Architecture of Linux
Linux is a free, open-source, Unix-like operating system that follows a layered architecture.
The design ensures modularity, flexibility, security, and multitasking.
Key Features of Linux Architecture
• Layered structure (each layer communicates with the one above/below it).
• Monolithic kernel (large kernel but modular – supports loadable kernel modules).
• Portable (can run on different hardware platforms).
• Secure and multi-user.
• Supports multitasking and multiprocessing.
Layers of Linux Architecture
1. Hardware Layer
The physical components of the computer: CPU, memory, hard disk, I/O devices. Provides
the base on which Linux operates.
2. Kernel Layer
The core part of Linux. Manages hardware and system resources (CPU, memory, devices).
Works between hardware and user programs.
• Process management (scheduling, multitasking)
• Memory management
• Device management (drivers)
• File system management
• Networking
3. System Libraries & System Calls
Libraries contain predefined functions to perform system-related tasks. Applications
interact with the kernel via system calls provided by these libraries. Example: glibc (GNU C
library).
4. User Space
Where user processes, applications, and utilities run.
• Shell: Command-line interpreter (bash, zsh, ksh).
• System utilities: Basic programs (cp, mv, ls, cat).
• Applications: Text editors, browsers, compilers, databases.
Diagram of Linux Architecture
+------------------------+
| User Applications |
+------------------------+
| Shell & Utilities |
+------------------------+
| System Libraries/Calls |
+------------------------+
| Kernel |
+------------------------+
| Hardware |
+------------------------+
Summary
Linux architecture is modular and layered. The Kernel is the core that controls resources.
Libraries and system calls act as a bridge. Shell and applications provide the user interface.
It provides multitasking, multi-user support, and portability.
