The document describes an experiment involving building digital circuits using counters, seven segment displays, and decoders. It discusses building basic counters, decade counters, truncated counters, debouncing circuits, and cascaded counters. Procedures are provided for testing components and wiring the various circuits.
The document describes an experiment involving building digital circuits using counters, seven segment displays, and decoders. It discusses building basic counters, decade counters, truncated counters, debouncing circuits, and cascaded counters. Procedures are provided for testing components and wiring the various circuits.
The document describes an experiment involving building digital circuits using counters, seven segment displays, and decoders. It discusses building basic counters, decade counters, truncated counters, debouncing circuits, and cascaded counters. Procedures are provided for testing components and wiring the various circuits.
The document describes an experiment involving building digital circuits using counters, seven segment displays, and decoders. It discusses building basic counters, decade counters, truncated counters, debouncing circuits, and cascaded counters. Procedures are provided for testing components and wiring the various circuits.
Academic Year: 2019/2020 Experiment Name: counters Semester: Second Semester
Students 1- Ali Mohammad yaseen 2- Amjad Kayed 3- 4- Performed on: 3.june.2020 Submitted on: 4.june.2020 Report’s Outcomes ILO __ =( ) % ILO __ =( ) % ILO __ =( ) % ILO __ =( ) % ILO __ =( ) % Evaluation Criterion Grade Points Abstract answers of the questions: “What did you do? How did you do it? What 0.5 did you find?” Introduction and Theory Sufficient, clear and complete statement of objectives. In addition to 1.5 Presents sufficiently the theoretical basis. Apparatus/ Procedure Apparatus sufficiently described to enable another experimenter to 2 identify the equipment needed to conduct the experiment. Procedure sufficiently described. Experimental Results and Discussion Crisp explanation of experimental results. Comparison of theoretical 4 predictions to experimental results, including discussion of accuracy and error analysis in some cases. Conclusions and Recommendations Conclusions summarize the major findings from the experimental 1 results with adequate specificity. Recommendations appropriate in light of conclusions. Correct grammar. Appearance Title page is complete, page numbers applied, content is well 1 organized, correct spelling, fonts are consistent, good visual appeal.
Total 10
Issue number: AD3-3
Abstract •what did we do: In this experiment we built different circuits which contain counters, seven segments and decoders. •Tools and equipments: -We used IC’s such as: 1- Binary counter (74LS193 && 74LS192) 2- Decoder (74LS47)
3- 555 timer IC 4- Schmitt trigger (7414)
5- Nand gate (74LS00)
2 -seven segment - resistors
-capacitors - Breadboard
- Power Supply. - Digital Multi-meter
- Different wires.
3 •Procedure: Part (1): Our aim in this part is to build a counter that counts from 0 to 9. *steps : 1- Testing the 7 segment: we connect the 7 segment display and test it, our 7 segment was a common anode, so we connect an 470 ohm resistor between the common pin and the VCC, and then we test each pin (a-g) by connecting it to the GND. 2- Testing the decoder: We connect the decoder to the 7 segments display corresponding to its data sheet, then we test the decoder by taking different combinations on the input (A,B,C,D) and noticing what will be displayed on the 7 segments. 3- We connected the binary counter 74193 4- We connect the following circuit as a source for pulses (using Schmitt trigger) and we connect the output of this circuit to the up pin of the counter, and with the resistor and capacitor to make a mechanical push button, then we started pressing the button several times, by connecting and disconnecting the wire with the GND to make pulses as a clock generator to verify the circuit.
4 When the number on the seven-segment arrives to nine, the next pulse will put a random value on the seven-segment, but after six random values the counters will repeat from zero.
Part (2): Decade and Truncated counters:
Aim (1): to get rid of the random values
Aim (2): to build a counter that counts from 3-9.
*steps: 1-We replaced the 74193 by a 74192, and we noticed that the random values disappeared, that is: it counts from 0 to 9 and then repeats itself. 2- We designed decade counter using 74LS193 & NAND gate - We connected the NAND gate to detect the 10 at the output of the counter. - we connected the NAND output to the load input. - we connected number 3 to the counter’s input (0011)
5 Part (3): Debouncing
The debouncing circuit, is a circuit that
used to eliminate the bounces generated by mechanical bush-button switch when a button is pressed or released. R-C Debouncing, method of debouncing is to use a R-C circuit. The basic idea behind such circuit is to use a capacitor to filter out quick changes in the switch signal.
The basic R-C circuit used for debouncing is shown above. The circuit uses Resistor,Capacitor, Schmidt trigger hex inverter, and switch:
* If the switch is open, the voltage across capacitor which is initially
zero now charges to Vcc through the resistor. The voltage at Vin is high hence the output of the inverting Schmitt trigger is low (logic 0) * If the switch is closed the capacitor discharges to zero hence the voltage at Vin is ‘0’ and output of the inverting Schmidt trigger is high ( logic 1 ). Other methods of debouncing: Hardware Debouncing, Software Debouncing, and Switch Debouncing IC. Part (4): Clock generator using 555- timer.
6 Aim: to build a clock generator using 555-timer.
1)We built the circuit shown in the figure,
and tested it using a resistor and a LED 2)We connected the output of the circuit to the (up input) of the counter instead of the push-button circuit.
Part (5): Cascaded counters:
Aim: to build a counter that counts from 0 to 99
*steps:
- We used the circuit we’ve built in part 4 and another circuit built by another group
7 - We connected the clock generator to the UP input of the counter in our circuit (stage 1)
- we removed the clock generator from the second circuit (stage 2)
and replaced it with CO output of (stage 1)
Discussion & Conclusions:
*The DM74LS193 circuit is a synchronous up/down 4-bit binary counter. Synchronous operation is provided by having all flip-flops clocked simultaneously, so that the outputs change together when so instructed by the steering logic
These counters were designed to be cascaded without the need for
external circuitry.
* We use the NAND gate to detect specific value to control the range of the counter.
8 *if we connect the push button directly with the counter, it would give unknown values (undebounced) , but when we used Schmitt trigger, to eliminate the bounces generated by mechanical push button, it counted correctly (debouncing).
* When we use 555- timer, it gives pulses as clock generator. The
carry out of the first digit can be used to give pulses to the second digit of the counter.
