Section V: Chapter 4

Fall Protection in Construction

Table of Contents:

Introduction

1.​ Fall Prevention

1.​ Guardrail Systems
1.​ Temporary Guardrails
2.​ Guardrails for Scaffolds, Aerial Lifts, and Scissor Lifts
3.​ Stairrails and Handrails
2.​ Hole Covers
1.​ Effective Hole Covers
2.​ Plywood Hole Covers
3.​ Warning or Marking Systems
1.​ Warning Line Systems
2.​ Safety Monitoring Systems
3.​ Access Zoning
4.​ Fall Restraint Systems and Positioning Devices
2.​ Fall Arrest Systems
1.​ Safety Net Systems
2.​ Personal Fall Protection Equipment for Personal Fall Arrest
Systems
1.​ Component Compatibility
2.​ Anchorage
3.​ Lanyards
4.​ Vertical and Horizontal Lifelines
5.​ Full-Body Harnesses
6.​ Body Belts
7.​ Ladder Safety Devices
3.​ Fallen Worker Rescue
1.​ Aided Rescue
2.​ Self-Rescue
3.​ Measurements for Assessing Fall Hazards and Controls
 1.​ Total Fall Clearance Distance for PFAS
1.​ Calculating Total Fall Clearance Distance for Fall Arrest
Systems with a Shock-absorbing Lanyard
2.​ Calculating Free Fall Distance
3.​ Examples
2.​ How to Evaluate the Swing Fall Hazard

List of Appendices

●​ Appendix A Fall Protection for Specific Scaffolds and Related Equipment

●​ Appendix B OSHA Standards Related to Fall Protection
●​ Appendix C Examples: Fall Protection Anchors by Type
●​ Appendix D Examples: Lanyards, Deceleration Devices, Harnesses, and
Body Belts
●​ Appendix E References and Resources

Introduction

This chapter provides technical information about fall hazards and protection
methods. The information is intended to help prepare OSHA compliance officers
to conduct inspections and investigations. For convenience, links are provided to
applicable OSHA standards throughout this chapter. This chapter does not cover
all OSHA requirements for fall prevention/protection methods, and is not intended
to serve as a comprehensive guide for developing compliant fall protection
programs.

Although fall hazards are common at construction worksites, fall-related injuries

and fatalities are preventable. Fall hazards can be addressed in two main ways:

●​ Fall prevention: preventing workers from falling by using engineering

controls (e.g., guardrails and hole covers) or restraint systems.
●​ Fall arrest/rescue: preventing injury during and after a fall by using
personal fall arrest systems (PFAS) or safety nets and having an effective
rescue plan in place.
Recognizing fall hazards and planning to control them before work begins is
critical for determining the best methods and equipment for protecting workers
during construction activities at heights.

Emergency response planning will identify necessary emergency response

training and critical resources (e.g., trained on-site fall arrest rescue team and
rescue equipment).

A number of OSHA standards contain provisions for protecting workers from falls.
In the construction industry, applicable standards include:

●​ 29 CFR 1926.500 - .503: Fall Protection in Construction;

●​ 29 CFR 1926.760: Steel Erection;
●​ 29 CFR 1926.954: Electric Power Transmission and Distribution; and
●​ 29 CFR 1926.1423: Cranes and Derricks.

Refer to Appendix B for a more complete list of OSHA standards on fall protection.

OSHA-approved state occupational safety and health plans may have different
standards, but those standards must be at least as effective as federal OSHA
requirements. More information about state plans is available on the OSHA
website.

I. Fall Prevention
Figure 1. Guardrail system.

1.​ Guardrail Systems​

A guardrail system can be used as a barrier installed to prevent workers
from falling off a work surface edge to a lower level. Guardrail systems
can be used on many work surfaces, including rooftops, platforms,
mezzanines, balconies, scaffolds, incomplete decked floors, catwalks,
observation platforms, mobile work surfaces and ladderway points of
access. Figure 1 shows a temporary guardrail system for a walkway (see
29 CFR 1926.500; 29 CFR 1926.502(b)).​
 Guardrails can also be used to keep workers from falling into holes or
openings in decking or floors (see 29 CFR 1926.501(b)(4)(i); 29 CFR
1926.502(b); Figure 2).​
Guardrails are typically constructed using:
1.​ Upright supports attached to the working surface;
2.​ A horizontal top rail connected to the supports;
3.​ One or more midrails running parallel to the top rail; and
4.​ Toeboards when necessary to protect workers below from falling
objects.
2.​ (See 29 CFR 1926.501(c)(1); 29 CFR 1926.502(b); 29 CFR 1926.502(j).)
3.​ Figure 2. Guardrails used around an opening.

4.​
5.​ Effective guardrail systems will have at a minimum:
1.​ A surface that is smooth and free from burrs to prevent punctures
and lacerations and to prevent snagging of clothing (see 29 CFR
1926.502(b)(6)).
2.​ Toprails and midrails that are at least 1/4 inch in diameter (see 29
CFR 1926.502(b)(9)).
3.​ Strength to withstand at least 200 pounds applied within 2 inches
of the top edge in any outward or downward direction (see 29 CFR
1926.502(b)(3)).
4.​ A toprail between 39 and 45 inches from the working level, raised
as necessary to account for workers using stilts or otherwise
working in an elevated location above the work surface (see 29
CFR 1926.502(b)(1)).
5.​ Midrails (or equivalent structural members) that withstand at least
150 pounds of force in the downward or outward direction (see 29
CFR 1926.502(b)(5)).
6.​ A midrail, mesh, screen, or equivalent intermediate structural
members installed between the guardrail system top edge and the
walking/working surface when there is no wall or parapet wall at
least 21 inches high (see 29 CFR 1926.502(b)(2)).
7.​ Intermediate members (such as balusters), when used between
posts, that are not more than 19 inches apart (see 29 CFR
1926.502(b)(2)(iii)).
8.​ Flags made of high visibility material every 6 feet if wire rope is
used for top rails (see 29 CFR 1926.502(b)(9)).
6.​ Effective guardrail systems will not have:
 1.​ Guardrails that deflect to lower than 39 inches above the working
surface when 200 pounds of pressure are applied in a downward
direction (see 29 CFR 1926.502(b)(4)).
2.​ Toprails and midrails that overhang terminal posts to constitute a
projection hazard (see 29 CFR 1926.502(b)(7)).
7.​ Basic guardrail components come in a variety of materials and
configuration options. It is common for employers to use material
available or produced at the worksite. Upright supports may be made
from wood, formed metal, pipe, or composites. Wire rope is sometimes
used for the top rails and midrails.​
Table 1 provides guidelines as a starting point for designing guardrail
systems. However, the guidelines do not provide all the information
necessary to build a complete system. The components of a guardrail
system must still be designed and assembled in such a way that the
completed system meets all applicable requirements.​
Workers installing or removing guardrails must be protected using other
forms of fall protection whenever the guardrail systems are not attached
securely to a stable structure.​
Table 1. Guardrail Component Strength Indicators

Intermedia
Strength Posts Toprail e Rail
(minimu (minimu (minimu (minimu
m m m m
Material criteria) criteria) criteria) criteria)

Wood 1,500 2 inch × 2 inch × 1 inch × 6

guardrai lb-ft/in2 4-inch 4-inch inch
s fiber (nomina (nomina (nomina

(stress ) lumber ) lumber ) lumber

grade)
construc
 ion
lumber

Pipe N/A 1.5 inch 1.5 inch 1.5 inch

guardrai diamete diamete diamete
s (schedu (schedu (schedu
e 40 e 40 e 40
pipe) pipe) pipe)

Structural N/A 2 inch × 2 2 inch × 2 2 inch × 2

steel inch × inch × inch ×
guardrai 3/8 inch 3/8 inch 3/8 inch
s

Spacing N/A All material N/A N/A

no more
than 8
feet
apart (on
centers)

●​ N/A = not applicable.

●​ lb-ft/in2 = pound-foot per square-inch.Adapted from 29 CFR 1926
Subpart M, Appendix B.

8.​ Figure 3. Temporary guardrails.

9.​
1.​ Temporary Guardrails​
Premade or job-made guardrails can be used as temporary
guardrails while more permanent structures are being installed
or when the work is transient or in a space not intended as a
permanent work area. For example, temporary guardrails can be
used while constructing a wall, completing floor decking, or
replacing a roof (see Figure 4). These guardrails are often
constructed from reusable materials or premade guardrail
system components as shown in Figure 4 (see 29 CFR
1926.502(b)).​
Premade guardrails are particularly susceptible to damage if not
handled properly when disassembled and stored. Specific
handling instructions are typically included in the manufacturer’s
recommended procedures for disassembling and storing the
guardrail components. If railing components are bent, broken, or
missing, the guardrail may not be effective. Damage is more
likely to occur if the components are dropped when
disassembled, transported in vehicles, or stored in areas not
protected from conditions that could cause corrosion or
distortion.​
​

2.​ Figure 4. Temporary guardrails.

3.​
4.​ Guardrails for Scaffolds, Aerial Lifts, and Scissor Lifts​
Scaffolds, aerial lifts, and scissor lifts can pose similar fall
hazards. Guardrails, possibly in combination with additional
types of fall protection systems (e.g., PFAS or restraint system),
may be used to address these hazards (see 29 CFR
1926.451(g)(1); 29 CFR 1926.453(b)(2)(v); 29 CFR
1926.954(b)(3)(iii)(A)).​
For information on fall protection for scaffolds and lifts see:​
Appendix A (chart describing fall protection for various types of
scaffolds and related equipment)​
Safety and Health Topics - Scaffolding​
Scaffolding eTool​
A Guide to Scaffold Use in the Construction Industry, OSHA
3150 (revised 2002); 29 CFR 1926.452(j)(3)&(4)
 5.​ Figure 5. Stairrail system.

6.​
7.​ OSHA PowerPoint: Scaffolding​
OSHA’s Fall Protection Campaign​
OSHA Publications – Fall Prevention/Protection
8.​ Stairrails and Handrails
1.​ Stairrails​
A stairrail system is a vertical barrier that runs along the
unprotected side edge of a stairway to prevent workers
from falling to lower levels (see Figures 5 and 6). The
top surface of the stairrail system may be used as the
handrail (see 29 CFR 1926.1050(b); 29 CFR
1926.1052(c)(7)).
2.​ Handrails​
Effective handrails provide an adequate handhold for
workers to grasp to prevent them from falling (see
Figure 6 and 29 CFR 1926.1052(c)(1), (c)(9)).​
Effective handrails are 30 to 37 inches high and meet
the guardrail strength requirements (i.e., able to
withstand 200 pounds of weight applied within two
inches of the top edge in any downward or outward
direction at any point along the top edge) (see 29 CFR
1926.1052(c)(5), (c)(6)).​
Effective temporary handrails have a minimum
clearance of 3 inches between the handrail and walls,
stairrail systems, and other objects (see 29 CFR
1926.1052(c)(11)).
3.​ Figure 6. Stairrail with effective handrail.

4.​
5.​ For additional information see OSHA’s booklet on
Stairways and Ladders - A Guide to OSHA Rules
(OSHA 3124-12R) 2003.
10.​ Hole Covers​
A hole is a gap or void 2 inches or more in its least dimension in a floor,
roof, deck, or other walking/working surface (see 29 CFR 1926.500(b);
 29 CFR 1926.501(b)(4); 29 CFR 1926.751; 29 CFR 1926.754(e)(2)(ii))
that is hazardous because:
1.​ workers can fall through the hole (see 29 CFR 1926.501(b)(4)(i));
2.​ the hole’s design can create a trip hazard (see 29 CFR
1926.501(b)(4)(ii)); and
3.​ objects can fall through the hole and injure workers below (see 29
CFR 1926.501(b)(4)(iii)).
11.​Workers are protected from the hazards associated with holes by the use
of covers, personal fall protection or guardrail systems (see 29 CFR
1926.501(b)(4)(i)).​
The following types of holes are commonly found at construction
worksites:
1.​ Holes cut (or constructed) in floors to receive equipment or ducts
and for future access points (e.g., openings for stairs that will be
installed later);
2.​ Holes cut in roofs in preparation for installing skylights, ventilation
units, and other features or equipment;
3.​ Excavations for pits, wells, or shafts (e.g., caissons);
4.​ Excavations or cuts in roadways.
5.​ Effective Hole Covers​
Covers are strong protective surfaces used on walking/working
surfaces or roadways to prevent workers from falling through a
hole (see Figure 7).​
Covers for permanent holes are typically built for a specific
purpose (e.g., permanent access points, manhole covers, and
trap doors) and are only effective when they are properly
designed and secured in place.
6.​ Figure 7. Hole cover.

7.​
8.​ Covers for temporary holes are often constructed on work sites
with reusable materials, most commonly using plywood and
steel plates. For example, to cover large holes in a road, hinged
steel plate covers can be used. Other options for covers include
grates designed to support weight, custom boxes to cover a hole
with an elevated lip or partially installed equipment, and
temporary trapdoors.​
Effective hole covers are:
 1.​ Large enough to provide appropriate overlap to prevent
workers from falling through.
2.​ Strong enough to support at least twice the anticipated
weight imposed by the heaviest load (see 29 CFR
1926.502(i)(1), (i)(2)).
3.​ Left in place over the hole until access is needed.
4.​ Inspected periodically to identify deterioration.
5.​ Secured (see 29 CFR 1926.502(i)(3)) and do not create
trip hazards.
6.​ Clearly marked as hole covers (see 29 CFR
1926.502(i)(4)).
9.​ The following materials lack the strength necessary to prevent a
worker from falling through a hole (see 29 CFR 1926.502(i)(1),
(i)(2)):
1.​ Cardboard;
2.​ Tarps;
3.​ Materials not intended to bear the anticipated load (e.g.,
plastic or glass);
4.​ Loose materials that could separate (e.g., unsecured
two-by-four planks);
5.​ Damaged materials (e.g., deteriorating wood, a bent metal
plate);
6.​ Drywall or particle board; and
7.​ Chicken wire or other fencing material.
10.​ Figure 9. Plywood hole cover.

11.​
12.​ Plywood Hole Covers​
Heavy plywood is a common choice for covering temporary
holes in floors and roofs (see Figure 9), but plywood strength
and durability can vary. Some materials, including plywood
scraps from shipping crates or similar scrap products, do not
have structural value or span ratings, making it hard to know if
they are strong enough. In addition, strength information on the
plywood is occasionally covered with paint.
1.​ Plywood Strength​
Several factors determine and measure plywood
strength. In the United States, two groups provide the
most commonly used plywood rating systems:
 APA–The Engineered Wood Association (formerly the
American Plywood Association and Douglas Fir
Plywood Association) and the Timber Engineering
Company (TECO). CSHOs should refer to these
organizations for detailed information.​
The hole size and the expected load weight are
considered when determining if the plywood is effective
for use as a hole cover (see 29 CFR 1926.501(b)(4); 29
CFR 1926.502(i)(1), (i)(2)).
2.​ Plywood Durability​
Plywood is susceptible to damage over time from
exposure to water, traffic, and heavy loads that may
reduce its strength. Some indicators of
reduced-strength plywood may include cracks, chips, a
warped appearance, a worn surface, de-lamination,
and water stains. Expected damage after exposure to
water depends on whether the plywood is
exterior-grade or interior-grade. The binding agents
(i.e., adhesive) used to adhere interior-grade plywood
layers degrade more rapidly in a moist environment
than do the binders used in exterior-grade plywood. For
specific cases, SLTC, in conjunction with the U.S.
Forest Service Products Laboratory, can evaluate
plywood strength degradation.​
When workers are using hauling equipment, the weight
of the equipment and its load is concentrated into the
smaller area that contacts the ground (e.g., the load in
a wheelbarrow will concentrate where the wheel hits
the ground – an area of just a few inches in size).
Commonly used routes for hauling these loads will
experience additional wear and tear to the flooring.
Adding a protective layer to the floor along these routes
is one way to prevent damage to the flooring from
concentrated loads. Typical protective layers may
include liquid latex compounds, penetrating oils, sheet
plastics, and interlocking membranes.
3.​ Plywood Cover Size and Orientation
4.​ Figure 10. Plywood orientation relative to hole
orientation and strength axis.
 5.​
6.​ The plywood cover’s size and orientation can affect the
cover’s overall effectiveness. Plywood covers rest on
the hole edges that are supported through the joists.
The following are indications that a plywood cover’s
size and orientation will generally keep workers from
falling through a hole:
●​ The plywood piece is larger than the hole size so
that it is possible to cover the hole with the
shortest panel side overlaying the longest
unsupported hole dimension.
●​ The panel overlaps the supporting surfaces
around the hole far enough for needed support.
●​ The panel is positioned with the strength axis
(grain direction) running along the shortest
unsupported hole dimension (Figure 10 above).
12.​ Warning or Marking Systems​
​

13.​ Figure 11. Warning line system for non-roofers.

14.​
1.​ Warning Line Systems​
A warning line system is a barrier erected on a flat or low-
sloped roof to warn workers that they are approaching an
unprotected roof side or edge (see 29 CFR 1926.500(b); 29
CFR 1926.501(b)(10); Figure 11). A warning line system
includes a line (rope, wire, or chain) and supporting stanchions
(see 29 CFR 1926.502(f)(2)).​
Warning lines are not engineered to physically prevent or arrest
falls and may not be used in all situations. On flat or low-sloped
roofs, warning lines are used in conjunction with conventional
fall protection or a safety monitoring system (see 29 CFR
1926.501(b)(10)).​
Workers are not allowed in the area between the warning line
and the unprotected edge, except during roofing work (see 29
 CFR 1926.502(f)(3)). Any employee performing roofing work
between the warning line and the roof edge must be protected
using another form of fall protection.
2.​ Safety Monitoring Systems​
A safety monitoring system uses a competent person as a
safety monitor who can recognize and warn workers of fall
hazards (see 29 CFR 1926.500(b); 29 CFR 1926.502(h)(1)).
Safety monitoring systems are typically used as part of fall
protection plans during precast concrete erection work, leading
edge work, and residential construction work when conventional
fall protection is infeasible or would create a greater hazard and
alternative measures (such as scaffolds, ladders, or vehicle
mounted work platforms) are not used (see 29 CFR
1926.501(b)(2), (b)(12), (b)(13); 29 CFR 1926.502(k)(6), (k)(8)).
Also, when conducting roofing work on a flat or low sloped roof
that is 50 feet or less in width, a safety monitoring system may
be used as a stand alone fall protection technique (see 29 CFR
1926.501(b)(10)).​
Only workers engaged in low-sloped roofing work and workers
performing the specific job tasks covered by a fall protection
plan are allowed in an area where workers are being protected
by a safety monitoring system (see 29 CFR 1926.502(h)(3)).
The worker designated as the safety monitor may not perform
other job tasks that could take attention away from the
monitoring function (see 29 CFR 1926.502(h)(1)(v)).
3.​ Access Zoning
1.​ Controlled Access Zones (CAZs)​
A controlled access zone is a clearly marked,
designated work area where certain work (e.g.,
overhand bricklaying) may take place without
conventional fall protection systems (see 29 CFR
1926.500(b)). Controlled access zones are used to
keep out workers other than those authorized to enter a
work area (see 29 CFR 1926.502(g)).​
Situations where CAZs are used:
●​ Overhand bricklaying and related work (see 29
CFR 1926.501(b)(9));
●​ Leading edge work (see 29 CFR 1926.501(b)(2);
29 CFR 1926.502(k)(7));
 ●​ Residential construction (see 29 CFR
1926.501(b)(13); 29 CFR 1926.502(k)(7)); and
●​ Precast concrete erection (see 29 CFR
1926.501(b)(12); 29 CFR 1926.502(k)(7)).
2.​ In overhand bricklaying and related work, CAZs can be
used provided that workers are not reaching more than
10 inches below the walking or working level they are
on (see 29 CFR 1926.501(b)(9)).​
CAZs may be used for leading edge work, precast
concrete work, and residential construction work only
as part of a fall protection plan when conventional fall
protection is infeasible or creates a greater hazard (see
29 CFR 1926.501(b)(2)(i), (b)(12), (b)(13); 29 CFR
1926.502(k)).
3.​ Controlled Decking Zones (CDZs)​
A controlled decking zone is a clearly marked work
area used during steel erection while workers are
initially installing decking at the leading edge of the
work area (see 29 CFR 1926.751; 29 CFR 1926.760(c);
29 CFR 1926 Subpart R Appendix D).
4.​ Control Lines Used in a CAZ​
Control lines are used to demark CAZs.
●​ 29 CFR 1926.502(g)(1) describes the general
requirements for control lines in CAZs.
●​ 29 CFR 1926.502(g)(2) describes the control line
requirements where overhand bricklaying and
related work are taking place.
●​ 29 CFR 1926.502(g)(3) describes control lines
physical requirements.
15.​ Fall Restraint Systems and Positioning Devices​
Fall restraint systems prevent the user from falling any distance. To
determine the force needed to restrain a worker, consideration is given to
the force that would be generated by the worker walking, leaning, or
sliding down the working surface. OSHA has no specific standards for
restraint systems, however, at a minimum, fall restraint systems should
have the capacity to withstand at least 3,000 pounds of force or twice the
maximum expected force that is needed to restrain the worker from
exposure to the fall hazard.​
Positioning devices are specialized systems that hold workers in place on
an elevated vertical surface (such as a wall) allowing them to keep both
 hands free to work while leaning into the system (see 29 CFR
1926.500(b)). When the worker leans back, the system is activated
(supporting the worker’s body weight). Positioning devices limit free falls
to two feet or less (see 29 CFR 1926.502(e)(1)).

II. Fall Arrest Systems

Fall arrest systems are designed to prevent or reduce injuries when a worker falls
from an elevated height.

1.​ Safety Net Systems​

Safety net systems (see Figures 12 and 13) are an option when workers
are working at elevated heights with hazardous vertical drops (see Table
3). Safety net systems are commonly used during work on bridges and
large structures. The nets are available in various sizes and materials,
including materials resistant to ultraviolet deterioration.​
Table 2. Safety Net System Dimensions

Vertical Distance from Working Minimum Required Horizontal

Level to Horizontal Plane of Distance of Outer Edge of Net
Net from Edge of Working Surface

Up to 5 feet 8 feet

More than 5 feet, up to 10 feet 10 feet

More than 10 feet, up to 30 feet 13 feet

 More than 30 feet Safety net not permitted as fall
protection

(See: 29 CFR 1926.502(c)(1),

(c)(2))

2.​ Figure 12. Safety net system.

3.​
4.​ Figure 13. Safety net system.

5.​
6.​ Personal Fall Protection Equipment for Personal Fall Arrest
Systems​
A PFAS is a system with components that work together to protect
workers when they fall from elevated heights. PFAS components include
an anchorage, connectors, and a full-body harness, and may include a
shock-absorbing lanyard, a retractable lifeline, and/or a deceleration
device (see 29 CFR 1926.500(b)).​
PFAS components will be marked by the manufacturer with pertinent
information specific to the equipment, such as warnings, serial/model
number, capacity, and the materials used to make the component (see
Figure 14). Information (e.g., proper use, maintenance, inspection) about
fall protection components is typically provided in equipment manuals.​
Although some components may look the same, they may not be
interchangeable if they are from different manufacturers or from different
equipment series made by the same manufacturer.
7.​ Figure 14. Examples of manufacturers’ labels for various types of fall
protection equipment.

8.​
 1.​ Component Compatibility​
Personal fall protection system effectiveness relies on
component compatibility. Often, components are supplied
together as a set. Using non-compatible fittings can lead to
damage and system failure (see 29 CFR 1926.502(d)(5)).​
A compatibility assessment should be performed when using
fittings from different manufacturers or different product lines
from the same manufacturer. This includes assessing the way
fittings connect to each other and confirming with the
manufacturer(s) that the fittings can be used together safely.​
For additional information see:​
Compatibility of Personal Fall Protection System Components,
OSHA Safety and Health Information Bulletin.
2.​ Many factors can contribute to a workers’ risk of falling from an
elevated work area. Examples include precarious work positions,
excessive leaning or reaching, improper work practices, unstable
structures, trip hazards, slippery surfaces, and distractions.
3.​ When guardrails are not an option, personal fall protection
equipment is helpful in some situations, but only when properly
selected, worn, and attached to an adequate anchor point.
4.​ A personal fall arrest system was not a good choice in this case. In
the illustration below, the trusses were not fully installed, braced and
sheathed, so they did not form a sufficiently strong anchor point.
The structure collapsed when it received the sudden force of the
falling worker.
5.​ The fall hazard could have been eliminated by pre-assembling the
truss sections (groups of several trusses) on the ground or using
special devices that serve as temporary bracing for fall arrest
equipment.
6.​

7.​
8.​ Anchorage​
Anchorage systems normally include, at a minimum, a building
structure and an anchorage device to which the worker will tie
off (see Appendix C).​
Anchors are fixed to a strong structural member. Anchors are
not effective if they are attached to weak materials. Certain
 structural members may not be strong enough to hold the
sudden weight imposed by a falling worker. The anchorage
manufacturer should provide instructions on anchor installation
(see 29 CFR 1926.502(d)(15); 29 CFR 1926.1423(g)).​
Many anchors are removed when they are no longer needed.
Other anchors are designed to be left in place for future use
(e.g., repeated servicing), or are covered over during the job
(e.g., with roofing shingles), or are cut flush with the surrounding
surface (e.g., concrete bolt-style anchor protruding from a wall).
Appendix C provides fall protection anchor examples.​
(See 29 CFR 1926 Subpart M, Appendix C(II)(h), Tie-off
considerations)
9.​ Lanyards​
A lanyard is a flexible rope, wire rope, or strap which generally
has a connector at each end for connecting the body belt or
body harness to a deceleration device, lifeline, or anchorage
point (see 29 CFR 1926.500(b)). Some manufacturers offer
adjustable length lanyards. Effective lanyards are maintained in
a clean, intact condition, and inspected prior to each use for
wear, tear, and any obvious distortion or signs that the fall arrest
(energy-absorbing) system has been activated (see 29 CFR
1926.502(d)(21)).​
Inspecting a lanyard involves beginning at one end and
continuing to the opposite end. During an inspection, the lanyard
is slowly rotated so that its entire circumference is checked.
Spliced ends require particular attention.​
Lanyards used for personal fall protection are not to be used for
hoisting materials. Equipment used for hoisting is not suitable for
use in a fall protection system (see 29 CFR 1926.502(d)(18)).
1.​ Deceleration Device​
A deceleration device is a mechanism (e.g., tearing or
deforming lanyards) that serves to dissipate energy
during a fall to limit the energy and stress imposed on a
worker during a fall. Deceleration occurs over a
maximum distance of 3.5 feet (see 29 CFR
1926.502(d)(16)(iv)). Deceleration devices vary widely.
Examples include:
●​ Self-retracting lanyard. A self-retracting
lanyard/lifeline contains a drum-wound line which
can be slowly extracted or retracted. The lanyard
 extends as necessary to allow the worker to
move about the work area, but retracts as
necessary to maintain slight tension, preventing
the line from becoming slack. The drum is under
slight tension during normal worker movement
and automatically locks the drum when the line is
extracted too rapidly (see 29 CFR 1926.500(b)).​
Self-retracting lanyards and lifelines that limit free
fall to two feet or less need to sustain, at a
minimum, 3,000 pounds applied to the device
with the lanyard in the fully extended position
(see 29 CFR 1926.502(d)(12)).​
Self-retracting lanyards that do not limit free fall
to two feet or less need to sustain, at a minimum,
5,000 pounds applied to the device with the
lanyard in the fully extended position (see 29
CFR 1926.502(d)(13)).​
Some retractable lifelines provide a deceleration
(energy-absorbing) function. These lifelines can
include a feature that slows the fall over a
distance of up to 3.5 feet (see 29 CFR
1926.502(d)(16)(iv)).
●​ Rip-stitch lanyards. A rip-stitch lanyard has
extra webbing incorporated into the lanyard. The
extra webbing is stitched into place and folded
lengthwise along the lanyard. During a fall, the
weaker stitching allows the folded webbing to pull
away at a controlled speed, slowing the fall.
●​ Shock-absorbing lanyards. The webbing in a
shock-absorbing lanyard is designed to stretch
as it receives the worker's falling weight. The
stretching action breaks the fall in a controlled
manner.
●​ This is not an all-inclusive list of lanyards. OSHA
expects that emerging lanyard technology will
continue to improve safety in the workplace.
10.​ Vertical and Horizontal Lifelines​
A lifeline is a component consisting of a flexible line for
connection to an anchorage at one end to hang vertically
(vertical lifeline) or for connection to anchorages at both ends to
 stretch horizontally (horizontal lifeline), and which serves as a
means for connecting other components of a PFAS to the
anchorage (see 29 CFR 1926.500(b)).
11.​Vertical and Horizontal Lifelines
12.​ Lifelines function as an extension of an anchorage system,
allowing an employee to move up and down (vertical lifeline) or
back and forth (horizontal lifeline) across a work area. A sliding
fitting (rope grab or shuttle) connects to the line and a lanyard
connects the worker’s harness to that sliding fitting.
13.​ Vertical lifelines require active participation by the worker,
who must often reposition the rope grab when moving to a new
position.
14.​ Vertical lifelines remain connected to a set anchorage point
while the lanyard moves with the worker. If the worker falls, the
clip locks (cable grab) to the lifeline and stops the worker from
falling further. When vertical lifelines are used each worker
generally needs to be attached to a separate lifeline (see 29
CFR 1926.502(d)(10)).​
Horizontal lifelines require special attention during design and
installation to: (1) limit the distance the worker can fall (a greater
sag in the line can mean a farther fall); and (2) minimize the
forces on the connectors at the anchorage (a greater sag in the
line can mean lower forces on the anchorage connectors at
either end). A qualified person must supervise the horizontal
lifeline’s design, installation, and use (see 29 CFR
1926.502(d)(8)).​
Depending on their geometry and sag angle, horizontal lifelines
may be subjected to greater loads than the impact load imposed
by an attached component. When the horizontal lifeline’s sag is
less than 30 degrees, the impact force imparted to the lifeline by
an attached lanyard is greatly amplified. For reference, a
15-degree sag angle amplifies the force approximately 2:1. A 5
degree sag angle amplifies the force approximately 6:1. See 29
CFR 1926 Subpart M, Appendix C for more information.​
When a horizontal lifeline is used for multiple tie-offs, if one
worker falls, the lifeline's movement may cause other workers to
fall.​
OSHA is aware of emerging fall protection technology, such as
pre-manufactured horizontal lifelines, that will continue to
improve workplace safety.
15.​ Full-Body Harnesses​
Harnesses include shoulder straps and leg straps, a sub-pelvic
assembly, adjustable buckles or fasteners, and one or more
D-rings to connect to a lanyard.​
The dorsal D-ring (between the worker's shoulder blades) is
used with a fall arrest system. D-rings in other positions are
sometimes included for use with ladder safety devices. For this
reason, some harnesses come with D-rings on the front, sides,
and lower back.​
A safe and effective harness will fit (i.e., be the correct size) and
is adjusted so that all straps are snug (see Figure 15). Dangling
leg straps or arm straps are signs that the harness is not being
worn correctly. The sub-pelvic assembly transfers the forces
during a fall or suspension to the worker's sub-pelvic region.​
Although adjustable, some models come in different sizes and
may be male, female specific.
16.​ Figure 15. Simple steps to fitting a full body harness

Ins Po Bu Bu Ad
17.​ ​
Body Belts​
A body belt is a wide band that buckles around the hips with
means both for securing it about the waist and for attaching it to
a lanyard, lifeline, or deceleration device. Body belts serve as
positioning devices that position a worker so the person can
perform a job safely in a vertical work position. Body belts are
designed to hold a worker in place and reduce the possibility of
a fall (see 29 CFR 1926.502(e); 29 CFR 1926 Subpart M,
Appendix D).
18.​ Ladder Safety Devices​
Ladder safety devices or systems are used to climb fixed
ladders. The system includes a body harness, carabiner, carrier
rail, and safety sleeve. Ladder safety devices are available as a
 cable (i.e., vertical lifeline) or fixed rail system (see Figure 16
and 29 CFR 1926.1053(a)(18), (a)(22), (a)(23)).​
The worker wears a body harness attached to the system by a
carabiner. The system uses a cable/safety sleeve, shuttle, or
cable grab specifically designed to attach the climber to the
vertical line or rail. The cable grab or shuttle freely travels up or
down the lifeline/rail as the worker ascends or descends the
ladder, allowing the worker to maintain full contact with the
ladder. If the worker falls, a locking cam or friction brake in the
cable grab or shuttle locks onto the cable or rail and arrests the
fall.​
Typically, cable and fixed rail systems are permanently attached
to the ladder or supporting structure. The cable (flexible carrier)
or rail (rigid carrier) is attached by mountings at the top and
bottom of the fixed ladder, with intermediate mountings or cable
guides for added strength. Existing ladders may be retrofitted
with commercially available ladder climbing systems.​
A ladder climbing system should not be confused with a "climb
assist" system, which consists of motorized equipment that
ascends the ladder and partially bears the worker’s weight.
Some, but not all, climb assist systems incorporate fall
protection features.
19.​ Figure 16. Ladder safety device.

20.​
9.​ Figure 17. Worker suspended in harness prior to rescue.

10.​
11.​Fallen Worker Rescue​
An effective fallen worker rescue plan addresses the procedures,
equipment, and personnel needed to ensure that a rescue proceeds
quickly and efficiently when a fall occurs.​
Even when a PFAS works properly, the fallen worker is still in danger.
The worker's body weight places pressure on the harness straps, which
can compress the veins, and cause blood to pool, in the lower extremities
and reduce blood return to the worker's heart (see Figure 17). This
condition is called suspension trauma, also known as harness hang
 syndrome. In medical terms, this results in orthostatic intolerance. If the
pressure is not reduced promptly, the worker can lose consciousness
within minutes. (See Suspension Trauma/Orthostatic Intolerance, OSHA
Safety and Health Information Bulletin.​
See Washington Industrial Safety & Health Division's Fall Protection
Responding to Emergencies.​
Self-rescue and aided rescue are two techniques for rescuing a
suspended worker. Rescuing the worker promptly (i.e., aided rescue) or
ensuring the worker can self-rescue is imperative to preventing injury or a
fatality (see 29 CFR 1926.502(d)(20)).
1.​ Aided Rescue​
A worker who is suspended from a lifeline and cannot perform a
self-rescue will need help from trained rescuers using
appropriate equipment, including appropriate fall protection.
Off-site emergency response personnel may rescue suspended
workers, although most 911 responders are not trained in how to
do so.
2.​ Self-Rescue​
With proper personal fall protection equipment, training and
practice, a fallen worker can take steps to minimize suspension
trauma. Self-rescue methods allow a fallen worker to temporarily
relieve pressure on the legs or in some cases to even lower
himself or herself to the lower level. Self-rescue methods are
discussed in detail in Washington Industrial Safety & Health
Division's Fall Protection Responding to Emergencies.

III. Measurements for Assessing Fall Hazards and Controls

A few basic measurements and equations can aid in evaluating if a PFAS will be
sufficient to prevent workers from contacting a lower level. This section provides
information on evaluating:

●​ The necessary total fall clearance distance for PFASs;

●​ Swing fall hazards for PFASs
1.​ Total Fall Clearance Distance for PFAS​
The total fall clearance distance is the minimum vertical distance
between the worker and the lower level that is necessary to ensure the
worker does not contact a lower level during a fall. The total fall clearance
distance is calculated before a decision is made to use a PFAS. If the
available distance is not greater than the total fall clearance distance, it is
 inappropriate to use the PFAS and a fall restraint system might be used
instead. Total fall clearance distance calculations are simple to perform
based on several factors, including:
1.​ Lanyard length;
2.​ The height at which the lanyard is anchored relative to where the
other end attaches to the worker's harness;
3.​ The distance the worker will travel as the deceleration device
absorbs the energy from the fall (i.e., slows it down);
4.​ The worker's height;
5.​ D-ring shift; and
6.​ A safety factor.
2.​ The following variables are necessary to calculate the total fall clearance
distance:
1.​ Free fall distance: This is the distance the worker falls before the
PFAS begins to slow the fall. When using a PFAS, this distance
must be 6 feet or less and also prevent the worker from contacting
a lower level (see 29 CFR 1926.502(d)(16)(iii)).
●​ Free fall distance varies depending on the lanyard's length
and where the anchor is set relative to the back D-ring on
the harness.
2.​ Deceleration distance: This is the distance the lanyard stretches in
order to arrest the fall. Deceleration distance must be no greater
than 3.5 feet (see 29 CFR 1926.502(d)(16)(iv)).
3.​ D-ring shift: This is the distance the D-ring moves and the harness
shifts when they support the worker's full weight. As the line tugs
upwards, the harness can shift so the D-ring location is higher on
the worker than it was before the fall. This shift is often assumed to
be one foot, but it can vary, depending on the equipment design
and the manufacturer. (See International Safety Equipment
Association (ISEA), ISEA. 2015. Personal Fall Protection
Equipment. Use and Selection Guide.)
4.​ Back D-ring height: The D-ring height is measured as the distance
between the D-ring and the worker's shoe sole while the worker is
wearing the harness. This height is often standardized as five feet
for six-foot-tall workers (shorter workers may also be protected
using this default distance). It is necessary to adjust the back
D-ring height for workers exceeding six feet. (See International
Safety Equipment Association (ISEA), 2015. Personal Fall
Protection Equipment. Use and Selection Guide.)
 5.​ Safety factor: A safety factor is an additional distance added to the
total fall clearance distance to ensure there is enough clearance
between the worker and the lower level after a fall. It is typically 2
feet.
3.​ The total fall clearance distance is calculated by adding these values
together.
1.​ Calculating Total Fall Clearance Distance for Fall Arrest
Systems with a Shock-absorbing Lanyard​
Common assumptions:
●​ Deceleration distance: 3.5 feet (the maximum per OSHA
requirements (see 29 CFR 1926.502(d)(16)(iv)).
●​ D-ring shift: 1 foot.
●​ D-ring height (shoe sole to point between shoulder
blades): 5 feet.
●​ Safety factor: typically 2 feet.
2.​ The equation below shows how to add the various values in
order to calculate total fall clearance distance. A fall arrest
system will not protect a falling worker if the calculated
clearance distance is greater than the actual distance available
below the elevated work area (measured as the distance
between the point at which a worker would be anchored and any
lower surface).​

​
* If actual workplace values or manufacturer specifications are
available, or if circumstances dictate the need to use alternative
values, use them instead.
3.​ Calculating Free Fall Distance​
Calculating free fall distance based on D-ring location:
4.​ D-ring ABOVE Anchor
5.​ Free fall distance
6.​ =
7.​ Lanyard length
8.​ +
9.​ Distance from D-ring to anchor
10.​ D-ring BELOW anchor
11.​Free fall distance
12.​ =
13.​ Lanyard length
14.​ -
15.​ Distance from D-ring to anchor
16.​ D-ring LEVEL with anchor
17.​ Free fall distance
18.​ =
19.​ Lanyard length
20.​
21.​
22.​ This table applies to a worker using a shock-absorbing
lanyard (e.g., ripstitch lanyard). Self-retracting lanyards typically
activate, and thus limit free fall distance, within 2 feet. Refer to
manufacturer specifications for activation details.
23.​ Examples
●​ Example 1a​
A worker is framing an attic. The worker will wear a PFAS
with a 6-foot rip-stitch lanyard tied off to an anchor
attached to a truss’ bottom chord. He will also be standing
on the same bottom chord (so the anchor will be at foot
level). Calculate his total fall clearance distance.​
Free fall distance = 6-foot lanyard + 5 feet between the
anchor and D-ring = 11 feet​
Answer: The free fall distance (11 feet) is greater than the
6-foot maximum free fall permitted (see 29 CFR
1926.502(d)(16)(iii)).​
No further calculations are necessary. The free fall
distance can be reduced by moving the anchor above the
D-ring. For example, if a section of truss has been
stabilized and sheathed, the anchorage point might be
moved above the worker’s head.
●​ Example 1b​
A competent person sees that the trusses in the adjacent
section have been installed, fastened in place, and
sheathed, and are stable enough to serve as an
anchorage. An anchor is installed 2 feet above the back
D-ring on the worker's harness. What is the total fall
clearance distance?​
Free fall distance = 6-foot lanyard – 2 feet between the
anchor and D-ring = 4 feet​
Deceleration distance = 3.5 feet​
D-ring shift = 1 foot​
 Back D-ring height = 5 feet​
Safety factor = 2 feet​
Answer: total necessary fall clearance distance = 4 + 3.5
+ 1 + 5 + 2 = 15.5 feet. This value can then be compared
to the vertical clearance actually available at the work
location.
●​ Example 2​
A worker on a concrete wall is wearing a PFAS tied off to
a concrete anchor strap, which is 1 foot below his D-ring.
His shock-absorbing lanyard is 2 feet long. What is the
total fall clearance distance?​
Free fall distance = 2-foot lanyard + 1 foot between the
anchor and D-ring = 3 feet​
Deceleration distance = 3.5 feet​
D-ring shift = 1 foot​
Back D-ring height = 5 feet​
Safety factor = 2 feet​
Answer: total fall clearance distance = 3 + 3.5 + 1 + 5 + 2
= 14.5 feet. This value can then be compared to the
vertical clearance actually available at the work location.​
This example demonstrates that, even with a relatively
short lanyard (2 feet), a fall arrest system can require
considerable clearance below the elevated work area. In
this case the free fall distance is 3 feet (less than OSHA's
6-foot maximum); however, the total fall distance is 14.5
feet (more than the typical space between levels in a
building under construction). A falling concrete worker
could come in contact with (and be injured by) any object
within the space 14.5 feet below the worker's original
position.​
If fall protection in this configuration is used, there needs
to be at least 14.5 feet of clear space below the worker.
The fall protection equipment requires this much vertical
distance to stop a fall and prevent the worker from falling
on an object and sustaining an injury.​
Where guardrails cannot be used, fall restraint is a better
option than fall arrest for a work area with limited
clearance below.
●​ Example 3​
A worker welding in a warehouse is using a PFAS. The
 system includes a 4-foot shock-absorbing lanyard that is
anchored to an I-beam clamp, level with the D-ring on her
upper back. What is her total fall clearance distance?​
Free fall distance = 4-foot lanyard​
Deceleration distance = 3.5 feet​
D-ring shift = 1 foot​
Back D-ring height = 5 feet​
Safety factor = 2 feet​
Answer: total fall clearance distance = 4 + 3.5 + 1 + 5 + 2
= 15.5 feet. This value can then be compared to the
available vertical clearance actually available at the work
location.
●​ Example 4​
A construction worker is wearing a PFAS including a
6-foot rip-stitch lanyard. He uses a strap anchor to tie off
around a steel ceiling joist 4 feet above the D-ring on his
back. What is the total fall clearance distance?​
Free fall distance = 6-foot lanyard – 4 feet between the
D-ring and the anchor = 2 feet​
Deceleration distance = 3.5 feet​
D-ring shift = 1 foot​
Back D-ring height = 5 feet​
Safety factor = 2 feet​
Answer: total fall clearance distance = 2 + 3.5 + 1 + 5 + 2
= 13.5 feet. This value can then be compared to the
vertical clearance actually available at the work location.
●​ Example 5​
The same construction worker is now using a
self-retracting lanyard that activates (locks) within 2 feet if
he falls. This new lanyard is connected to the same steel
ceiling joist 4 feet above the D-ring on his back. What is
the total fall clearance distance?​
Free fall distance = 2 feet​
This self-retracting lanyard automatically limits free fall
distance to 2 feet as stated in the Example 5 problem
statement (see 29 CFR 1926.502(d)(12)).​
Deceleration distance = 3.5 feet​
D-ring shift = 1 foot​
Back D-ring height = 5 feet​
Safety factor = 2 feet​
 Answer: total fall clearance distance = 2 + 3.5 + 1 + 5 + 2
= 13.5 feet. This value can then be compared to the
vertical clearance actually available at the work location.
●​ Figure 18. Total fall clearance distance -- Example with D-ring
below anchor

●​
4.​ How to Evaluate the Swing Fall Hazard​
The swing fall hazard is created by the pendulum effect, which can swing
a fallen worker into a nearby surface, such as a wall or protruding beam.
In addition to calculating the total fall clearance distance before beginning
work on an elevated level, it is important to evaluate the swing fall hazard
at the edges where a worker might fall. A worker who falls while
connected to an anchor (unless it is directly overhead) will swing back
and forth like a pendulum. Workers can be seriously injured if they strike
objects during a swing fall. Installing the anchorage point directly above
the work area (i.e., connected to an overhead attachment point with
sufficient strength) will help prevent injury.

Appendix A--Fall Protection for Scaffolds and Related Equipment

Type of Scaffold or Equipment all Protection Required

Aerial lift ody belt (tethering, restraint system)

ee 29 CFR 1926.453(b)(2)(v).

ersonal fall arrest system or fall restrain

ystem

ee 29 CFR 1926.954(b)(3)(iii)(A)
electric power transmission and
istribution)

Boatswain’s chair ersonal fall arrest system

 ee 29 CFR 1926.451(g)(1)(i).

Catenary scaffold ersonal fall arrest system

ee 29 CFR 1926.451(g)(1)(i).

Crawling board (chicken ladder) ersonal fall arrest system, guardrail

ystem (with a minimum 200 pound top
ail capacity), or ¾ inch (1.9 centimeter)
hick grab line or equivalent handhold
ecurely fastened beside each crawling
oard

ee 29 CFR 1926.451(g)(1)(iii).

loat scaffold ersonal fall arrest system

ee 29 CFR 1926.451(g)(1)(i).

adder jack scaffold ersonal fall arrest system

ee 29 CFR 1926.451(g)(1)(i).

Needle beam scaffold ersonal fall arrest system

ee 29 CFR 1926.451(g)(1)(i).

Self-contained adjustable scaffold Both a personal fall arrest system and a

uardrail system with a minimum 200
ound top rail capacity (when the
latform is supported by ropes); guardrai
ystem only (when the platform is
upported by the frame structure)
 ee 29 CFR 1926.451(g)(1)(iv).

Single-point or two-point adjustable Both a personal fall arrest system and a

uspension scaffold uardrail system

ee 29 CFR 1926.451(g)(1)(ii).

Supported scaffold for overhand ersonal fall arrest system or guardrail

ricklaying operations ystem (with a minimum 200 pound top
ail capacity)

ee 29 CFR 1926.451(g)(1)(vi).

All other scaffolds not specified in 29 ersonal fall arrest system or guardrail
CFR 1926.451(g)(1)(i) to (g)(1)(vi) ystems meeting the requirements of 29
CFR 1926.451(g)(4)

ee 29 CFR 1926.451(g)(1)(vii).

Appendix B--OSHA Standards Related to Fall Protection

This appendix lists some of the OSHA standards that apply to fall protection in
construction.

Construction

29 CFR 1926.104, safety belts, lifelines, and lanyards

29 CFR 1926.105, safety nets

29 CFR 1926.451, general requirements (scaffolding)

29 CFR 1926.452, additional requirements applicable to specific types of scaffolds

29 CFR 1926.453, aerial lifts

29 CFR 1926.454, training requirements (scaffolding)

29 CFR 1926.501, duty to have fall protection

29 CFR 1926.502, fall protection systems criteria and practices

29 CFR 1926.503, training requirements (fall protection)

29 CFR 1926.760, fall protection (steel erection)

29 CFR 1926.800, underground construction

29 CFR 1926.954, electric power transmission and distribution (personal

protective equipment)

29 CFR 1926.1051, general requirements (stairways and ladders)

29 CFR 1926.1052, stairways

29 CFR 1926.1053, ladders

29 CFR 1926.1060, training requirements (stairways and ladders)

29 CFR 1926.1423, cranes and derricks in construction (fall protection)

Appendix C--Examples: Fall Protection Anchors by Type

This appendix identifies various types of anchors, how they are generally used
and shows an image of the anchor in use.

Anchor Type ypical Use or Purpose lustration

Peak Anchor (One or Twoypically used on a house

D-Rings) oof after it is sheathed or
ully constructed. They are
ypically left in place after
he job is completed for
uture repairs.
Truss Anchor (including Used before a structure is
Spreaders) ully framed. A spreader is a
method a qualified person
may use to improve anchor
oint lateral stability before
usses are fully sheathed.

Engineered Clamp

-beam clamp and structurahe clamp adjusts to

teel (vertical or horizontal arious steel beam sizes.
eams)

Trolley beam anchor Allows a worker to have

reater access to a larger
rea without a longer
anyard.

Standing seam metal roof or workers on standing

nchor eam metal roofs. This
nchor clamps onto parallel
eams.

Doorway and window or anchoring between

pening clamp nterior building framing or a
window opening.

Top Plate Anchor or activities near the

amed wall top plate.
Strap Anchor

Cable anchorage sling or use around structural

teel or I-beams.

Drop-through anchor cableAnchor point drops through

small hole in an overhead
ubstrate (concrete or
teel).

Strap anchor (web) or sturdy horizontal

tructures (e.g., beams or
tructural steel members).
harp or rough edges could
amage the strap.

Concrete Anchor

Concrete anchor strap withOften used by workers

D-ring onducting foundation and
ormwork. The concrete
nchor strap has a tough
leeve or wear-pad that
rotects it from abrasion
where it contacts concrete.
he strap loop slips over
ebar and is left in place
with D-ring exposed) when
oncrete is poured. When
o longer needed, the strap
 s cut flush with the concrete
urface.

hoto: a worker connects a

hock-absorbing lanyard to
n embedded concrete
nchor strap.

Precast hollow core or workers performing

oncrete anchor ctivities with precast hollow
oncrete. Allows a single
worker to tie off.

Bolt-on wall anchor emporary or permanent

nchor point on a vertical
oncrete wall.

Welded Anchor

Welded D-ring anchor ingle D-ring temporary or

ermanent anchor point tha
s welded onto vertical
tructural steel.

Weld-on anchor post his permanent anchor

oint is welded onto an
beam.

Trench Box Guardrail or performing deep

Anchor xcavation. The trench box
uardrail is designed with a
 nchor point on a post near
he guardrail.

Anchor Not Bolted or Clamped in Place

Mobile fall protection system

ntended for a single worker
sing a fall arrest system. It
llows quick mobility from
lace to place on a job site.
arger versions allow
multiple workers to anchor.

Rotating retractable anchor or use on sloped

mast esidential roofs. Allows the
worker greater range of
motion (up to 360 degrees
or some models) and helps
levate the anchor point
bove the worker.

Dead weight anchor or use on roofs where

enetrating the surface is
ot an option. Anchorage is
rovided by the weight of
eavy materials (e.g.,
oncrete, steel, water
ladder).

Bolt hole anchor or use in horizontal steel

olt holes.
Vertical Lifeline

Rope grab (with vertical Rope lifeline attaches to an

feline) nchorage at the top and
angs vertically down
hrough the work area.
Movable rope grab attaches
o the rope. Lanyard
onnects the rope grab to
workers’ harness. To move
p and down the work area
he worker can slide the
ope grab up and down the
feline, then relock it in
lace. If the worker falls, the
ope grab locks onto the
ope to break the fall. This
ystem’s effectiveness
epends on how well the
worker is trained to
eposition the rope grab
while moving about. The
rab can slide off the end of
he rope if the rope is too
hort, if a knot is not tied
ear the end of the rope, or
the grab is not installed
roperly.
Horizontal Lifeline his hybrid system uses on
ne (firmly anchored at both
nds) as the anchorage for
nother. This allows the
worker greater lateral
movement than a fixed
nchor point. The
omponents are the same
s other personal fall
rotection systems. A
eceleration device or
p-stitch lanyard can be
ncluded.

n some cases, more than

ne worker will connect to
he horizontal lifeline if
pproved by the
manufacturer and a qualifie
erson.

Photos used with permission of the manufacturers.

Appendix D--Examples: Lanyards, Deceleration Devices, Harnesses,

and Body Belts

ypical Use or
Device Type urpose lustration

Lanyard anyard (typical 2-foot and 6-footanyards are

engths) vailable in a
ariety of lengths
 Y-lanyard (or twin-leg lanyard) ypically used
uring work on
ranes, rebar and
teel structures,
nd poles. By
ttaching and
eattaching the
egs in different
ositions, the
worker can move
cross the work
ace, remaining
onnected by at
east one leg of
he lanyard at all
mes.

Deceleration Device Rip-stitch-style hese typically

hock Absorbingxpand by
anyard pproximately 3.5
eet during
eceleration,
which reduces th
orce on the
worker.

tretch-type hese absorb

hock-Absorbingorce in a fall by
anyard tretching (or by a
imilar
mechanism) on
mpact to provide
 controlled
eceleration.

elf-retracting he lifeline is
feline (line wound on a reel
wound on a reel nd automatically
n a reel-housing)xtends or
etracts to take u
lack in the line
s the worker
moves about. A
udden extension
n the line
ctivates a
ocking
mechanism that
ypically includes
deceleration
evice. Some
elf-retracting
anyards can be
et to restrict the
istance traveled
nd so can also
unction as part o
properly
esigned fall
estraint system.
Body Harness Used in personal
all protection
ystems. Has a
D-ring on the
ack between the
houlders when
sed for fall arres
nd fall restraint
ystems. Workers
eed to be fitted
with the correct
arness size.
Available with
pecial features
uch as an
ntegrated
igh-visibility ves
xtra D-rings (for
se with
ositioning
evices), life vest
for over-water
work), or various
uckle and
losure styles.

Body Belt n general,

arnesses are
referable to bod
elts. Body belts
may be used in
mited instances
 e.g., as part of a
ositioning device
ystem).

Thimble himbles provide

protective
nterface between
he eye of a rope
oop and a
onnector. They
re used to
revent pinching
r abrasion of the
ope. The thimble
eeds to be firmly
eated in the eye
f the rope loop.

Appendix E--References and Resources

29 CFR 1926 Subpart M (.500, .501, .502, and appendices)

29 CFR 1926 Subpart R and appendices

ARA, AEM, AED, IPAF, and SIA. 2010. Statement of Best Practices of General
Training and Familiarization for Aerial Work Platform Equipment (a joint industry
initiative). 02-10-AWP-SBP001.

ARA, AEM, IPAF, and SIA. 2013. Statement of Best Practices for Workplace Risk
Assessment and Aerial Work Platform Equipment Selection. 02-13-AWP-SBP003.

Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2013. Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries Summary,

2012 (preliminary results). August 22.
eLCOSH. 2007. Fall Protection: Misconceptions & Myths; Working Within the
OSHA System. Originally published by American Society of Safety Engineers.

ISEA. 2015. Personal Fall Protection Equipment. Use and Selection Guide.

NIOSH, 2000. Worker Deaths by Falls (NIOSH document 2000-116).

NIOSH. 2004. NIOSH Alert: Preventing Falls of Workers Through Skylights and
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NIOSH. 2011. Workplace Safety & Health Topics Page: Prevention Through
Design.

NIOSH 2014. Workplace Safety & Health Topics Page: Fall Injuries Prevention in
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OSHA, 2002, A Guide to Scaffold Use in the Construction Industry.

OSHA. No date. Scaffolding. Appendix.

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OSHA. No date. Fall Protection.

OSHA. No date. Plan. Provide. Train. Three Steps to Preventing Falls.

OSHA. 2003a. Stairways and Ladders: A Guide to OSHA Rules. 3124-12R.

OSHA. 2011. Suspension Trauma/Orthostatic Intolerance. SHIB 03-24-2004,

updated 2011.

OSHA. 2013. Communication Towers webpage.

Wilmes, LLC. 2013. Fall Protection Force Calculator.

WISHA. (Washington Industrial Safety & Health Division). No date. Fall Protection:
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WISHA. No date. Competent Person Evaluation (checklist): Fall Restraint and Fall
Arrest.
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