SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Record of Applied and Action Learning

(Practice)

Subject Name:

Subject Code:

Semester:

Name:

Registration No.:

Program/Branch:

Specialization:

Academic Year:

Campus:
 CENTURION UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
ODISHA

Certificate

This is to certify that Mr./Ms. ............................................................................................. having

Registration No. ............................................... of ....................................................... Semester,

.................................................................... Program, ..........................................................

School, .................................................. Campus has completed ...................................

number of experiments in ............................................ Applied and Action

Learning Laboratory and fulfils the ...................................................................... course

requirements.

Signature of the HoD/Dean Signature of the Faculty

Office Seal
 INDEX
Exp. Date Name of the Experiment Page. Remarks Faculty Signature
No No

To determine the refractive index of a glass

1
slab using a traveling microscope.

2
To determine the dispersive power of the
material of a prism using mercury source.
To determine the wavelength of the given
3
source using Newtons Rings

4 To find the grating element of a plane

transmission diffraction grating plate

Find the Wave length of LASER source by

5
diffraction grating method.
To find the numerical aperture of a given
6
optic fiber and hence to find its acceptance
angle.
Measurement of bending loss.
7

8 To determine the refractive index of the

given prism using Na light.
 School: …………………………………………… Campus: ……………………………..
Academic Year: ………… Subject Name: ………………………Subject Code: …………..
Semester: …… Program: ………………Branch: …………… Specialization:……………...
Date ……………….

Appliedand
Applied and Action
Action Learni
Learning
(Learning by doing and discovery)

SKETCH

Materials Tools and Equipment Required (If any)

Sl.No Name Specification Quantity

1 Marker

2 Glass slab

3 Travelling microscope
Powder\
4

THEORY
The image of an object placed below the glass slab appears to be raised such that apparent depth is less
than the real depth. Refractive index of refracting liquid is defined as the ratio of real depth to the apparent
depth.
𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
Mathematically refractive index 𝜇=𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ

For accurate measurement travelling microscope is used.

If reading of real depth of the bottom of the slab is 𝑅1 (For point P in figure)
If reading of image of cross mark due to refraction is 𝑅2 (For point P1 in figure) and
at the top of the slab is reading is 𝑅3 (For point S in figure), then
Real depth =𝑅3 − 𝑅1 and apparent depth=𝑅3 − 𝑅2
Therefore, refractive index of glass
𝑅3 − 𝑅1
𝜇=
𝑅3 − 𝑅2

Page No.:__
 PROCEDURE

1. The accurate measurement of length/depth, compound microscope used is provided with a Vernier
scale which slide alongside a scale.
2. Find the value of each main scale division and hence least count of the microscope scale.
3. Set the microscope in its stand such that it is capable of sliding vertically up and down as the
screw attach to rack is loosen and fix it.
4. On a sheet of paper mark a cross and place it below the microscope.
5. Move the microscope very gently. Moving the screw, focus the eyepiece on cross mark and bring
the cross on focus such that cross wire coincide with the cross mark on the paper. Note reading of
microscope 𝑅1 .
6. Place the given slab on cross mark. You would observed that the cross mark appears to be raised.
7. Move the microscope gradually and gently upward without disturbing the screw to bring the cross
mark in focus and on cross wire. Record the reading as 𝑅2 .
8. Sprinkle some fine powered on the glass slab and move the microscope upward till the powder
particle come into focus. And note the reading as 𝑅3 .
9. Difference of reading 𝑅3 &𝑅1 i.e. 𝑅3 − 𝑅1 gives the real depth where as 𝑅3 − 𝑅2 gives the
apparent depth.
10. Record your observation as follows and calculate the value of refractive index 𝜇.

Observation, Calculation, Graph

Least count of microscope =……..cm

TABULATION:
Si. Cross mark Cross mark with Powder sprinkle Real Apparent 𝜇
no without slab slab placed it on slab Depth depth
Total(𝑅2 ) = 𝑀 + 𝑛 ×

Total(𝑅3 ) = 𝑀 + 𝑛 ×
Total(𝑅1 ) = 𝑀 + 𝑛 ×

𝑅3 − 𝑅1
𝑅3 − 𝑅2
M.S.R(M) (cm)
M.S.R(M) (cm)
M.S.R(M)(cm)

𝑅3 − 𝑅2 (cm)
𝑅3 − 𝑅1 (cm)
𝑙𝑐 (cm)

=
𝑙𝑐 (cm)

𝑙𝑐 (cm)
V.C(n)

V.C(n)

V.C(n)

Page No.:__
 Mean value of refractive index=

The refractive index of glass with respect to air is 1.5. (Theoretical)

Percentage error=…………….%

RESULT: the refractive index of the given glass slab is found to be ……. with an error of ……. %.

Safety Precaution:
Application & Inference:

ASSESSMENT
RUBRICS FULL MARKS REMARKS
MARK OBTAINED

Concept 10

Planning and Execution/Practical 10

Simulation/Programming
Result and Interpretation 10

Assignment/Record/Report 10

Viva 10

Total 50

Signature of the student:

Name:

Regt. No.:

Signature of the Faculty

Page No.:__
 School: …………………………………………… Campus: ……………………………..
Academic Year: ………… Subject Name: ………………………Subject Code: …………..
Semester: …… Program: ………………Branch: …………… Specialization:……………...
Date ……………….

Applied and Action Learning

(Learning by doing and discovery)

Name of the Experiment: To determine the dispersive power of the material of the given prism.
SKETCH

Materials Tools and Equipment Required (If any)

Sl.No Name Specification Quantity
1 Spectrometer
2 prism
3 mercury vapor lamp
4 Reading lens

THEORY
Dispersive power ω – The dispersive power of the material of a prism is defined as the ratio of angular
dispersion between two extreme colors, to the deviation produced by the mean color.

The dispersive power of the material of the prism is given by,

μ𝑏 − μ𝑔
ω=
μ𝑎𝑣 − 1
where,
𝐴+𝐷b 𝐴+𝐷g
(sin ) (sin ) μ𝑏 +μ𝑔
2 2
μ𝑏 = A , μ𝑔 = A , μ𝑎𝑣 =
(sin ) (sin ) 2
2 2

Where
ω = dispersive power of prism
μ𝑎𝑣 = average refractive index of blue and green colors
μ𝑏 = refractive index of blue color
μg = refractive index of green color
A= angle of prism
𝐷b = angle of minimum deviation for blue color
𝐷g = angle of minimum deviation for green color

PROCEDURE
Spectrometer adjustment:
1) Check the prism table horizontally aligned or not with the help of spirit level.
2) Position the instrument so that the telescope can be pointed at some distant object and adjust the
eyepiece of the telescope, until the cross wires are in focus and focus on the distant object. When you
have apparently got the image of the cross wires located at this distance comfortable for the eyes. Do
not disturb the spectrometer adjustment
3) Position the instrument on laboratory optical bench ensure that we can see through the telescope when
it is at least 600to either side of the principal axis of the collimator.
4) Position a discharge lamp close to the slit at the end of collimator and make sure the slit is narrow,
sharp and bright. Adjust the collimator only until the slit image is in focus.
5) Rotate the telescope so that it focus the collimator and observe the slit image and adjust the slit width
its image is just wider than the cross wire.
6) Determine the least count of the Vernier.
Measurement of minimum angle of deviation Dmin:
7) Rotate the prism table and telescope until light will pass symmetrically through the prism.
8) Locate the position of spectrum in the field of telescope.
9) Looking at the spectrum rotate the prism table until the position of minimum deviation (Dmin) is
achieved. Minimum deviation is obtained by slowly moving the prism table to one direction, the
spectrum also moves in the same direction. But at a certain point the spectrum reverses its direction is
called minimum deviation.
10) Fix the table in the stationary position, so that the spectrum will not deviate from its minimum
deviation position, and use the slow motion screw fitted to the telescope to set the cross wires accurately
on the center of required color and note the reading.
11) Take direct ray reading by making telescope in line with the collimator and record as B. The readings
(A-B) will give the angle of minimum deviation.

Page No.:__
 Observation, Calculation, Graph
OBSERVATION

Least count of the spectrometer = …………. degrees = ………… second

Given Angle of the prism (A) = 600

TABULATION
Table for the angle of minimum deviation (δm)
Color of Vernier A (V1) Vernier B (V2)
the δm
spectrum MSR VC VSR Total MSR VC VSR Total
Blue
color
Green
color
Direct ray

CALCULATIONS:

Angle of the prism = 60°

Angle of minimum deviation for blue = ………..

Angle of minimum deviation for green=…………..

𝐴+𝐷b
(sin )
μ𝑏 = 2
A = ………
(sin )
2

𝐴+𝐷g
(sin )
μ𝑔 = 2
A = ………..
(sin )
2

μ𝑏 +μ𝑔
μ𝑎𝑣 = =…………..
2

μ𝑏 −μ𝑔
ω= = …………
μ𝑎𝑣 −1

Percentage error= ____________%

RESULT: Dispersive power of the material of the given prism ω is found to be …….with an error of….%

Page No.:__
 SAFTY PRECAUTIONS:
APPLICATION & INFERENCE:

1. Pans/weight should not touch the vertical board.

2. There should be only one central knot on the thread which should be small.
3. While calculating the total force in each case the weight of the pan should be added to the weight
put into the pan.
4. Make sure that all the pans are at the rest when the lines of action of forces are marked.
5. The entire pulley should be free from friction.

ASSESSMENT

RUBRICS FULL MARKS REMARKS

MARK OBTAINED

Concept 10

Planning and Execution/Practical 10

Simulation/Programming
Result and Interpretation 10

Assignment/Record/Report 10

Viva 10

Total 50

Signature of the student:

Name:

Regt. No.:

Signature of the Faculty

Page No.:__
 School: …………………………………………… Campus: ……………………………..
Academic Year: ………… Subject Name: ………………………Subject Code: …………..
Semester: …… Program: ………………Branch: …………… Specialization:……………...
Date ……………….

Applied and Action Learning

(Learning by doing and discovery)

Name of the Experiment: Determine the wavelength of the incident light using Newtons Ring

SKETCH

Materials Tools and Equipment Required (If any)

Sl.No Name Specification Quantity

1 Newton’s ring set up
2 Magnifying lens
3 Plane glass plate
4
plano-convex lens

Page No.:__
 THEORY
When a Plano-convex lens is placed over an optical flat glass plate, a concavo-plane air film is formed
between glass plate and Plano-convex lens. When monochromatic light is incident normally on this air film,
two reflected rays will come from air, one from upper surface of film and other from lower surface of film and
due to interference of these reflected rays, alternate dark and bright rings will be formed. the fringes are
circular due to the fact that air film is symmetrical about the point of contact. The locus of all the points at
same thickness is a circle i.e. all the points where the air film has a given thickness lie on a circle whose
centre is at ‘O’. So this due to this pattern is called newton’s rings.

Let R be the radius of curvature of the surface of Plano-convex lens in contact with the glass plate.
Dn = diameter of the nth dark ring
λ= wavelength of the monochromatic source of light used.
Then Dn 2 = 4𝑛𝑅𝜆
It may be pointed out that surface of the lens and the plate may not be clean and the lens may not be perfect
contact with the glass plate at the centre. Then the
center will not be dark. To eliminate the error due to
this problem, the diameter of any two dark ring say,
nth and mth may be determined.
Therefore,
Dn 2 = 4𝑛𝑅𝜆…………….(1)
Dm 2 = 4𝑚𝑅𝜆……………(2)
From equation (1) and (2), we get
Dn 2 −Dm 2
𝜆= …………….(3)
4(𝑛−𝑚)𝑅

Since this formula involves the difference of the square of the

diameters of two rings and is independent of the thickness of the air film at the point of contac
t ‘O’, the above error is minimized.
Therefore, diameter of the ring depends upon the wavelength of the light used.

𝐷𝑛 = The diameter of the nth ring (dark ring)

𝐷m = The diameter of the mth ring (dark ring)

Page No.:__
 PROCEDURE

1) Find the least count of the micrometer scale.

2) Clean the surface of the glass plate ‘G’, glass plate P’ and the Plano-convex lens L2 .put those in
position as shown in figure in front of the sodium light.
3) Switch on the sodium lamp and see that only parallel beam of light coming from the convex lens
falls on the glass plate G.
4) Adjust the position of the microscope so that it lies vertically above the centre of the lens L2 . Focus
the microscope so that alternate dark and bright rings are clearly visible.
5) Adjust the position of the microscope till the point of intersection of the cross wire coincides with
the centre of the ring system and one of the vertical cross wire is perpendicular to the horizontal
scale.
6) Move the microscope to the left of the rings with the help of the micrometer screw so that the
vertical cross wire lies tangential at one of the extreme ends of the 20 th dark ring.
7) Note the reading of the micrometer scale of the microscope.
8) Slide the microscope backward with the help of micrometer screw and go on noting the reading
when the cross wire lies tangentially at the extreme ends of the horizontal diameter of 16 th, 12th,
18th…….4th dark rings respectively.
9) Continue sliding the microscope to the right and note the reading when the vertical crosswire lies
tangential at the other extreme ends of the diameter of 4 th, 8th……..16th, 20th dark ring respectively.
10) Now slide the microscope backward and again note down the reading corresponding to the same
rings on the right and then on the left to the center of the ring system.
11) Remove the Plano-convex lens 𝐿2 and find the radius of curvature of its convex surface by using a
spherometer.
12) Plot a graph between Dn 2 along Y-axis and the no. of the ring (n) along X-axis and find out the
slope of the graph.

Observation, Calculation, Graph

Pitch of the micrometer scale= ………cm

Least count =……..cm

TABULATION:
Ri Microscope Diamet Microscope Diameter Mean
ng. reading er reading =(c-d) or (d- diameter D2
no Left(a) Right(b) =(a-b) Ring Right( Left(d) c)
cm cm or (b-a) no. c) cm cm
(n)

Page No.:__
 Dm 2 −Dn 2
Slope of the straight line from the graph = = ⋯ … . . 𝑐𝑚2
𝑚−𝑛
Calculations, Graph
Radius of curvature of convex lens

L2 h
R= + = ⋯ … cm
6h 2
Dm 2 −Dn 2 slope of graph
Wavelength 𝜆 = = =…….cm
4(𝑚−𝑛)𝑅 4𝑅

𝜆 =……..A˚

Percentage error=…….%

Safety Precautions:
Application & Inference:

RESULT: the wavelength of the sodium light is found to be …….A˚ with an error of …….%
1. Glass plate & lens should be perfectly cleaned and free from finger prints.
2. Reading should be taken with the microscope moving it only in the same direction to avoid
backlash error.
3. Diameter should be measured very carefully.
4. Take the reading without any parallax.

ASSESSMENT
Rubrics FULL MARK MARKS OBTAINED REMARKS

Concept 10
Planning and Execution/Practical
10
Simulation/Programming
Result and Interpretation 10

Assignment/Record/Report 10

Viva 10

Total 50

Signature of the student:

Name:

Regt. No.:

Signature of the Faculty

Page No.:__
 School: …………………………………………… Campus: ……………………………..
Academic Year: ………… Subject Name: ………………………Subject Code: …………..
Semester: …… Program: ………………Branch: …………… Specialization:……………...
Date ……………….

Applied and Action Learning

(Learning by doing and discovery)

Name of the Experiment: To find the grating element of a plane transmission diffraction grating plate.
SKETCH

Materials Tools and Equipment Required (If any)

Sl.No Name Specification Quantity

1 Spectrometer
2 Sodium Light /LASER light
3 Plane transmission grating
4 Magnifier
5 Detector Spirit level etc.

Page No.:__
 THEORY

The sodium spectrum is dominated by the bright doublet known as the sodium D-lines at 589.0 and 589.6
nanometers. Using an appropriate diffraction grating the wavelength separation of these two lines can be
determined. A schematic for diffraction of sodium light (Na-D lines) with a plane transmission grating is
shown in the figure
The grating equation for normal incidence is
𝑑 sin 𝜃 = ± 𝑛𝜆
Where, d=grating element, 𝜆=wavelength of light, 𝜃=angle of diffraction for nth order spectrum.
Angular dispersive power:
The angular dispersive power of the grating is defined as the rate of change of angle of diffraction with the
change in wavelength. It is obtained by differentiating Eqn. 1 and is given by
𝑑𝜃 𝑛
=
𝑑𝜆 𝑑 cos 𝜃

PROCEDURE
1) Follow the support manual for spectrometer provided in the appendix for basic adjustment of
spectrometer. Determine the vernier constant of the spectrometer.
2) Now remove the prism from the turntable. The next step is to adjust the grating on the turntable so that
its lines are vertical, i.e. parallel to the axis of rotation or the turntable. Moreover, the light from the
collimator should fall normally on the grating To achieve this, the telescope is brought directly in line
with the collimator so that the centre of the direct image of the slit falls on the intersection of the
cross-wires (without mounting the grating). In this setting of the telescope, its vernier reading is noted;
let it be φ
3) The telescope is now turned through 90° from this position in either direction so that the reading of the
vernier becomes (φ+900 ) or (φ-900 ). Now the axis of telescope is at right angles to the direction of
rays of light emerging from the collimator. The telescope is clamped in this position.
4) The grating of known grating element is then mounted on the grating holder, which is fixed on the
turntable in such a way that the ruled surface of the grating is perpendicular to the line joining two of
the leveling screws (say Q and R).
5) The table is now rotated in the proper direction till the reflected image of the slit from the grating
surface coincides with the intersection of the cross-wires of the telescope.
6) By the help of two leveling screws (Q and R), perpendicular to which grating is fixed on the table, the
image is adjusted to be symmetrical on the horizontal cross- wires. The plane of the grating, in this
setting, makes an angle of 45° with the incident rays as well as with the telescope axis.
7) The reading of vernier is now taken and with its help, the turntable is rotated through 450 from this
position so that the ruled surface becomes exactly normal to the incident rays. The turntable is now
firmly clamped.
8) The final adjustment is to set the lines of the grating exactly parallel to the axis of rotation of the
telescope. The telescope is rotated and adjusted to view the first order diffraction pattern. The third
leveling screw (P) of the prism table is now worked to get the fringes (spectral lines) symmetrically
positioned with respect to the horizontal cross-wire.
9) If this adjustment is perfect, the centers of all the spectral lines on either side of the direct one will be
found to lie on the intersection of the cross-wires as the telescope is turned to view them one after
another. The rulings on the grating are now parallel to the axis rotation of the telescope. The grating
spectrometer is now fully ready to make the measurements. Do not disturb any of the setting of the
spectrometer henceforth throughout the experiment.
10) Look through the telescope to notice the first or second order (whichever you see is completely
resolved) D lines of sodium. That means you will see two yellow lines on both sides of the direct
 image (which is a single line) of the slit at the center. Note down the positions of the cross wire for
each line on one side using the two verniers on the spectrometer. Use a torch, if needed, to read the
verniers. Repeat the above step by turning the telescope to the other side too. Determine the diffraction
angle,α, for all the two spectral lines.
Take two sets of reading for each D-line and calculate the corresponding wavelength λ1 and λ2 using Eq. 1.

Obserbation, Calculations, Graph

Least count of the spectrometer = _ _ _ _degree_____ minute______second.

TABULATION:

Reading of V1 Reading of V2 Avg. 𝜆

𝜃
Order of spectrum

Spectral line

2θ 2θ (deg)
From From
VC×LC

VC×LC
MSR

MSR
Total

Total
VSR

VSR

‘“
VC

VC

V1 V2

in
o

n X Y X+Y X Y X+Y
𝜃1 = 𝜆1 =
Left side
n =1
Right
side
𝜃2= 𝜆2 =
Left side
n =2
Right side

Safety Precaution
Application and Inference:
1. The grating surface must be normal to the incident rays.
2. The grating is so adjusted that its rules surface faces the sensor.
3. Hold the grating at its side. Don’t touch the surface of grating, otherwise it will be damaged.

Page No.:__
For Order n = 1

Mean 2θ = ______ degree.

Calculations, Graph

Mean θ = ______ degree.

Grating element 𝑑1 = (1𝑥 𝜆1 )/ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1

For Order n = 2

Mean 2θ = ______ degree.

Mean θ = ______ degree.

Grating element, 𝑑2 = (2𝑥 𝜆2 )/ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃2

𝑑1 +𝑑2
Mean wavelength 𝑑 = 2
=________________ cm.

The actual value of d is given as =.

actual value ~ experiment al value
Percentage of error = X 100 = = ________ %.
actual value
RESULT:
The grating element of a plane transmission diffraction grating plate found to be _______ with an error
of ________ %.

ASSESSMENT
RUBRICS FULL MARKS REMARKS
MARK OBTAINED

Concept 10

Planning and Execution/Practical 10

Simulation/Programming
Result and Interpretation 10

Assignment/Record/Report 10

Viva 10

Total 50

Signature of the student:

Name:

Regt. No.:

Signature of the Faculty

Page No.:__
 School: …………………………………………… Campus: ……………………………..
Academic Year: ………… Subject Name: ………………………Subject Code: …………..
Semester: …… Program: ………………Branch: …………… Specialization:……………...
Date ……………….

Applied and Action Learning

(Learning by doing and discovery)

Aim of the Experiment: To find wavelength of LASER light by using a plane transmission grating.

SKETCH

Materials Tools and Equipment Required (If any)

Sl.No Name Specification Quantity
1 Spectrometer
LASER
2
Plane transmission grating
3
Magnifier
4 Detector
Spirit level
5

THEORY

A diffraction grating, where there are 15000 lines per inch, it is an arrangement, which is equivalent in its
action to a number of parallel and equidistant slits of the same width. The transmission grating is fabricated
of a transparent solid material. The parallel rulings are inscribed on the surface with the help of a diamond
scriber.
The rulings made by the scriber have a rough surface, which scatters the incident light, and play the
part of slits. If the width of transparent part is ‘a’ and width of the ruling i.e. rough surface is ‘b’, then (a + b)
is known as grating element.
1
Therefore, the theoretical value of grating element, which is given by the formula, a  b 
N
Where, N = No. of rulings per cm of the grating.
i.e. a + b = (2.54 / 15000 ) = 1.693× 10-4cm. Page No.:__
OBSERBATION

When a parallel beam of light of wavelength ‘λ’ falls normally on a grating, diffraction of light takes place.
The diffracted rays from grating will form a no. of principal maxima (of different order)on either side of the
central maximum(zero order).
The condition for maximum is given by,
d sinθ = n λ
or,
𝑑 sin 𝜃
𝜆=
𝑛
Where, d = a+b = grating element of the grating
a = width of the transparent part and b = width of the opaque part
n = order of spectrum = 0,1,2,. . . . . . and
θ = angle of diffraction for nth order

PROCEDURE

(1) Spectrometer Adjustment:

1. Make the base of the spectrometer horizontal by adjusting the leveling screws provided with the base
using the spirit level.
2. Adjustment of the prism table: keep the spirit level on the prism table parallel to the line joining the two
leveling screws and adjust until the air bubble of the spirit level comes to the center. Then turn the spirit
level and placed perpendicular to this position and adjust the third screw to bring the air bubble at the
center.

(2) Grating Adjustment:

3. Fix the grating in the grating stand. Turn on the laser light. Rotate the grating table till the reflected light
falls back on the source. At this position the plane of the grating becomes perpendicular to the incident
light. Fix the grating table.

(3) Measurement of angle of diffraction:

4. Now turn the sensor to obtain the first order spectrum on the right hand side. Bring the spot of the light to
the center of sensor, so that current is maximum. In this position note down the readings of both the
verniers (MSR, VC, VSR & Total; say V1& V2). Again turn the sensor on the same side to get the second
order spectrum. Note down the vernier readings.
5. Repeat the procedure to get the readings of the verniers when the sensor is shifted to left hand side (say
these values V1′& V2′).
6. Now, subtract the corresponding values of the verniers on L.H.S and R.H.S. for each order separately to
get 2θ (V1- V1′& V2 - V2′).
7. Then, the wavelength is calculated for each order spectrum, from those values mean is obtained.

Page No.:__
 Observation, Calculation & Graph

Least count of the spectrometer = _ _ _ _degree_____ minute______second.

TABULATION
(1) Measurement of ‘θ’

Reading of V1 Reading of V2
Spectral line

2θ 2θ
spectrum
Order of

From From

VC×LC

VC×LC
Total

Total
MSR

MSR
VSR

VSR
o ‘“

o ‘“
V1 V2
VC

VC
in

in
n X Y X+Y X Y X+Y
Left side
n =1
Right side

Left side
n =2
Right side

CALCULATIONS:

For Order n = 1

Mean 2θ = ______ degree.

Mean θ = ______ degree.

Grating element 𝑑 = 1.6933 × 10−4 𝑐𝑚,

∴ 𝜆1 = (𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)/1 = ________ 𝑐𝑚.

For Order n = 2

Mean 2θ = ______ degree.

Mean θ = ______ degree.

Grating element 𝑑 = 1.6933 × 10−4 𝑐𝑚,

∴ 𝜆2 = (𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)/2 = ________ 𝑐𝑚.

𝜆1 +𝜆2
Mean wavelength 𝜆 = =________________ cm.
2

The actual value of wavelength =________ cm.

actual value ~ experiment al value

Percentage of error = X 100 = = ________ %
actual value

RESULT: The wavelength of LASER is found to be _______cm with an error of ________ %.

Page No.:__
Safety Precaution
Application and Inference:
1.The grating surface must be normal to the incident rays.
2.The grating is so adjusted that its rules surface faces the sensor.
3.Hold the grating at its side. Don’t touch the surface of it grating, otherwise will be damaged.

ASSESSMENT

RUBRICS FULL MARKS REMARKS

MARK OBTAINED

Concept 10

Planning and Execution/Practical 10

Simulation/Programming
Result and Interpretation 10

Assignment/Record/Report 10

Viva 10

Total 50

Signature of the student:

Name:

Regt. No.:

Signature of the Faculty

Page No.:__
 School: …………………………………………… Campus: ……………………………..
Academic Year: ………… Subject Name: ………………………Subject Code: …………..
Semester: …… Program: ………………Branch: …………… Specialization: ……………...
Date ……………….

Applied and Action Learning

(Learning by doing and discovery)

Aim of the Experiment: To find the numerical aperture of a given optical fibre and hence to find its acceptance
angle.
SKETCH

Materials Tools and Equipment Required (If any)

Sl.No Name Specification Quantity

1 Laser diode with power
supply, MO X 20, XYZ stage
2
(2 no.), X-Y transition stage,
3
V proves with fiber holder,
4 detector, multimode fiber,
micro ammeter, post mount
stand (2 no.) and Screen etc.

Page No.:__
 THEORY

Numerical aperture (NA) is a measure of the ability of the optical fibre to contain the light within the core.
Numerical aperture is thus considered as a light gathering capacity of an optical fibre.
Numerical Aperture is defined as the Sine of half of the angle of fibre’s light acceptance cone.
Mathematically
𝑁𝐴 = 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑜
Where 𝑛𝑜 is the refractive index of air (≈1) and 𝜃𝑜 (acceptance cone angle) is the angle made by the ray with
the axis of the fibre as shown in Fig.
The intensity of the output falls below 5% of the maximum beyond the acceptance cone.
𝐿
So, acceptance cone angle 𝜃𝑜 =
𝐷
Where D= distance of the detector from fibre end.
And 2L=distance between points with 5% of maximum intensity in the graph.
So, 𝑁𝐴 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑜

PROCEDURE

By scanning method:-
1. Set the experiment schematically as shown in figure 1 and follow the procedure as follows.
2. Mount the laser diode (LD) and adjust it to align with the microscope objective (MO).
3. Fix the grooves on the XYZ stages.
4. Prepare the fiber end so that it has well-cleaved flat ends. Put both the ends of fiber on V grooves and
clamp with fiber holder such that one tip of the fiber is towards MO and other tip towards
detector/screen.
5. First put the screen on X-Z translation stage and light is launched into the fiber from the laser diode
using 20X microscope objective. Align the LD, MO and fiber to get the well-focused spot on the
screen.
6. Remove the screen from the X-Z translation stage and fix the pinhole detector.
7. Connect the micro-ammeter with the mains and adjust it to zero. Connect the detector with the micro-
ammeter and again check its zero.
8. Align the fiber tip with the detector to get the maximum deflection in the micro- ammeter connected
with the detector.
9. Now without disturbing the input coupling, adjust the fiber tip at a distance of 5 mm (say Z) from the
detector by adjusting the X-Y-Z stage position.
10. Scan the far field spot of the fiber horizontal position in suitable steps say 0.5 mm,1.0 mm……and
measure the corresponding current in micro- ammeter. Record these readings in table as given below.
11. Change the distance ‘Z’ between the fiber tip and detector and repeat step 9 and 10.
12. Plot a graph on semi log paper between detector current (µA) and detector position (D) for different Z
and measure the half angle corresponding to 5% of the maximum intensity level. Calculate the NA for
each set of reading as explained in the theory.

SAFTY PRECAUTIONS:

Page No.:__
 Observation, Calculation & Graph
OBSERBATIONS

S. Diameter of ring ‘D’ mm Position from the screen (L) mm

NO.
mm mm mm

CALCULATIONS:

Percentage Error = %

Results:-
1. The numerical aperture of the given multimode fiber measured experimentally is-______
2. The numerical aperture of the given multimode fiber given by manufacturer is-________

ASSESSMENT

RUBRICS FULL MARKS REMARKS

MARK OBTAINED

Concept 10

Planning and Execution/Practical 10

Simulation/Programming
Result and Interpretation 10

Assignment/Record/Report 10

Viva 10

Total 50

Signature of the student:

Name:
Page No.:__
Regt. No.:

Signature of the Faculty

Page No.:__
 School: …………………………………………… Campus: ……………………………..
Academic Year: ………… Subject Name: ………………………Subject Code: …………..
Semester: …… Program: ………………Branch: …………… Specialization: ……………...
Date ……………….

Applied and Action Learning

(Learning by doing and discovery)

Aim of the Experiment: To measure the bending loss of given fibre.

SKETCH

Materials Tools and Equipment Required (If any)

Sl.No Name Specification Quantity
1 Laser diode with power
supply, MO X 20, XYZ stage
2
(2 no.), X-Y transition stage,
3
V proves with fiber holder,
4 detector, multimode fiber,
micro ammeter, post mount
stand (2 no.),Bending system
and Screen etc.

Page No.:__
 THEORY
Bending loss in dB is given as:
dB =20xlog (Io/I)
where Io is the detector current without bending and I is the detector current with bending of radius’r’.

PROCEDURE

1) Set the experiment schematically as shown in figure 1 and follow the procedure as follows.
2) Fix the concentric metallic block (bending apparatus) on the post and place it in between both the X-
Y-Z stake.
3) Note the detector output current in the normal align position of the fiber as Io.
4) Bend the fiber on the first concentric circle say 10 mm of the bending apparatus and note the
corresponding detector current. Record these readings in table as shown below.
5) Repeat the experiment for the other concentric circle of radius say 15 mm, 20 mm….and note the
corresponding detector current. Record all these readings in table.
6) Calculate the bending loss in dB as: dB =20(log Io/I)
For all values of I corresponding to different bending loop radius.
7) Plot graph between bending loss and bending loop diameter.

Observation, Calculation & Graph

OBSERBATION
Current Io=_______ µA. Without bend
TABULATION

Sl. Length of the bending loop(mm) Detector current in Bending loss in dB

No. µA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

CALCULATIONS:

Results:-
Graph shows the bending loss with various bending loop of the fiber.

Percentage Error = %

Page No.:__
Safety Precaution:
Application & Inference:

ASSESSMENT
RUBRICS FULL MARKS REMARKS
MARK OBTAINED

Concept 10

Planning and Execution/Practical 10

Simulation/Programming
Result and Interpretation 10

Assignment/Record/Report 10

Viva 10

Total 50

Signature of the student:

Name:

Regt. No.:

Signature of the Faculty

Page No.:__
 School: …………………………………………… Campus: ……………………………..
Academic Year: ………… Subject Name: ………………………Subject Code: …………..
Semester: …… Program: ………………Branch: …………… Specialization: ……………...
Date ……………….

Applied and Action Learning

(Learning by doing and discovery)

Name of the Experiment: To determine the Refractive index of the given prism using Na light ..
SKETCH

Materials Tools and Equipment Required (If any)

Sl.No Name Specification Quantity
1 Spectrometer
2 prism
3 Sodium vapor lamp
4 Reading lens

When a beam of light strikes on the surface of THEORY

transparent material(Glass, water, quartz crystal, etc.), the
portion of the light is transmitted and other portion is reflected. The transmitted light ray has small deviation
of the path from the incident angle. This is called refraction.

Refraction is due to the change in speed of light while passing through the medium. It is given by Snell's
Law.

-------------------(1)

Where is the angle of incident and is the angle of refraction. And is the refractive index of the first face
and is the refractive index of the second face.
And the speed of light on both face is related to the equation -------------------(2)
is the velocity of wave in first face and is the velocity of wave in second face .

The above figure illustrate the change in refracted angle with respect to the refractive index .

Refractive index of the material of prism

The refractive index of the material of the prism can be calculated by the equation.

-------------------(3)
Where, D is the angle of minimum deviation, here D is different for different colour .

PROCEDURE
Spectrometer adjustment:
12) Check the prism table horizontally aligned or not with the help of spirit level.
13) Position the instrument so that the telescope can be pointed at some distant object and adjust the
eyepiece of the telescope, until the cross wires are in focus and focus on the distant object. When you
have apparently got the image of the cross wires located at this distance comfortable for the eyes. Do
not disturb the spectrometer adjustment
14) Position the instrument on laboratory optical bench ensure that we can see through the telescope when
it is at least 600to either side of the principal axis of the collimator.
15) Position a discharge lamp close to the slit at the end of collimator and make sure the slit is narrow,
sharp and bright. Adjust the collimator only until the slit image is in focus.
16) Rotate the telescope so that it focus the collimator and observe the slit image and adjust the slit width
its image is just wider than the cross wire.
17) Determine the least count of the Vernier.
Measurement of minimum angle of deviation Dmin

18) Rotate the prism table and telescope until light will pass symmetrically through the prism.
19) Locate the position of spectrum in the field of telescope.
20) Looking at the spectrum rotate the prism table until the position of minimum deviation (Dmin) is
achieved. Minimum deviation is obtained by slowly moving the prism table to one direction, the
spectrum also moves in the same direction. But at a certain point the spectrum reverses its direction is
called minimum deviation.
21) Fix the table in the stationary position, so that the spectrum will not deviate from its minimum
deviation position, and use the slow motion screw fitted to the telescope to set the cross wires accurately
on the center of required color and note the reading.
22) Take direct ray reading by making telescope in line with the collimator and record as B. The readings
(A-B) will give the angle of minimum deviation.

To determine the angle of the Prism:

 Click Place Prism button.

 Place the edge of prism, pointed towards collimator.
 Move the telescope using Telescope slider up to see the slit on side. Make coincide the slit with the
cross wire using fine angle adjusting slider. Then note the reading in the tabular column.
 Move the telescope in the opposite direction and do the same.
 Find the difference between two angle ie 2θ. Hence, find the angle of prism i.e θ.

 Prism table is rotated in which the sharp edge of the prism is facing towards the collimator.
 Rotate the telescope in one direction up to which the reflected ray is shown through the telescope.
 Note corresponding main scale and vernier scale reading in both vernier (vernier I and vernier II).
 Rotate the telescope in opposite direction to view the reflected image of the collimator from the
second face of prism.
 Note corresponding main scale and vernier scale reading in both vernier(vernier I and vernier II).
 Find the difference between two readings, i.e.θ
 Angle of prism, A=θ/2

Page No.:__
 Observation, Calculation, Graph
OBSERVATION

Least count of the spectrometer = …………. degrees = ………… second

Given Angle of the prism (A) = 600

TABULATION-I for the A

position Vernier A (V1) Vernier B (V2)

MSR VC VSR Total MSR VC VSR Total

Left side

Right
side

TABULATION
Table for the angle of minimum deviation (δm)
Color of Vernier A (V1) Vernier B (V2)
the
spectrum MSR VC VSR Total MSR VC VSR Total
Yellow
colour
Direct ray

CALCULATIONS:

The Angle of the Prism has been found as A=……………………..

The angle of min. deviation has found as D m=…………………………….

𝐴+𝐷m
(sin )
μ𝑒𝑥𝑝 = 2
A = ………
(sin )
2

RESULT: Refractive index of the given prism is found to be …….with an error of….%

Page No.:__
 SAFTY PRECAUTIONS::

ASSESSMENT

RUBRICS FULL MARKS REMARKS

MARK OBTAINED

Concept 10

Planning and Execution/Practical 10

Simulation/Programming
Result and Interpretation 10

Assignment/Record/Report 10

Viva 10

Total 50

Signature of the student:

Name:

Regt. No.:

Signature of the Faculty

Page No.:__
 ASSESSMENT

Experiment Full Mark Marks Obtained

Experiment - 1 50
Experiment - 2 50
Experiment - 3 50
Experiment - 4 50
Experiment - 5 50
Experiment - 6 50
Experiment - 7 50
Experiment - 8 50

Average Total 50

Date: Signature of the Faculty

Page No.:__

* One sheet per learning record to be used

 COURSE OUTCOME ATTAINMENT

 Expected Course Outcome:

(Refer to COs Statement in the Syllabus)

 Course Outcome Attained:

• Strongly Agree - 5

• Agree - 4

• Neutral - 3

• Disagree - 2

• Strongly Disagree - 1

 Learning Gap (If any):

Date: Signature of the Student

 Suggestions / Recommendations:
(by the Course Faculty)

Date: Signature of the Faculty

*One sheet per learning record to be used

CENTURION UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT, ODISHA