CONCEPTS CONSTRUCTION 3rd

SEMESTER

THE LAND:
It is a natural aggregate of mineral particles
separated by mechanical means of different
intensity according to its type and issues or demands
that it has. It is made up of various materials and
consequently with specific properties and
different load capacities, acquiring shapes
different.

CLASSIFICATION GRANULOMETRIC DEL

LAND
Limos 1 mm
Arenas 1 to 3.5 mm
Gravel or granules 3.5 to 10 mm
Record maximum size 10 to 38 mm
Rim bearings 38 mm

CLASSIFICATION OF THE SOIL BY ITS COHESION

SOFT LAND
Land of the Valley of Mexico
Alluvial land
Solid and naturally dry land
Soft clays
Clean and dry sand in confined natural beds
Dry clays in thick layers
Compacted arena
Compact sand relying bonded
Dry clays in thick layers
 HARD LANDS
Gravel and sand mixed with dry clay
Loose dry gravel confined
Gravel or compacted sands
Exquisite or compact rocks or conglomerates
Sandstone in compact beds
Granite rock

GROUND RESISTANCE INVESTIGATIONS

It is done in four ways:
FOR COMPARISON
It is done by comparing the land of
the neighboring constructions.
DIRECT INVESTIGATION
It consists of applying a load to one or several
small surfaces of land.
FOR SAMPLE EXTRACTION
The research of samples obtained by
extraction at different depths is good and
but when a ... is necessarily required
pre-drilling.
BY DRILLING
Drilling is a very correct way to
research, which is conducted through
baritones who incline by martinet being one
series of tubes that are screwed together as
penetrate.

EXCAVATIONS
Excavations are of two types: surface and
profound.
The superficial ones are made on soft ground.
being able to serve for temporary constructions or
Well, to see the type of terrain that we have up to
a depth limit. This excavation is
with common tools such as shovels and picks,
marshlands and in harder terrains the crowbar is used,
wedge, chisel, the hammer.
The minimum width of a hand-dug excavation
it is from 0.60m to 1.50m deep

swelling
It is the phenomenon that occurs in an excavation.
consisting of the elevation of the ground level in
the surface the erosion already done.

THE TEMPLATE
It is the required area to receive the foundation;
this has different purposes, it tries to achieve
greater uniformity in the distribution of loads and
a flat surface for the layout of the
foundation.

FILLINGS
It is the understanding of the excavation waste
when the foundation is already in place. In order to
carry out the work appropriate to good execution
of the same.
It can be done in two ways.
1.,- the priming is carried out and after compaction
the excavation is carried out and subsequently the
foundation.
2.,- the foundation is done and then the fill.

FOUNDATION
The foundation is that part of the structure or
from the same distance to bear the weight of the
construction that will gravitate around it and to transmit
about the land where it is planted
the corresponding loads in a stable form and
secure to ensure the application of the
unit loads will be compatible with the
mechanical properties of natural soil.

THEY ARE CLASSIFIED AS:

SUPERFICIAL

They are superficial when transmitting the load to the

ground by pressure under its base without friction
lateral of any kind. A foundation is superficial
when its width is equal to or greater than its
depth. They encompass the foundations in general and the
foundation slabs. The different types of
Shallow foundations depend on the loads that
they fall upon. The superficial foundations are
those who rest in the superficial layers
from the ground, which are capable of withstanding the
load received from the construction through the
base expansion.

Timely—isolated footings----- isolated, centered,

combined, party wall, corner

Linear—strip footings----- under wall, low

pillars, under wall and pillars

Shallow foundations

Examples: reinforced concrete foundation

Continuous footing of cyclopean concrete

Common or combined cleats

foundation slab

PROFOUND
This foundation is used when a construction
it is too extensive in an area to support,
also when a work is overloaded
large not being able to use any system of
special foundation; or that the ground does not have the
characteristics or resistance needed for
withstand very large or very extensive constructions
heavy.
THEY ARE CLASSIFIED INTO:
SUBSTITUTION
This foundation is through an excavation in the
land and the weight of the extracted material will be equal or
proportional to the weight of the construction according to
characteristics of the land and the building.
FLOTATION
This type is based on the principle of
Archimedes says: "Every body submerged in the
water experiences an upward vertical thrust
equal to the weight of the displaced liquid volume.
PILOTING
These piles are concrete 'pencils'
too big to be used in
constructions over water.
There are three types of piles:

1.- pilots working with direct support

Pile foundations are designed to
object to transmit the loads of the structure to layers
deeper with the necessary resistance.
2.- pilots that work through friction
They work based on adhesion or friction in the
soil layers, transmitting in this way to the
deep layers the received loads and their
resistance.
3.- mixed system
It will only be for a structure that meets its needs.
I require that the very deep resistant layers
and that the surface level has depressions
constants and very large.
There are types of piles
Wooden
Of concrete
Stuck in construction

SPECIALS
These foundations are used as they say in
special constructions where the land is very
gentle and excavations cannot be made.

LOADS
There are three types of charges:
Dead loads
They are those whose magnitudes and positions
remain practically constant during the
useful life of the structure
own weight
installations
defined filler pushes
LIVING LOADS
They are variable charges in magnitude and position.
due to the proper functioning of the structure.
personal
furniture
warehouse load pushers
ACCIDENTAL LOADS
Wind: it depends on the location of the structure,
its height, the exposed area, and the position. It
they manifest as pressures and suctions.
Seismic: induced loads on structures are
in relation to its mass and elevation from the
soil like the acceleration of the ground and of the
capacity of the structure.

WALLS
They are conceived from three points of operation:
Load-bearing walls (fixed)
Its basic function is to support, one could say.
What is an element subject to compression?
characteristics of the material for this type of walls
must be studied for mechanical jobs
specific.
Partition walls (fixed or mobile)
The basic function of this type of walls is to
isolate or separate, having characteristics such as
such as caustic or thermal, impermeable,
friction resistance the impacts and serve to
insulators.
Convention walls
They are subject to bending due to having to
withstand horizontal pushes.
These walls can be soil retaining walls,
water or air.
They are divided into interior and exterior walls, by the
type of material that walls are made of
opaque, translucent, and transparent.

Due to the arrangement of the walls, they can be:

Cappuccino wall
b) Wall to thread
Mud wall
Combined wall
hollow wall
The thicknesses of the walls can be 7, 14, 21,
42, 28.

The construction features of walls are:

 to lead
2. horizontal rows at level
3. uniform joints
4. complete adherence and its components
5. cloth and backing

There are other types of walls that are used as

decorative elements; such as:
carrizo, reed wall, bamboo and earth, of stone,
adobe wall, partition wall, block walls
glass.

HYDRAULIC INSTALLATIONS:
Hydraulic installations are those that me
they provide drinking water and it is a public service
provided by public or private entities, this
service is provided through pipes that
they are buried by one of the edges of the street and
that resist appreciable pressures being
generally made of galvanized iron, asbestos
cement, copper, PVC.

In the houses, this pipe is placed in line.

straight and parallel to the walls and ceilings, can go
buried and covered by the plaster or fixed to the
walls by means of hooks and clamps.

In the installation of pipes in a home, one

they use accessories to make ties or
derivations such as: unions, universals, tees,
elbows, adapters, bushings, and plugs; in addition to
the previous ones also use accessories like
faucets with hot water mixer, valves and
keys. See the following figures.
 SANITARY INSTALLATIONS
These facilities are responsible for evacuation.
of the wastewater that has been used in labor
work, hygiene, and personal grooming.

There is a wide range of devices that are used

in these matters and that they benefit from their
operation of sanitary call networks; between
here we have the toilets, the sinks and the
laundries.

For the installation of these devices, we rely on

of detailed plans that some companies
manufacturers of the products supply with the
sanitary and the sink, in those plans we can
find a series of measures that are specific to
each type of sink or toilet, such as:
distance at which we must leave the drain for
the sanitary, height of the water connection for the
sanitary, as well as the height measurement it must be
leave the mouth to receive the siphon and the heights
to install the water connections of the sink

Waterproofing agent
It is a liquid polymer, synthetic rubber, of color
black, which is applied cold, with a fabric of
reinforcement. It is recommended to use this product in sites
wet, since it can be applied on surfaces
horizontal and vertical on plaster substrates,
concrete, plaster, drywall, concrete base, and
even on ceramic coatings already
existing, forming a system of
efficient waterproofing, thin and resistant to
loads

FLOORS
It consists of rows of tiles installed on the
ground

Mochicas
it is just a small wall that should not exceed
more than 1 meter in height. It is used as walls
divisors.

EYEBROWS
the eyebrows are the part that protrudes from the
awning. It can be said that it is used for decoration
or simply put it to avoid that when
that during the rainy season, the water does not get in
the houses.