Smart Grid

Course code: 2EEDE07

Division A
Faculty: Dr. Soumesh Chatterjee

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Unit 1
Unit-1: Introduction Hours: 05
Evolution of Electric Grid, conventional electrical networks, motives behind
developing the Smart Grid Network, Definitions, Characteristics and Benefits of
the Smart Grid, Present Grid versus Smart Grid, Functions of Smart Grid
Components, Key challenges for Smart Grid, Present development and
International practices in Smart Grid.

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Evolution of Grid:
Definition of Electrical Grid: Electrical grid or power grid is defined as
the network which interconnects the generation, transmission and
distribution unit. It supplies the electrical power from generating unit to the
distribution unit.

Types of Electrical Grid: The power station of the grid is located

near the fuel source which reduces the transportation cost of the system.
But it is located far away from the populated areas. The power which is
generated at high voltage is stepped down by the help of step down
transformer in the substation and then supply to the consumers.

Types of Electrical Grid: 1. Regional grid, 2. National grid.

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Contd…
Need of interconnection of Grid:
If there is a sudden increase in load or loss of generation in a zone, then it
borrows from the adjacent interconnected area. But for the interconnections of
the network certain amount of generating capacity known as the spinning
reserve is required. The spinning reserve consists generator running at normal
speed and ready to supply power instantaneously.
Power system in earlier days:

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 Contd….
History of Electrical grid:
The Pearl Street Station, the first central power plant in the U.S., began
producing electricity on September 4th, 1882. It was located at 255 – 257 Pearl
Street in Manhattan. It initially served 85 customers, providing electricity to 400
lamps.

Edison's Jumbo dynamo

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Contd…
The War of the Currents: Edison vs Tesla / Westinghouse:
As with all good business ideas, competition arose quickly to Thomas Edison’s
company. A competitor to Edison’s direct current (DC) technology was George
Westinghouse’s alternating current (AC) technology. Westinghouse “won the
war”, competitive pressure led to the growth of the electric companies.

The scenario was

almost unchanged
during 1935 to 1978.

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Contd…
The evolution of electric grid:

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Motives behind smart grid:
The Smart Grid concept is widely perceived as way forward to solve problems
related to growing energy consumption, integration of distributed generation,
energy efficiency, power supply reliability, and power quality.

The factors that led to the development of the Smart Grid concept may be
summarized as follows:
● Aging of conventional electrical networks coupled with the emergence of new
applications
● Political and environmental factors
● Liberalization of electricity market
● Motivation and inclusion of customers as players to support the grid.
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Contd…..
The most important of these that proved to be difficult for the networks to
accommodate include:
(i) The integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) based-generators,
including RESs based-generators and storage systems into electrical networks,
particularly at distribution voltage levels.

(ii) Accommodating the recent new development in transport industry in terms

of EVs will be presented as a new type of load which puts further stress on
the network.

(iii) Dealing with the dynamic situation between electricity market stakeholders
and electrical utilities due to liberalization of electricity market in recent
years that require the implementation of new tools and methodologies with
the help of new and advanced technologies.
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Contd… 25-01-23
Comparison between Conventional and Smart grid:

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Definitions:
As per National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST):
“A modernized grid that enables bidirectional flows of energy and uses two-way
communication and control capabilities that will lead to an array of new
functionalities and applications.”

As per IEEE,
❑Smart grid is a large ‘System of Systems’, where each functional domain
consists of three layers: (i) the power and energy layer, (ii) the communication
layer, and (iii) the IT/computer layer.

❑Layers (ii) and (iii) above are the enabling infrastructure that makes the
existing power and energy infrastructure ‘smarter’.
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Characteristics and Benefits of the Smart Grid:
• Flexible: The Smart Grid must be designed to fulfill customers’ needs and at the same time
has the ability to respond to the changes and challenges ahead.

● Accessible: The Smart Grid must have the ability to grant connection access to all network
users, particularly for renewable power sources and high efficiency local generation with zero
or low carbon emissions.

● Reliable: The Smart Grid must have the capability to ensure and improve security and
quality of supply, consistent with the demands of the digital age with resilience to hazards
and uncertainties.

● Economic: The Smart Grid must have the ability to provide best value through innovation,
efficient energy management, and ‘‘level playing field’’ competition and regulation.

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Contd….
Enable active participation by consumers,

● Accommodate all generation and storage options

● Enable new products, services, and markets
● Provide power quality for digital economy
● Optimize assets utilization and operate efficiently
● Anticipate and respond to system disturbances (self-heal)
● Operate resiliently against attack and natural disaster

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 Functions of Smart Grid Components
The components of a smart grid are a combination of intelligent appliances and heavy
equipment that play an important role in the production of electricity as mentioned
below. These appliances work in a predefined manner, they are smart enough to
understand the incoming power supply and how to utilize it.
1. Smart appliances,
2. Smart meters,
3. Smart substations,
4. Synchro Phasors.
1. Smart appliances: These appliances are set to consumer’s predefined preference
level and they have an idea on when to consume energy on what level. These tech
appliances have an important impact on the grid generators since they help in
understanding the power position and reduce the peak load factors.
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Contd…
2. Smart meters: The smart meters are a two-way communicator that help create a
bridge between the power providers and the end consumer. It automates the billing
data collection on the very convenient manner, detects system failures and sends
repairing teams much faster than before because as soon as a system or a unit fails,
the service providers are notified immediately.

3. Smart substations: Smart grid’s substations require heavy equipment and

manpower to be operationalized thoroughly. This equipment may include
transformers, switches, capacitor banks, circuit breakers and a network protected
relay.

4. Synchro-phasor: The most common advantages of phasor measurement

technology include: Dynamic monitoring of the whole interconnected system, Post-
event analysis, Island detection.
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Key challenges for Smart Grid
The Key Challenges for Smart Grids are:
Strengthening the grid, Enhanced intelligence, Communications, Integrating
intermittent generation, Moving offshore, Capturing the benefits of DG and
storage and preparing of plugin hybrid vehicles.

Strengthening the grid:

It should be ensured that there is sufficient transmission capacity to interconnect
energy resources, especially renewable resources. The electric power grid is over
a century-old and is considered to be the largest and most complex
interconnected physical system on earth. Due to its vastness, complexity and
being inextricably linked to human development and involvement, it is termed to
be an ecosystem in itself.
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Contd….
Communication:
Smart Grid will integrate all the components of power system to enhance the
performance of the grid. Much of the integration of components relates to
communication systems, IT systems, and business processes. Efficient communication
is needed for proper co-ordination of protective devices to adopt the new operating
conditions.
Integrating intermittent generation:
Economic dispatch deals with the minimum cost of power production in electrical
power system analysis [10], [11]. More specifically, in solving this problem, one seeks
to find the optimal allocation of the electrical power output from various available
generators. Prior to the widespread use of alternate sources of energy, the problem
involved only conventional thermal energy power generators, which use depletable
resources such as fossil fuels. It has become apparent that there is a need for
alternatives to thermal energy power generation.
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Contd…
Enhanced intelligence:
Smart grids use digital technologies and IoT solutions to intelligently respond and
adapt to changes in the grid. Infusing intelligence with the Siemens Xcelerator
for Grids portfolio is the key to leveraging the data in the grid. This allows
operators to make grid operation more reliable, cost-efficient, flexible, safer and
therefore sustainable.
Moving offshore:
Developing the most efficient connections for offshore wind farms and for other
marine technologies is a key issue. Potential benefits of the smart grid
technology are that it’s central control will now be able to control and operate
many remote power plant, optimize the overall asset utilization and operational
efficiently.

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 Contd….
Capturing the benefits of DG and storage:
Even if connected to the utility grid, renewable energy storages are usually coupled with
other energy sources to improve robustness against intermittent outages. Hybrid
energy systems are absolutely essential for remote off-grid installations. The popular
approaches include the use of fossil fuel-driven generators (diesel), batteries, flywheels,
super capacitors and compressed air systems. Their environmental impact is important,
since the use of RESs is strictly related to providing a more sustainable energy
processing.
Preparing of plugin hybrid vehicles:
Smart Grids must accommodate the needs of all consumers, electric vehicles are
particularly emphasized due to their mobile and highly dispersed character and possible
massive deployment in the next years, what would yield a major challenge for the
future electricity networks. The emerging of plug-in hybrid vehicles results not only in
the increase of electric vehicles as means of transportation, but also in the utilization of
vehicle batteries for grid support, which is referred to as vehicle-to-grid (V2G). However,
V2G is still at a conceptual stage, and the lack of practical and realistic frameworks to
help moving
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from concept to implementation causes serious challenges to its adoption.
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Present development

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International practices in Smart Grid
ISGAN’s objective is to accelerate the development and deployment of smarter,
cleaner and more flexible electricity grids around the world. Smart grids enable
increased demand response and energy efficiency.

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Contd…
According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), world electricity demand is
predicted to grow at a 2.2 percent Compound Average Annual Growth Rate
from 2012 to 2035 and a total of 62 million kilometers of transmission &
distribution lines will need to be added.

NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards

Release 2.0,
the IEC Smart Grid Standardization Roadmap, the ISO/IECs Smart Grid
Standards for Residential Customers,
the ZigBee/HomePlugs Smart Energy Profile Specification 2.0,
IEEEs P2030 Draft Guide for Smart Grid Interoperability of Energy Technology
and Information Technology Operation with the Electric Power System (EPS)
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Contd….
Standards:
The IEC 61850 Standards are a foundational series of publications which pave the
way for the use of a variety of digital technologies relating to smart energy. They
deal with issues such as the integration of renewable energies and distributed
energy resources (DERs) within the electrical network.

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