C–Loops
Loops in programming are used to repeat a block of code until the specified condition is met.
A loop statement allows programmers to execute a statement or group of statements multiple
times without repetition of code.
// C program to illustrate need of loops
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf( "Hello World\n");
printf( "Hello World\n");
printf( "Hello World\n");
printf( "Hello World\n");
printf( "Hello World\n");
printf( "Hello World\n");
printf( "Hello World\n");
printf( "Hello World\n");
printf( "Hello World\n");
printf( "Hello World\n");
return 0;
}
Output
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
There are mainly two types of loops in C Programming:
1. Entry Controlled loops: In Entry controlled loops the test condition is checked
before entering the main body of the loop. For Loop and While Loop is Entry-
controlled loops.
2. Exit Controlled loops: In Exit controlled loops the test condition is evaluated at the
end of the loop body. The loop body will execute at least once, irrespective of
whether the condition is true or false. do-while Loop is Exit Controlled loop.
Loop Type Description
first Initializes, then condition check, then executes the body and at last, the
for loop
update is done.
first Initializes, then condition checks, and then executes the body, and updating
while loop
can be inside the body.
do-while
do-while first executes the body and then the condition check is done.
loop
for Loop
for loop in C programming is a repetition control structure that allows programmers to write
a loop that will be executed a specific number of times. for loop enables programmers to
perform n number of steps together in a single line.
Syntax:
for (initialize expression; test expression; update expression)
{
//
// body of for loop
//
}
Example:
for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
{
printf("Body of for loop which will execute till n");
}
In for loop, a loop variable is used to control the loop. Firstly we initialize the loop variable
with some value, then check its test condition. If the statement is true then control will move
to the body and the body of for loop will be executed. Steps will be repeated till the exit
condition becomes true. If the test condition will be false then it will stop.
Initialization Expression: In this expression, we assign a loop variable or loop
counter to some value. for example: int i=1;
Test Expression: In this expression, test conditions are performed. If the condition
evaluates to true then the loop body will be executed and then an update of the loop
variable is done. If the test expression becomes false then the control will exit from
the loop. for example, i<=9;
Update Expression: After execution of the loop body loop variable is updated by
some value it could be incremented, decremented, multiplied, or divided by any value.
for loop Equivalent Flow Diagram:
Example:
// C program to illustrate for loop
#include <stdio.h>
// Driver code
int main()
{
int i = 0;
for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
{
printf( "Hello World\n");
}
return 0;
}
Output
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
While Loop
While loop does not depend upon the number of iterations. In for loop the number of
iterations was previously known to us but in the While loop, the execution is terminated on
the basis of the test condition. If the test condition will become false then it will break from
the while loop else body will be executed.
Syntax:
initialization_expression;
while (test_expression)
{
// body of the while loop
update_expression;
}
Flow Diagram for while loop:
// C program to illustrate
// while loop
#include <stdio.h>
// Driver code
int main()
{
// Initialization expression
int i = 2;
// Test expression
while(i < 10)
{
// loop body
printf( "Hello World\n");
// update expression
i++;
}
return 0;
}
Output
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
do-while Loop
The do-while loop is similar to a while loop but the only difference lies in the do-while loop
test condition which is tested at the end of the body. In the do-while loop, the loop body will
execute at least once irrespective of the test condition.
Syntax:
initialization_expression;
do
{
// body of do-while loop
update_expression;
} while (test_expression);
// C program to illustrate
// do-while loop
#include <stdio.h>
// Driver code
int main()
{
// Initialization expression
int i = 2;
do
{
// loop body
printf( "Hello World\n");
// Update expression
i++;
// Test expression
} while (i < 1);
return 0;
}
Output
Hello World
Above program will evaluate (i<1) as false since i = 2. But still, as it is a do-while loop the
body will be executed once.
Loop Control Statements
Loop control statements in C programming are used to change execution from its normal
sequence.
Name Description
the break statement is used to terminate the switch and loop statement. It
break
transfers the execution to the statement immediately following the loop or
statement
switch.
continue continue statement skips the remainder body and immediately resets its
statement condition before reiterating it.
goto
goto statement transfers the control to the labeled statement.
statement
Infinite Loop
An infinite loop is executed when the test expression never becomes false and the body of the
loop is executed repeatedly. A program is stuck in an Infinite loop when the condition is
always true. Mostly this is an error that can be resolved by using Loop Control statements.
Using for loop:
// C program to demonstrate infinite
// loops using for loop
#include <stdio.h>
// Driver code
int main ()
{
int i;
// This is an infinite for loop
// as the condition expression
// is blank
for ( ; ; )
{
printf("This loop will run forever.\n");
}
return 0;
}
Output
This loop will run forever.
This loop will run forever.
This loop will run forever.
...
Using While loop:
// C program to demonstrate
// infinite loop using while
// loop
#include <stdio.h>
// Driver code
int main()
{
while (1)
printf("This loop will run forever.\n");
return 0;
}
Output
This loop will run forever.
This loop will run forever.
This loop will run forever.
...
Using the do-while loop:
// C program to demonstrate
// infinite loop using do-while
// loop
#include <stdio.h>
// Driver code
int main()
{
do
{
printf("This loop will run forever.\n");
} while (1);
return 0;
}
Output
This loop will run forever.
This loop will run forever.
This loop will run forever.
...
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