Exercises chapter_1
Eng: Eman Selim
1-If a set A = {1, 2}. Determine all relations from A to
A.
Solution: There are 22= 4 elements i.e., {(1, 2), (2,
1), (1, 1), (2, 2)} in A×A. So, there are 24= 16
relations from A to A. i.e. The relations from A to A
= [{(1, 2), (2, 1), (1, 1), (2, 2)}, {(1, 2), (2, 1)}, {(1,
2), (1, 1)}, {(1, 2 ), (2, 2)}, {(2, 1), (1, 1)}, {(2,1), (2,
2)}, {(1, 1), (2, 2)}, {(1, 2), (2, 1), (1, 1)}, {(1, 2), (1,
1), (2, 2)}, {(2,1), (1, 1), (2, 2)}, {(1, 2), (2, 1), (2,
2)}, {(1, 2), (2, 1), (1, 1), (2, 2)} and ∅].
2- Let A={1,2} , B={3,4} Find A×B and B×A.
Solution: A×B= {(1,3),(1,4),(2,3),(2,4)} B×A=
{(3,1),(3,2),(4,1),(4,2)}
3- Let the set {a, b, c) and the relation is as follows:
R={(a, a), (b, b), (c, c), (b, c), (c, b)} . Is R an
equivalence relation?
Solution:
1. Is R reflexive? (a, a) ∈ 𝑅 ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴. (a, a), (b, b), (c,
c)∈ 𝑅 , So R is reflexive.
2. Is R symmetric? If (a, b) ∈ 𝑅 → (b, a) ∈ 𝑅 ∀ 𝑎,𝑏 ∈
𝐴 (b, c)∈ 𝑅 → (c, b)∈ 𝑅. Consequently, R is
symmetric.
3. Is it transitive? If (a, b) ∈ 𝑅 and (b, c) ∈ 𝑅 → (a, c)
∈ 𝑅 (b, c)∈ 𝑅 , (c, b)∈ 𝑅 → (b,b) ∈ 𝑅 Hence, R is
transitive. From 1, 2 and 3 R is an equivalence
relation.
4-Determine whether the function f: from {a, b, c, d}
to {1, 2 ,3, 4, 5} with f(a) = 4, f(b) = 5, f(c) = 1 and f(d)
= 3 is one-to-one.
Solution:
Yes, all images have at most one arrow or none.
5-Determine whether the function f(x)= x2 from the set
of integers to the set of integers is one-to-one.
The function f(x)= x2 is not one-to-one because, for
instance, f(1) =f(−1) = 1, but 1 ≠ −1.
6-Let A = {a1, a2, a3}, B = {b1, b2, b3}, C = {c1, c2},
and D = {d1, d2, d3, d4}.
Consider the following four functions, from A to B, A to
D, B to C, and D to B, respectively.
Determine whether each function is one to one, and onto
(a) f1 = {(a1, b2), (a2, b3), (a3, b1)}
(b) f2 = {(a1, d2), (a2, d1), (a3, d4)}
(c) f3 = {(b1, c2), (b2, c2), (b3, c1)}
(d) f4 = {(d1, b1), (d2, b2), (d3, b1)}
Solution:
(a) f1 is everywhere defined, one to one, and
onto.
(b) f2 is everywhere defined and one to one, but
not onto.
(c) f3 is everywhere defined and onto but is not
one to one.
(d) f4 is not everywhere defined, not one to one,
and not onto.
7- Let A= {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {a, b, c, d} and let R is a
relation from A to B defined as follows: R = {(1, a), (1,
b), (1, c), (2, b), (2, c), (2, d)}. Find the domain and
range of the relation R.
Solution: (i) (ii) DOM (R) = {1, 2} RAN (R) = {a, b,
c, d}
8-Which of these is symmetric?
R1 = {(1,1), (1,2), (2,1), (2,2), (3,4), (4,1),
(4,4)}
R2 = {(1,1), (1,2), (2,1)}
R3 = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,4), (2,1), (2,2), (3,3),
(4,1), (4,4)}
R4 = {(2,1), (3,1), (3,2), (4,1), (4,2), (4,3)}
R5 = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,2), (2,3),
(2,4), (3,3), (3,4), (4,4)}
R6 = {(3,4)}
The relations R2 and R3 are symmetric
because in each case (b, a) belongs to the
relation whenever (a, b) does. The other
relations aren’t symmetric.
9-Let A = {0,1,2}, B = {a, b} and R = {(0, a), (0, b), (1,
a), (2, b)} Draw the relation R using arrow diagram of
a relation.
The answer :
10- Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and R = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (2, 2), (2,
4), (3, 1), (3, 3), (4, 2), (4, 4)}. Show that R is an
equivalence relation.
Solution:
1) Reflexive: Relation R is reflexive as (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)
and (4, 4) ∈ R.
2) Symmetric: Relation R is symmetric because whenever
(a, b) ∈ R, (b, a) also belongs to R. for example (2, 4) ∈ R
⟹ (4, 2) ∈ R.
3) Transitive: Relation R is transitive because whenever
(a, b) and (b, c) belongs to R, (a, c) also belongs to R.
Such as: (3, 1) ∈ R and (1, 3) ∈ R ⟹ (3, 3) ∈ R. So, as R
is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive, hence, R is an
equivalence relation.
11- Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B= {1, 2, 3, 4}, and suppose
we have the relations: R1 = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3)}, R2 =
{(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4)}. Then find the union,
intersection, and difference of the relations
Solution:
R1 R2 = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,2), (3,3)}
R1 R2 = {(1,1)}
R1 - R2 = {(2,2), (3,3)}
R2 - R1 = {(1,2), (1,3), (1,4)}
12- Determine whether the function f(x)= x +1 from
the set of real numbers to itself is one-to-one.
Solution: The function f(x)= x +1 is a one-to-one
function. To demonstrate this, note that x +1 ≠ y +1 when
x ≠ y.
13-Let f be the function from {a, b, c, d} to {1,2,3}
defined by f(a) = 3, f(b) = 2, f(c) = 1, and f(d) = 3. Is f
an onto function?
Yes because ∀b ∈ B, ∃ a ∈ A: f (a) = b
14-Determine whether each function is one to one, and
onto
Solution:
