send it to the MR. This way
We are assured that our display will always count only up to the number 9. Like this.
successively for the second display it is required to count from 0 to 5, then it
What we will do is catch another 7408 the number 6 and we send it back to the MR of the next one.
74393 and in this way we are assured that this display will count an infinite number of times from
from 0 to 5 is done similarly with the others.

Fig. No. 9: Configuration of the 74393 counter to count from 0 to 9

c) MINUTES AND HOURS PROGRAMMER

For the counter to move from one number to another, a clock pulse is needed.
the seconds project is displayed on some LEDs, this means that when the LEDs have
blinked 60 times, then through some arrangements the pulse number 59 is sent to the
next counter so that at that moment it changes to the next number, but if we by
we send a pulse to this counter through other means without the need for the LEDs to have
blinked 60 times, then we will also manage to make this counter move to the next number;

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this other medium we are referring to is the push buttons, which will be useful for
set the exact time we are in. This setting is shown in fig 10.

Fig. No. 10: Configuration of the minute programmer

d) CONSTRUCTION OF THE WATCH

In the following figure, we can show how it was implemented in Proteus for its simulation.

Fig. No. 11: Simulation of the clock signal

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GENERAL PLAN OF THE DIGITAL CLOCK MADE

Fig. No. 12: General clock circuit

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VII. CONCLUSIONS

It is not recommended to use the pulses that come from the 555 because doing so risks
risk of making precision errors that directly influence time management,
An AC/DC transformer is recommended as an alternative and use, through a bridge
rectifier the 60 Hz frequency coming from the public alternating current grid.
The integrated circuit 74393, although it has the basic inputs and outputs, is also suitable.
to make a good clock with all the necessary requirements, for that reason it
turns into an alternative for project implementation that has to do with the
count.
3. Finally, as a contribution to future generations of students and in a constructive manner,
we consider that self-learning is good because it forces the student to research and to
deepening outside the classroom, the theory of 'learning by doing' applies.

VIII. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

Books

T. L. Floyd: 'Fundamentals of Digital Systems'; 7th Edition; Sanz Publishing

Torres; 1993.
Ronald J. Tocci: Digital Systems - Principles and Applications.. Prentice Publishing
Hall. 1993.

b) Websites

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