Examination Preparation Proforma
Department of Chemical Engineering
2018-19
Module Code: CENG0019
Module Name: Transport Phenomena II
Coordinator: Luca Mazzei
Duration of exam Hours: 3 Mins: -
Number of pages submitted 6
Special Stationery requirements No
e.g. graph paper
Multiple answer books? No Number:
Reference material provided by Exams
e.g. Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of None
Fluids - SI Units
Material to be provided by Department None
e.g. Periodic Table
Electronic Calculators Permitted Standard
(delete as appropriate)
Library allowed to publish paper? Yes
Additional Information:
Question Set by Q & A checked Signature & date
number(s) (initials) by (initials) (to confirm that all content has been
checked, is accurate and all technical
information is correct)
1 LM PA
16/01/2019
2 LM PA
16/01/2019
3 LM PA
16/01/2019
4 LM PA
16/01/2019
Any comments:
Answer ALL FOUR questions.
Each question carries a total of 25 marks, distributed as shown [ ]
1. Two immiscible, incompressible, Newtonian liquids flow in the 𝑧𝑧 direction in a
horizontal thin slit of length 𝐿𝐿, width 𝑊𝑊 and thickness 2𝐻𝐻 under the action of a pressure
gradient 𝐺𝐺 ≡ (𝑝𝑝0 − 𝑝𝑝𝐿𝐿 )/𝐿𝐿. The fluid flow rates are adjusted so that the slit is half filled
with fluid 1 (the more dense phase) and half filled with fluid 2 (the less dense phase). The
fluids flow sufficiently slowly that no instabilities occur; so, the interface between them
can be taken to be perfectly planar. The system is sketched in Figure Q.1.
Figure Q.1: Flow of two immiscible fluids between a pair of horizontal plates under
the influence of a pressure gradient. The 𝒚𝒚 axis is normal to the page. The profile on
the left refers to the fluid velocity, while that on the right refers to the fluid shear stress.
Answer all parts of the following:
a) Since the flow is laminar, the fluids are expected to travel in straight lines
along the 𝑧𝑧 direction; therefore, we can assume that:
𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧) = 0 ; 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧) = 0 ; 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧) ≠ 0
where 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 and 𝑧𝑧 are the coordinates of a Cartesian coordinate system, while
𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 , 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 and 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 are the components of the fluid velocity vector.
Select a suitable control volume. Derive the linear momentum balance
equation for this system and prove that:
𝐷𝐷𝑥𝑥 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 (𝑥𝑥) = 𝐺𝐺
where 𝐷𝐷𝑥𝑥 denotes the (first) total derivative with respect to the variable 𝑥𝑥, and
𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 is the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 component of the viscous part of the fluid stress tensor.
[12]
TURN OVER
CENG0019 1
b) Integrate the equation in part a) in the regions occupied by the two fluids (for
liquids 1 and 2, the regions are −𝐻𝐻 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 0 and 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 𝐻𝐻, respectively)
and prove that:
𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥,1 (𝑥𝑥) = 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 + 𝐶𝐶1 ; 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥,2 (𝑥𝑥) = 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 + 𝐶𝐶2
where 𝐶𝐶1 and 𝐶𝐶2 are integration constants, and the subscripts 1 and 2 are used
to identify the liquids (the former identifies the denser one, as said).
[2]
c) Using the Newtonian constitutive equation that relates the viscous stress to
the velocity gradient, turn the equations in part b) into differential equations
for the fluid velocity component 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 . Then, integrate these and prove that:
𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧,1 (𝑥𝑥) = − (𝐺𝐺/2𝜇𝜇1 ) 𝑥𝑥 2 − (𝐶𝐶1 /𝜇𝜇1 ) 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶3
𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧,2 (𝑥𝑥) = − (𝐺𝐺/2𝜇𝜇2 ) 𝑥𝑥 2 − (𝐶𝐶2 /𝜇𝜇2 ) 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶4
where 𝜇𝜇1 and 𝜇𝜇2 are the viscosities of the liquids (as reported in Figure Q.1,
we assume that liquid 1 is more viscous, as well as more dense), while 𝐶𝐶3 and
𝐶𝐶4 are additional integration constants.
[3]
d) Obtain the values of the integration constants by employing suitable boundary
conditions. Report the conditions, explaining the physical grounds on which
they are based.
[8]
CONTINUED
CENG0019 2
2. Answer all parts of the following:
a) Derive the continuity equation, in Eulerian form, for a compressible fluid in
rectangular coordinates and show that it is:
𝜕𝜕𝑡𝑡 𝜌𝜌(𝒙𝒙, 𝑡𝑡) = − �𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 [𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 ](𝒙𝒙, 𝑡𝑡) + 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦 �𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 �(𝒙𝒙, 𝑡𝑡) + 𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧 [𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 ](𝒙𝒙, 𝑡𝑡)�
where 𝜌𝜌 and 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 are the density and the r-th component of the velocity vector,
respectively, while 𝒙𝒙 and 𝑡𝑡 are the position vector and the time, respectively.
Report all the steps in your derivation.
[10]
b) Explain what Eulerian and Lagrangian observers are and how they differ.
[4]
c) What is the physical meaning of the equation reported below, which defines
the substantial derivative of a generic scalar field 𝑓𝑓(𝒙𝒙, 𝑡𝑡)?
𝐷𝐷𝑡𝑡 𝑓𝑓(𝒙𝒙, 𝑡𝑡) = 𝜕𝜕𝑡𝑡 𝑓𝑓(𝒙𝒙, 𝑡𝑡)
+ 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 (𝒙𝒙, 𝑡𝑡) 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓(𝒙𝒙, 𝑡𝑡) + 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 (𝒙𝒙, 𝑡𝑡) 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓(𝒙𝒙, 𝑡𝑡) + 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 (𝒙𝒙, 𝑡𝑡) 𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧 𝑓𝑓(𝒙𝒙, 𝑡𝑡)
[4]
d) Using the relation given in part c) and the continuity equation in Eulerian
form given in part a), obtain the fluid mass balance equation in Lagrangian
form. Report all the steps in your derivation.
[2]
e) Assume that:
𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧, 𝑡𝑡) = (𝑈𝑈/2) 𝑥𝑥 ; 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧, 𝑡𝑡) = − 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 ; 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧, 𝑡𝑡) = (𝑈𝑈/2) 𝑧𝑧
where 𝑈𝑈 is a constant.
Is this flow transient or steady?
If the fluid is incompressible, does this flow satisfy the continuity equation?
[2]
f) For the flow specified in part e), calculate 𝜕𝜕𝑡𝑡 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 (𝒙𝒙, 𝑡𝑡) and 𝐷𝐷𝑡𝑡 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 (𝒙𝒙, 𝑡𝑡).
[3]
TURN OVER
CENG0019 3
3. Consider a semi-infinite expanse of an isothermal, incompressible, Newtonian fluid, as
shown in the Figure Q.3. At its bottom, there is a wall which is initially motionless.
Initially, the fluid is also motionless, so that its velocity is zero everywhere. At time 𝑡𝑡 =
0, the wall is instantaneously set in motion in the 𝑥𝑥 direction at a constant velocity of
magnitude 𝑢𝑢. This sets the fluid in motion.
y
t =0
Motionless fluid.
The wall is instantaneously
u set in motion.
x
Figure Q.3. Sketch of the system. The 𝑧𝑧 axis is normal to the sheet of paper.
Assume that the only nonzero velocity component is 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 , that is, the component in the
horizontal direction 𝑥𝑥. The fluid, in particular, does not move in the vertical direction 𝑦𝑦.
Answer all parts of the following:
a) Using the general linear momentum balance equations and the Newtonian
constitutive equations relating the viscous stress tensor to the velocity
gradient tensor reported in the appendix, obtain the following equation:
2
𝜕𝜕𝑡𝑡 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 (𝑦𝑦, 𝑡𝑡) = 𝜈𝜈 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 (𝑦𝑦, 𝑡𝑡)
where 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 is the component of the fluid velocity in the 𝑥𝑥 direction and
𝜈𝜈 is the fluid kinematic viscosity. [10]
b) The disturbance imposed at the wall does not spread through the fluid
instantaneously. After a time 𝑡𝑡, the disturbance has only penetrated a distance 𝛿𝛿(𝑡𝑡),
referred to as penetration distance. Using the scaling method, estimate the function
𝛿𝛿(𝑡𝑡). Explain your reasoning.
[5]
c) Above, we have considered the transient transfer of linear momentum through
a semi-infinite medium; we now consider the transient transfer of internal
energy through a semi-infinite medium.
CONTINUED
CENG0019 4
Derive an expression for the initial contact temperature 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 between two finite
bodies 1 and 2, initially at uniform temperatures 𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 and 𝑇𝑇𝑣𝑣 , that are brought
together at time 𝑡𝑡 = 0. The temperature distribution in a semi-infinite slab is
given by this function:
𝑇𝑇 − 𝑇𝑇0 2 𝑠𝑠 𝑦𝑦
= 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒(𝑠𝑠) , 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒(𝑠𝑠) ≡ 1 − � exp(−𝑎𝑎2 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 , 𝑠𝑠 ≡
𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 − 𝑇𝑇0 √𝜋𝜋 0 √4𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼
where 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 is the surface temperature, 𝑇𝑇0 is the initial temperature of the slab,
𝑇𝑇 is the temperature at a distance 𝑦𝑦 from the surface and 𝛼𝛼 is the thermal
diffusivity of the slab; the latter is equal to 𝑘𝑘/�𝜌𝜌𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝 �, where 𝑘𝑘 is the thermal
conductivity, 𝜌𝜌 the density and 𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝 the specific heat capacity of the slab.
[8]
d) Which material feels hotter to the touch: a glass or a metal slab at the same
temperature? To answer, use the data in Table Q.3. Explain your reasoning.
Table Q.3. Numerical data.
Glass 𝑘𝑘 = 1.50 W (m K) -1 𝜌𝜌 = 2520 kg m-3 𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝 = 790 J (kg K) -1
Metal 𝑘𝑘 = 49.8 W (m K) -1 𝜌𝜌 = 7870 kg m-3 𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝 = 472 J (kg K) -1
[2]
Appendix
Linear momentum balance equations in Cartesian coordinates
𝜌𝜌�𝜕𝜕𝑡𝑡 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 + 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 + 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 + 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 �
= − 𝜕𝜕𝑟𝑟 𝑝𝑝 − �𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦 𝜏𝜏𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 + 𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧 𝜏𝜏𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 � + 𝜌𝜌𝑔𝑔𝑟𝑟 ; 𝑟𝑟 = {𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧}
Newton’s law of viscosity in Cartesian coordinates
𝜏𝜏𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = − 2 𝜇𝜇 𝜕𝜕𝑟𝑟 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 + (2/3) 𝜇𝜇 ∇ ∙ 𝒗𝒗 ; 𝑟𝑟 = {𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧}
𝜏𝜏𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 𝜏𝜏𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = − 𝜇𝜇 (𝜕𝜕𝑟𝑟 𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 + 𝜕𝜕𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 ) ; 𝑟𝑟 = {𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧} ; 𝑠𝑠 = {𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧} ; 𝑠𝑠 ≠ 𝑟𝑟
TURN OVER
CENG0019 5
4. Answer all parts of the following:
a) Discuss the assumptions on which the mass transfer film-theory model is based.
[5]
b) Adopting the film-theory model, sketch and discuss the form of the concentration
profile of a component dissolving from a gas into a liquid in the absence of
chemical reaction. [8]
c) What advantages (if any) does the presence of a chemical reaction in the liquid
phase offer in a process of mass transfer between a gas and a liquid?
[4]
d) A component A is absorbed into a liquid in which the instantaneous irreversible
reaction A + 𝑏𝑏B → 𝑐𝑐C occurs. Using the film-theory model for mass transfer, sketch
the form of the steady-state concentration profiles of components A and B in the
liquid phase.
Then prove that the mass transfer enhancement factor is given by:
𝑏𝑏
𝐷𝐷𝐵𝐵,𝐿𝐿 𝑐𝑐𝐵𝐵,𝐿𝐿
𝐸𝐸 = 1 + 𝑖𝑖
𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝐷𝐴𝐴,𝐿𝐿 𝑐𝑐𝐴𝐴,𝐿𝐿
where 𝐷𝐷𝐴𝐴,𝐿𝐿 and 𝐷𝐷𝐵𝐵,𝐿𝐿 are the molecular diffusivities of A and B in the liquid,
𝑖𝑖
respectively, 𝑐𝑐𝐴𝐴,𝐿𝐿 is the liquid-side concentration of A at the gas-liquid
𝑏𝑏
interface, and 𝑐𝑐𝐵𝐵,𝐿𝐿 is the concentration of B in the liquid bulk.
[8]
END OF PAPER
CENG0019 6
